Comparison of the corrosion behaviour of AZ31B magnesium alloy under immersion test and potentiodynamic polarization test in NaCl solution

This paper reports the comparative evaluation of the corrosion behaviour of AZ31B magnesium alloy under immersion and potentiodynamic polarization test in NaCl solution at different chloride ion concentrations,pH value and exposure time.The specimens were exposed to immersion and polarization environments in order to evaluate their corrosion rates.Empirical relationship was established to predict the corrosion rate of AZ31B magnesium alloy.Three factors,five level,central composite rotatable design matrix was used to minimize the number of experimental conditions.Response surface methodology was used to develop the relationship.The developed relationship can be effectively used to predict the corrosion rate of AZ31B magnesium alloy at 95%confidence level for both the testing.This research work proves a better corrosion resistance of AZ31B magnesium alloy at the alkaline solution than the acidic and the neutral solutions,moreover,low corrosion rate was found at low concentrated solution and higher exposure time respectively.

Characterization of localized corrosion pathways in 2195-T8 Al-Li alloys exposed to acidic solution

The corrosion properties of aluminum-lithium(Al-Li) alloys, which are potential materials used to construct for tanks of liquid rockets or missiles, are essential for safe propellant storage and transport. In order to manifest the corrosion resistance of the 2195 Al-Li alloy in practical propellant tanks filled with N2O4, the alloy was soaked in 30% nitric acid solution, an accelerating corrosion environment, to test its corrosion behavior. Scanning electron microscopy(SEM) and transmission electron microscopy(TEM)were used to characterize microstructure and corrosion morphology of the alloy. Focused ion beam(FIB),combined with SEM, was used to demonstrate localized corrosion features and the propagation of corrosion pathways beneath the alloy surface. It was found that the corrosion network was formed with most intergranular corrosion and sparse intragranular corrosion. Additionally, the distribution and number of intermetallic particles influenced the localized corrosion degree and the direction of corrosion pathways. Aggregated particles made corrosion pathways continuously and caused more severe corrosion. The results from this work were valid and useful to corrosion prevention and protection for storage safety on propellant tanks in N_(2)O_(4).

Effects of dynamic flow rates on degradation deposition behavior of Mg scaffold

Degradability of bone tissue engineering scaffold that matching the regeneration rate could allow a complete replacement of host tissue.However,the porous structure of biodegradable Mg scaffolds certainly generated high specific surface area,and the three-dimensional interconnected pores provided fast pervasive invasion entrance for the corrosive medium,rising concern of the structural integrity during the degradation.To clarify the structural evolution of the three-dimensional(3D)porous structure,semi-static immersion tests were carried out to evaluate the degradation performance in our previous study.Nevertheless,dynamic immersion tests mimicking the in vivo circulatory fluid through the interconnected porous structure have yet been investigated.Moreover,the effects of dynamic flow rates on the degradation deposition behavior of 3D porous Mg scaffolds were rarely reported.In this study,Mg scaffolds degraded at three flow rates exhibited different degradation rates and deposition process.A flow rate of 0.5 m L/min introduced maximum drop of porosity by accumulated deposition products.The deposition products provided limited protection against the degradation process at a flow rate of 1.0 m L/min.The three-dimensional interconnected porous structure of Mg scaffold degraded at 2.0 m L/min well retained after 14 days showing the best interconnectivity resistance to the degradation deposition process.The dynamic immersion tests disclosed the reason for the different degradation rates on account of flow rates,which may bring insight into understanding of varied in vivo degradation rates related to implantation sites.

Effect of Ti content on corrosion behavior of Cu-Ti alloys in 3.5% NaCl solution

The corrosion behavior of the Cu-Ti alloys with different Ti contents in 3.5%(mass fraction)NaCl solution was investigated using electrochemical measurements,immersion tests,mass loss measurements and SEM observation.The results show that Ti dissolved in the Cu matrix changes the corrosion process of the alloys.Pure Cu sample exhibits a typical active–passive-transpassive corrosion behavior.The anodic polarization current densities of the Cu-Ti alloys steadily increase with increasing applied potential,indicating that active dissolution of copper proceeds due to the potential difference in the galvanic coupling of Cu and Ti.The increase of Ti content decreases the corrosion resistance of the Cu-Ti alloys.

Microstructures and Corrosion Resistance of Al_2O_3-C Based Refractories to the Melts Containing Titania

The corrosion resistance of the Al2O3-C based refractories in melts containing titania has been studied by quasi-station immersion and rotary immersion. The corrosionrate is decreased with the addition of graphite carbon, and ZrO2 in the refractories . The corrosion, mechanism of Al2O3-C refractories, is. the oxidization of graphite carbon by the oxides of the melts the formation of deteriorate layer, For the Al2O3-C-ZrO2 refractories, the corrosion behavior is due to the, interaction between melts and refractories . The new compounds of FeO. SiO2, SiZrO4, FeO. 3 CaO, 2CaO. SiO2 and CaO. SiO2 are formed in the deteriorate layer.

Study on adverse effects of groundwater level rising induced by land creation engineering in hilly and gully area of the Loess Plateau

Land creation projects have been implemented in China to expand urban space in mountainous areas.In addition to the predictable settlement brought about by filling construction,varying degrees of land subsidence and engineering failures have a demonstrated relationship to groundwater level fluctuation induced by land creation engineering.In this work,we adopted a typical large-scale land creation project,Yan’an New City in Shaanxi province,West China,as our study area.Prior to conducting the main experiment,preliminary field investigation and groundwater level monitoring were conducted to determine the groundwater fluctuation trend induced by land creation engineering.Although a blind drainage system was implemented,the depth aspect of groundwater level changes after large-scale land creation still needed to be addressed.To study the degree of impact and the settlement mechanism induced by the rising groundwater level,we conducted a Water Immersion Test(WIT)in a typical land creation site for 107 days.The rising groundwater level was simulated by injecting water from the bottom of the filling foundation.During the WIT,the soil water content,surface subsidence,and internal settlement of soil at different depths were obtained.Surface subsidence development could be categorized into four stages during the water level increase.The second stage,which is defined as the point when the groundwater level rises to 10 m,marked the critical point in the process.Furthermore,it was ascertained that the local settlement in regions that were originally composed of steep slopes is larger than that in originally flat areas.In addition,ground cracks and sinkholes in the study area were inspected;and it was determined that they would become new channels that would accelerate water infiltration and exacerbate the settlement.Based on the results from our field investigation and testing,several suggestions are proposed for land creation projects to mitigate issues associated with construction-induced groundwater level rising.

Study of the Positioning Influence in the Water Activity Measurement during Leak Test of Iodine-125 Seeds

In the prostate cancer treatment, brachytherapy with iodine-125 seeds has been used. lodine-125 seeds are sealed radioactive sources, made by a titanium capsule containing the radioisotope inside. In the final phase of the seeds production, it is necessary to ensure that there is no leakage of the radioactive material. A leakage test is performed, immersing the seeds in water during 24 h and measuring the resulting activity in the water. This measurement is made in a sodium iodide detector. The immersion water is transferred to a plastic tube with a cap. The tube is placed by an automated positioning system, in the detector chamber. This study aims to determine the best positioning of the tube for the detection. It is also important to determine the influence of the positioning variation intrinsic of the automated positioning system during the iodine-125 seeds production. The results obtained will be used as a reference to adjust the equipment and process control system, in the production of the iodine-125 seeds.

Experimental investigation of surfactant adsorption during EOR and soil pollution control processes:Influence of surfactant concentration,water salinity,and clay type

Surfactant injection is a well-established method of chemical EOR processes.Surfactant adsorption into clay layers can prevent their proper performance and thus reduce the oil recovery factor.On the other hand,this adsorption property of clay materials can be used to prevent surface and underground water pollution and reduce soil pollution.In this experimental study,the effect of surfactant concentration,electrolyte type(NaCl and MgCl_(2)),and the solution salinity on fluid adsorption into the interlayer space of different clay types(bentonite and kaolinite)was investigated.XRF analysis was conducted on two relevant clay samples,and immersion and Washburn tests were performed on the desired samples with the Sigma 700 setup.Then,according to the clay type,the most optimal conditions were introduced for the surfactant solution used in the two areas of EOR and environmental processes related to reducing soil pollution.In the EOR processes,the optimal condition for the lowest adsorption amount is C(with 1 CMC concentration and salinity of 100,000 ppm for NaCl salt).This fluid works better in kaolinite formations.In the environmental field related to the reduction of soil pollution,if the pollutants we are looking for are R and S(with alkyl benzene sulfonic acid as the dominant agent),bentonite has a better performance than kaolinite in terms of adsorption and subsequently pollution control.If the polluting fluid contains MgCl_(2) ions in the exact salinity values,the adsorption amount and soil pollution control will be higher for both adsorbent clays than if our fluid has NaCl salinity.The study's findings have a wide range of applications in surfactant flooding designs,surfactant adsorption optimization,and can be generalized to other detergent types.

Challenges in determination of microscopic degree of cleanliness in ultra-clean gear steels

Shot-peened,case-hardened gears can fail in the tooth root due to crack initiation below the surface of the steel matrix.Here,the crack is initiated at a non-metallic inclusion in the center of a so-called fisheye.This failure type can lead to a reduced endurance fatigue limit of the gears.It is for this reason that,over the last decade,much effort has been invested by steel manufacturers to reduce the non-metallic inclusion content of gear steels so as to mitigate or even completely prevent such crack initiation.These ultra-clean gear steels were achieved by various measures in the steel production process.However,as a result,the remaining non-metallic inclusions are inhomogeneously distributed in the steel volume in terms of both size and location.However,due to the inhomogeneity of ultra-clean steels,the question arose if the values derived according to the standards are still representative of ultra-clean steel batches.The results show that the standards can still be applied,but more effort must be applied.To determine the degree of cleanliness,six microsections are currently evaluated according to steel test specification(SEP)1571,method K.It is shown that an examination of 24 microsections starting from size class 0 seems beneficial to get more reliable and comparable results of the degree of cleanliness of these ultra-clean gear steels.In addition,it is shown that a high degree of cleanliness has been achieved for all steel batches investigated with the measures taken in the steel production process.

Investigating the stress corrosion cracking of a biodegradable Zn-0.8 wt%Li alloy in simulated body fluid

Stress corrosion cracking(SCC)may lead to brittle,unexpected failure of medical devices.However,available researches are limited to Mg-based biodegradable metals(BM)and pure Zn.The stress corrosion behaviors of newly-developed Zn alloys remain unclear.In the present work,we conducted slow strain rate testing(SSRT)and constant-load immersion test on a promising Zn-0.8 wt%Li alloy in order to investigate its SCC susceptibility and examine its feasibility as BM with pure Zn as control group.We observed that Zn-0.8 wt%Li alloy exhibited low SCC susceptibility.This was attributed to variations in microstructure and deformation mechanism after alloying with Li.In addition,both pure Zn and Zn-0.8 wt%Li alloy did not fracture over a period of 28 days during constant-load immersion test.The magnitude of applied stress was close to physiological condition and thus,we proved the feasibility of both materials as BM.

A corrosion study on W-Cu alloys in sodium chloride solution at different pH

A corrosion study of two types of tungsten-copper(W-Cu)alloys in 3.38 wt.%Na Cl solution with different pH at 25℃were investigated using potentiodynamic polarization and immersion test.It is crucial that the corrosion behavior and preferential attacked phases of the W-Cu alloys were found to alter with p H.The micro-galvanic effect of tungsten phase and copper binder played a significant role.It was also proved that the existence of aggressive chloride ions could accelerate the Cu binder dissolution in acidic and neutral solution,which induced tungsten phase detachment and increased the corrosion rate of the W-Cu alloys.While Cl-would accelerate the Cu binder dissolution of W-Cu alloys at high potential during polarization test in strong alkaline solution.

A metallic anti-biofouling surface with a hierarchical topography containing nanostructures on curved micro-riblets

Metallic surface finishes have been used in the anti-biofouling,but it is very difficult to produce surfaces with hierarchically ordered structures.In the present study,anti-biofouling metallic surfaces with nanostructures superimposed on curved micro-riblets were produced via top-down fabrication.According to the attachment theory,these surfaces feature few attachment points for organisms,the nanostructures prevent the attachment of bacteria and algal zoospores,while the micro-riblets prohibit the settlement of macrofoulers.Anodic oxidation was performed to induce superhydrophilicity.It forms a hydration layer on the surface,which physically blocks foulant adsorption along with the anti-biofouling topography.We characterized the surfaces via scanning electron and atomic force microscopy,contact-angle measurement,and wear-resistance testing.The contact angle of the hierarchical structures was less than 1°.Laboratory settlement assays verified that bacterial attachment was dramatically reduced by the nanostructures and/or the hydration layer,attributable to superhydrophilicity.The micro-riblets prohibited the settlement of macrofoulers.Over 77 days of static immersion in the sea during summer,the metallic surface showed significantly less biofouling compared to a surface painted with an anticorrosive coating.

Corrosion Behavior of S450EW Low-alloy Weathering Steel in Cyclically Alternate Corrosion Environments

Weathering steel is widely used in various fields due to its excellent mechanical properties and high corrosion resistance. The effect of chromium content on the S450 EW weathering steel in cyclic immersion test was studied. The results indicated that the corrosion resistance of S450 EW weathering steel is closely related to chromium content. The addition of chromium significantly inhibited the weathering steel corrosion. The corrosion rate of experimental steel after 96 h immersion was 1.101 g·m-2·h-1. The rust of S450 EW weathering steel was mainly constituted of Fe OOH and Fe3O4 phase, and the elevation of chromium content promoted the formation of α-Fe OOH. The fine precipitates of the two phases contributed to the formation of dense dust layer of test steel. Furthermore, the increase of chromium is beneficial for the cure of original defects and cracks of the rust layer via the enrichment of chromium. The corrosion potential and the resistance of corrosion process were thus increased, protecting the experimental steel from further corrosion. A S450 EW steel with corrosion resistance more than 1.5 times of Q450NQR1 steel was prepared.