The competition and cooperation between traditional telecom operators and resale operators in the supply chain are discussed, when the telecom industry developed telecommunication resale service. Supply chain contract...The competition and cooperation between traditional telecom operators and resale operators in the supply chain are discussed, when the telecom industry developed telecommunication resale service. Supply chain contract is an effective way to coordinate the supply chain. This paper analyzes the revenue-sharing contract between telecom operators and resale operators. The study shows that by setting up a rational revenue-sharing ratio and wholesale price, a revenue-sharing contract can coordinate this supply chain, and telecom operators and resale operators can achieve a 'win-win' solution.展开更多
To improve the performance of the supply chain with one supplier and multiple retailers under deterministic price-sensitive customer demand, an optimal strategy is proposed based on knowledge discovery. First the dece...To improve the performance of the supply chain with one supplier and multiple retailers under deterministic price-sensitive customer demand, an optimal strategy is proposed based on knowledge discovery. First the decentralized system in which the supplier and the retailers are independent, profit-maximizing participants with the supplier acting as a Stackelberg game leader is studied. Numerical examples illustrate the importance of the coordination. The conventional quantity discount mechanism needs to be modified to coordinate the supply chain, so a revenue-sharing contract is proposed to coordinate such supply chain. Lastly, a special decision under certain demand rates is studied. The pricing and replenishment policies can be decided sequentially, which yields much less loss comparing with optimal decision when the demand rates are sufficiently large.展开更多
Assuming that the realized demand is determined by the inventory level,a two-part revenue sharing contract of one supplier and one retailer is analyzed under the circumstance of demand disruption(the disruption cost o...Assuming that the realized demand is determined by the inventory level,a two-part revenue sharing contract of one supplier and one retailer is analyzed under the circumstance of demand disruption(the disruption cost occurs at the supplier).Based on the centralized optimization,the profits of the two members are maximized in sequential optimization though a two-part revenue-sharing contract.The result shows that when the demand disruption occurs,if the degree of disruption is within some range,the ordering and manufacturing plans need not be changed,while only the revenue sharing fraction for the retailer should be diminished;if not,both the plan and the revenue sharing fraction should be changed for the possible coordination of the supply chain.Finally,numerical illustrations of the contract for various scenarios are given.展开更多
The Ministry of Foreign Trade andEconomic Cooperation will accelerate theapproval of contract and trade rights forqualified producers,construction companiesand design
Based on the applicable principle of liquidated damages in ＂contract law＂, based on the improvement of the system, the article first analyzes the status quo of the development of the default system and secondly puts...Based on the applicable principle of liquidated damages in ＂contract law＂, based on the improvement of the system, the article first analyzes the status quo of the development of the default system and secondly puts forward some suggestions for improvement. The final purpose is to perfect the liquidated damages system with the Contract Law, in a bid to enhance the fairness of liquidated damages.展开更多
ForewordDue to the variety of international tradeand specialty difference of each individualnegotiator as well as their differentunderstanding about contract, each foreigntrade contract has its different emphasis andc...ForewordDue to the variety of international tradeand specialty difference of each individualnegotiator as well as their differentunderstanding about contract, each foreigntrade contract has its different emphasis andcharacter. Even for the same contractobjective, terms of payment andtransportation, if the contract was given bydifferent people in different period, thedifference will always exist. Thisphenomenon is rather common in foreigntrade business.展开更多
EDITOR＇S NOTE： The Draft Labor Contract Law of the People＇s Republic of China has been completed and was published for soliciting comments on March 20. In a short period of one month, 191,849 pieces of comments and...EDITOR＇S NOTE： The Draft Labor Contract Law of the People＇s Republic of China has been completed and was published for soliciting comments on March 20. In a short period of one month, 191,849 pieces of comments and opinions were received. Prior to the promulgation of the law, this reporter interviewed Mr. Guan Huai, a noted Chinese expert in labor law, professor of the Law School of the Renmin University of China and law advisor to the All-China Federation of Trade Unions.展开更多
In order to curb the manufacturer’s product carbon emission levels, the leading retailer usually offers three contracts to the manufacturer, i.e., wholesale-price contract(WC), cost-sharing contract(CC) and revenue-s...In order to curb the manufacturer’s product carbon emission levels, the leading retailer usually offers three contracts to the manufacturer, i.e., wholesale-price contract(WC), cost-sharing contract(CC) and revenue-sharing contract(RC). The results of implementing the three contracts are discussed and compared. The results reveal that as long as the government levies carbon taxations, all the three contracts can effectively stimulate the manufacturer to invest in carbon emission reduction. Among the three contracts, RC can achieve the highest level of carbon emission reduction of products and the maximum profits for both the manufacturer and retailer in a supply chain. However, the RC fails to reach the level of the centralized supply chain(CSC), thus it cannot coordinate the supply chain. The supply chain members’ contract choices are consistent. Both members prefer RC to the other two contracts. In order to effectively reduce the manufacturer’s carbon emission levels, the government should impose the highest carbon taxation level under RC, the medium carbon taxation level under CC, the lowest carbon taxation level under WC, and the same carbon taxation level as RC under the CSC.展开更多
Background:Scar contractions caused by trauma or burns can cause secondary physical dysfunction and disfigurement.Many minimally invasive methods for scar contraction have shown limited applicability and efficacy.This...Background:Scar contractions caused by trauma or burns can cause secondary physical dysfunction and disfigurement.Many minimally invasive methods for scar contraction have shown limited applicability and efficacy.This study investigated the feasibility and efficacy of intralesional collagenase injections for scar contraction treatment.Methods:Patients with contracted scars who had limited joint movement and physical disfiguration for>1 year were enrolled in this single-blind,randomized clinical trial from July 2017 to February 2018 at Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital.Collagenase was injected into the firm-contracted scar(15 U/cm^(2))three times at 4-week intervals in the multiple treatment group and once in the single treatment group,and a placebo injection was performed in the control group.Scar length and skin texture were documented at the 4-and 12-week follow-ups.The safety of the collagenase treatment was also evaluated.Results:The contracted scar was significantly elongated after both single and multiple collagenase treatments.The results showed that,compared to a one-time treatment,repeated injections were more effective at 12 weeks,with an average improvement of 26.83(15.79%).At 12 weeks,78.9% of the patients in the multiple group and 52.9%in the single group achieved significant improvement at 12 weeks.No severe adverse events were observed.Conclusion:Intralesional collagenase injection showed promising results in improving scar contraction and provides an alternative treatment for patients.展开更多
To meet the requirements of modern air combat,an integrated fire/flight control(IFFC)system is designed to achieve automatic precision tracking and aiming for armed helicopters and release the pilot from heavy target ...To meet the requirements of modern air combat,an integrated fire/flight control(IFFC)system is designed to achieve automatic precision tracking and aiming for armed helicopters and release the pilot from heavy target burden.Considering the complex dynamic characteristics and the couplings of armed helicopters,an improved automatic attack system is con-structed to integrate the fire control system with the flight con-trol system into a unit.To obtain the optimal command signals,the algorithm is investigated to solve nonconvex optimization problems by the contracting Broyden Fletcher Goldfarb Shanno(C-BFGS)algorithm combined with the trust region method.To address the uncertainties in the automatic attack system,the memory nominal distribution and Wasserstein distance are introduced to accurately characterize the uncertainties,and the dual solvable problem is analyzed by using the duality the-ory,conjugate function,and dual norm.Simulation results verify the practicality and validity of the proposed method in solving the IFFC problem on the premise of satisfactory aiming accu-racy.展开更多
This article considers a vendor-buyer supply chain model where a single vendor produces a single product and markets it through two competitive buyers to a group of customers.The customer demand for the product depend...This article considers a vendor-buyer supply chain model where a single vendor produces a single product and markets it through two competitive buyers to a group of customers.The customer demand for the product depends on the selling price,green level and warranty period of the product.Successive deliveries from the vendor are scheduled at a fixed time interval wherein the subsequent shipments appear when each of the buyer’s inventories from the former delivery has just been cleared out.A hybrid greening cost and revenue sharing(HGRS)contract is introduced,which provides more profit to individual members than their decentralised profits.The numerical study reveals that,under the HGRS contract,customers are influenced to buy a more reliable product at a reasonable price with a higher green level.A sensitivity analysis is also carried out to examine the impact of key model parameters on the optimal results.展开更多
文摘The competition and cooperation between traditional telecom operators and resale operators in the supply chain are discussed, when the telecom industry developed telecommunication resale service. Supply chain contract is an effective way to coordinate the supply chain. This paper analyzes the revenue-sharing contract between telecom operators and resale operators. The study shows that by setting up a rational revenue-sharing ratio and wholesale price, a revenue-sharing contract can coordinate this supply chain, and telecom operators and resale operators can achieve a 'win-win' solution.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China (70471034)the Talent Foundation of Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics (s0670-082).
文摘To improve the performance of the supply chain with one supplier and multiple retailers under deterministic price-sensitive customer demand, an optimal strategy is proposed based on knowledge discovery. First the decentralized system in which the supplier and the retailers are independent, profit-maximizing participants with the supplier acting as a Stackelberg game leader is studied. Numerical examples illustrate the importance of the coordination. The conventional quantity discount mechanism needs to be modified to coordinate the supply chain, so a revenue-sharing contract is proposed to coordinate such supply chain. Lastly, a special decision under certain demand rates is studied. The pricing and replenishment policies can be decided sequentially, which yields much less loss comparing with optimal decision when the demand rates are sufficiently large.
基金The National Key Technology R&D Program of China during the 11th Five-Year Plan Period(No.2006BAH02A06)
文摘Assuming that the realized demand is determined by the inventory level,a two-part revenue sharing contract of one supplier and one retailer is analyzed under the circumstance of demand disruption(the disruption cost occurs at the supplier).Based on the centralized optimization,the profits of the two members are maximized in sequential optimization though a two-part revenue-sharing contract.The result shows that when the demand disruption occurs,if the degree of disruption is within some range,the ordering and manufacturing plans need not be changed,while only the revenue sharing fraction for the retailer should be diminished;if not,both the plan and the revenue sharing fraction should be changed for the possible coordination of the supply chain.Finally,numerical illustrations of the contract for various scenarios are given.
文摘The Ministry of Foreign Trade andEconomic Cooperation will accelerate theapproval of contract and trade rights forqualified producers,construction companiesand design
文摘Based on the applicable principle of liquidated damages in ＂contract law＂, based on the improvement of the system, the article first analyzes the status quo of the development of the default system and secondly puts forward some suggestions for improvement. The final purpose is to perfect the liquidated damages system with the Contract Law, in a bid to enhance the fairness of liquidated damages.
文摘ForewordDue to the variety of international tradeand specialty difference of each individualnegotiator as well as their differentunderstanding about contract, each foreigntrade contract has its different emphasis andcharacter. Even for the same contractobjective, terms of payment andtransportation, if the contract was given bydifferent people in different period, thedifference will always exist. Thisphenomenon is rather common in foreigntrade business.
文摘EDITOR＇S NOTE： The Draft Labor Contract Law of the People＇s Republic of China has been completed and was published for soliciting comments on March 20. In a short period of one month, 191,849 pieces of comments and opinions were received. Prior to the promulgation of the law, this reporter interviewed Mr. Guan Huai, a noted Chinese expert in labor law, professor of the Law School of the Renmin University of China and law advisor to the All-China Federation of Trade Unions.
基金The National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.71531004)
文摘In order to curb the manufacturer’s product carbon emission levels, the leading retailer usually offers three contracts to the manufacturer, i.e., wholesale-price contract(WC), cost-sharing contract(CC) and revenue-sharing contract(RC). The results of implementing the three contracts are discussed and compared. The results reveal that as long as the government levies carbon taxations, all the three contracts can effectively stimulate the manufacturer to invest in carbon emission reduction. Among the three contracts, RC can achieve the highest level of carbon emission reduction of products and the maximum profits for both the manufacturer and retailer in a supply chain. However, the RC fails to reach the level of the centralized supply chain(CSC), thus it cannot coordinate the supply chain. The supply chain members’ contract choices are consistent. Both members prefer RC to the other two contracts. In order to effectively reduce the manufacturer’s carbon emission levels, the government should impose the highest carbon taxation level under RC, the medium carbon taxation level under CC, the lowest carbon taxation level under WC, and the same carbon taxation level as RC under the CSC.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(grant nos.81501678,81971848,and 82272287)Clinical Research Plan of Shanghai Hospital Development Center(grant nos.SHDC2020CR1019B and SHDC2020CR4029)+1 种基金Shanghai Municipal Key Clinical Specialty(grant no.shslczdzk00901)Innovative Research Team of High-Level Local University in Shanghai(grant no.SSMUZDCX20180700).
文摘Background:Scar contractions caused by trauma or burns can cause secondary physical dysfunction and disfigurement.Many minimally invasive methods for scar contraction have shown limited applicability and efficacy.This study investigated the feasibility and efficacy of intralesional collagenase injections for scar contraction treatment.Methods:Patients with contracted scars who had limited joint movement and physical disfiguration for>1 year were enrolled in this single-blind,randomized clinical trial from July 2017 to February 2018 at Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital.Collagenase was injected into the firm-contracted scar(15 U/cm^(2))three times at 4-week intervals in the multiple treatment group and once in the single treatment group,and a placebo injection was performed in the control group.Scar length and skin texture were documented at the 4-and 12-week follow-ups.The safety of the collagenase treatment was also evaluated.Results:The contracted scar was significantly elongated after both single and multiple collagenase treatments.The results showed that,compared to a one-time treatment,repeated injections were more effective at 12 weeks,with an average improvement of 26.83(15.79%).At 12 weeks,78.9% of the patients in the multiple group and 52.9%in the single group achieved significant improvement at 12 weeks.No severe adverse events were observed.Conclusion:Intralesional collagenase injection showed promising results in improving scar contraction and provides an alternative treatment for patients.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(62373187)Forward-looking Layout Special Projects(ILA220591A22).
文摘To meet the requirements of modern air combat,an integrated fire/flight control(IFFC)system is designed to achieve automatic precision tracking and aiming for armed helicopters and release the pilot from heavy target burden.Considering the complex dynamic characteristics and the couplings of armed helicopters,an improved automatic attack system is con-structed to integrate the fire control system with the flight con-trol system into a unit.To obtain the optimal command signals,the algorithm is investigated to solve nonconvex optimization problems by the contracting Broyden Fletcher Goldfarb Shanno(C-BFGS)algorithm combined with the trust region method.To address the uncertainties in the automatic attack system,the memory nominal distribution and Wasserstein distance are introduced to accurately characterize the uncertainties,and the dual solvable problem is analyzed by using the duality the-ory,conjugate function,and dual norm.Simulation results verify the practicality and validity of the proposed method in solving the IFFC problem on the premise of satisfactory aiming accu-racy.
文摘This article considers a vendor-buyer supply chain model where a single vendor produces a single product and markets it through two competitive buyers to a group of customers.The customer demand for the product depends on the selling price,green level and warranty period of the product.Successive deliveries from the vendor are scheduled at a fixed time interval wherein the subsequent shipments appear when each of the buyer’s inventories from the former delivery has just been cleared out.A hybrid greening cost and revenue sharing(HGRS)contract is introduced,which provides more profit to individual members than their decentralised profits.The numerical study reveals that,under the HGRS contract,customers are influenced to buy a more reliable product at a reasonable price with a higher green level.A sensitivity analysis is also carried out to examine the impact of key model parameters on the optimal results.
