Hydrogen-rich Water Exerting a Protective Effect on Ovarian Reserve Function in a Mouse Model of Immune Premature Ovarian Failure Induced by Zona Pellucida 3

Background：Premature ovarian failure （POF） is a disease that affects female fertility but has few effective treatments.Ovarian reserve function plays an important role in female fertility.Recent studies have reported that hydrogen can protect male fertility.Therefore,we explored the potential protective effect of hydrogen-rich water on ovarian reserve function through a mouse immune POF model.Methods：To set up immune POF model,fifty female BALB/c mice were randomly divided into four groups：Control （mice consumed normal water,n =10）,hydrogen （mice consumed hydrogen-rich water,n =10）,model （mice were immunized with zona pellucida glycoprotein 3 [ZP3] and consumed normal water,n =15）,and model-hydrogen （mice were immunized with ZP3 and consumed hydrogen-rich water,n =15） groups.After 5 weeks,mice were sacrificed.Serum anti-M＆#252;llerian hormone （AMH） levels,granulosa cell （GC） apoptotic index （AI）,B-cell leukemia/lymphoma 2 （Bcl-2）,and BCL2-associated X protein （Bax） expression were examined.Analyses were performed using SPSS 17.0 （SPSS Inc.,Chicago,IL,USA） software.Results：Immune POF model,model group exhibited markedly reduced serum AMH levels compared with those of the control group （5.41 ± 0.91 ng/ml vs.16.23 ± 1.97 ng/ml,P =0.033） and the hydrogen group （19.65 ± 7.82 ng/ml,P =0.006）.The model-hydrogen group displayed significantly higher AMH concentrations compared with that of the model group （15.03 ± 2.75 ng/ml vs.5.41 ± 0.91 ng/ml,P =0.021）.The GC AI was significantly higher in the model group （21.30 ± 1.74%） than those in the control （7.06 ± 0.27%）,hydrogen （5.17 ± 0.41%）,and model-hydrogen groups （11.24 ± 0.58%） （all P 〈 0.001）.The GC AI was significantly higher in the model-hydrogen group compared with that of the hydrogen group （1 1.24 ± 0.58% vs.5.1 7 ± 0.41%,P =0.021）.Compared with those of the model group,ovarian tissue Bcl-2 levels increased （2.18 ± 0.30 vs.3.01 ± 0.33,P =0.045） and the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio decreased in the model-hydrogen group.Conclusions：Hydrogen-rich water may improve serum AMH levels and reduce ovarian GC apoptosis in a mouse immune POF model induced by ZP3.

Analysis on Local and Concurrent Commutation Failure of Multi-infeed HVDC Considering Inter-converter Interaction

This paper provides a comprehensive analysis of local and concurrent commutation failure(CF)of multi-infeed high-voltage direct current(HVDC)system considering multi-infeed interaction factor(MIIF).The literature indicates that the local CF is not influenced by MIIF,whereas this paper concludes that both the local CF and concurrent CF are influenced by MIIF.The ability of remote converter to work under reduced reactive power enables its feature to support local converter via inter-connection link.The MIIF measures the strength of electrical connectivity between converters.Higher MIIF gives a clearer path to remote converter to support local converter,but at the same time,it provides an easy path to local converter to disturb remote converter under local fault.The presence of nearby converter increases the local commutation failure immunity index(CFII)while reducing concurrent CFII.Higher MIIF causes reactive power support to flow from remote converter to local converter,which reduces the chances of CF.A mathematical approximation to calculate the increase in local CFII for multi-infeed HVDC configurations is also proposed.A power flow approach is used to model the relation between MIIF and reactive power support from remote end.The local and concurrent CFIIs are found to be inverse to each other over MIIF;therefore,it is recommended that there is an optimal value of MIIF for all converters in close electric proximity to maintain CFII at a certain level.The numerical results of established model are compared with PSCAD/EMTDC simulations.The simulation results show the details of the influence of MIIF on local CF and concurrent CF of multi-infeed HVDC,which validates the analysis presented.