Impact of climate change and human activities on the spatiotemporal dynamics of surface water area in Gansu Province, China

Understanding the dynamics of surface water area and their drivers is crucial for human survival and ecosystem stability in inland arid and semi-arid areas.This study took Gansu Province,China,a typical area with complex terrain and variable climate,as the research subject.Based on Google Earth Engine,we used Landsat data and the Open-surface Water Detection Method with Enhanced Impurity Control method to monitor the spatiotemporal dynamics of surface water area in Gansu Province from 1985 to 2022,and quantitatively analyzed the main causes of regional differences in surface water area.The findings revealed that surface water area in Gansu Province expanded by 406.88 km2 from 1985 to 2022.Seasonal surface water area exhibited significant fluctuations,while permanent surface water area showed a steady increase.Notably,terrestrial water storage exhibited a trend of first decreasing and then increasing,correlated with the dynamics of surface water area.Climate change and human activities jointly affected surface hydrological processes,with the impact of climate change being slightly higher than that of human activities.Spatially,climate change affected the'source'of surface water to a greater extent,while human activities tended to affect the'destination'of surface water.Challenges of surface water resources faced by inland arid and semi-arid areas like Gansu Province are multifaceted.Therefore,we summarized the surface hydrology patterns typical in inland arid and semi-arid areas and tailored surface water'supply-demand'balance strategies.The study not only sheds light on the dynamics of surface water area in Gansu Province,but also offers valuable insights for ecological protection and surface water resource management in inland arid and semi-arid areas facing water scarcity.

Solid State Physics View of Liquid State Chemistry Ⅱ. Electrical Capacitance of Pure and Impure Water

More than 80 years of theories and experiments on water suggested to us, described in our first water-physics report, that pure water＇s ＂abnormally＂ high electrical conductivity is due to transport of positive and negative quasi-protons, p＋ and p-, between the neutral proton traps V （H20） in the extended water, [（H20）N]＋, converting it respectively to positively and negatively charged proton traps, V＋ = （H30）1＋ and V- = （HO）1-. In this second report, we present the theoretical charge control capacitances of pure and impure water as a function of the DC electric potential applied to water.

Solid State Physics View of Liquid State Chemistry Ⅲ. Electrical Conductance of Pure and Impure Water

The ＇abnormally＇ high electrical conductivity ofpure water was recently studied by us using our protonic bond, trap and energy band model, with five host particles： the positive and negative protons, and the amphoteric protonic trap in three charge states, positive, neutral and negative. Our second report described the electrical charge storage capacitance of pure and impure water. This third report presents the theory of particle density and electrical conductance of pure and impure water, including the impuritons, which consist of an impurity ion bonded to a proton, proton-hole or proton trap and which significantly affect impure waters＇ properties.