Rapid detection of chromosome 18 aneuploidies in amniocytes by using primed in situ labeling （PRINS） technique

This paper presents a feasible method for rapid detection of the interphase nuclei of uncultured amniocytes for chromosomes 18 by using our modified primed in situ labeling (PRINS) technique. A total of 262 independent, uncultured amniotic fluid samples were analysed in a blind fashion before the karyotype was available. In addition, 62 samples were examined by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) for comparison. In more than 95% of the samples PRINS reactions with primer 18cen were successfully induced. Two samples were properly identified and correctly scored as trisomic 18. PRINS reaction could be performed automatically in less than one hour with a programmable thermocycler. Our studies showed that the PRINS technique is simple, rapid and cost effective. It is as sensitive and specific as FISH; can enhance the accuracy of standard cytogenetic analysis; and allows identification of chromosomes 18 aneuploidies in uncultured amniocytes in significantly less time.

Primed In Situ Labeling Technique for Subtelomeric Rearrangements in 70 Children with Idiopathic Mental Retardation

Subtelomeric rearrangements contribute to idiopathic mental retardation （MR）, but most children with idiopathic MR do not show any chromosome abnormalities with standard cytogenetic analysis. The primed in situ labeling （PRINS） technique, using an oligonucleotide primer complementary to the telemetric repeat sequences （TTAGGG）, can identify chromosome telomeric abnormality （deletion） in idiopathic MR children. In this study, seventy children with idiopathic MR were enrolled and subjected to PR1NS. The results showed normal karyotype in all the children, subtelomeric rearrangements （lq del and 4q del） in 2 cases, which was confirmed by fluorescence in situ hybridization （FISH）. It was concluded that PRINS is effective for the detection of subtelomeric rearrangements and may become a routine technique for cytogenetical abnormality screening.

APOPTOSIS OF LEFT VENTRICULAR WALL OF SPONTANEOUSLY HYPERTENSIVE RATS STUDIED BY IN SITU END LABELLING

Objective To study the relationship between apoptosis and hypertrophy of the left ventricie (LV) before and after its regression with antihypertensive treatment. Methods Forty 12- week old spontaneously. hypertensive rats(SHR were randomly divided into 2 groups, one given enalapril (SHR - d grouP) and the other without treatment (SHR group). Twenty normotensive Wistar Kyoto rats of the same age served as controls (WKY group). The changes of body weight and blood pressure were observed for 3 months. The rats were killed at the 24th week of age. The weight of LV, the body weight (B W), and the ratio of LV/BW were compared between the groups. Then by in situ specific labelling of nuclear DNA fragmentation, the apoptosis in the wall of the left ventricle was compared between them. RcsuIts The index of apoptosis was SHR - d>SHR> WKY The dofference was significant. ConcIusion The hypertrophy of the LV and its regression is very’likely related with the imbalance between the proloferation and death of cells of the muscle in the LV.

Designer cell-self-implemented labeling of microvesicles in situ with the intracellular-synthesized quantum dots

Cell-derived microvesicles(MVs) are secreted from almost all kinds of mammalian cells into the extracellular space, and play crucial roles in intercellular communication and transporting biomolecules between cells. However, there is a great challenge for visualizing and monitoring of MVs’ bio-behaviors due to the limitations of existing labeling methods. Herein, we report the first paradigm of designer cell-self-implemented labeling of MVs secreted from living mammalian MCF-7 cells in situ using the intracellular-synthesized fluorescent quantum dots(QDs) during the formation of MVs. By elaborately coupling intracellular biochemical reactions and metabolism pathways, the MCF-7 cells can be illuminated brightly by intracellular-biosynthesized fluorescent CdSe QDs. Simultaneously, intracellular-synthesized QDs can be in situ encapsulated by the secreted MVs budding from the plasma membrane of the fluorescing cells to label the MVs with an efficiency of up to 89.9%. The whole labeling process skillfully combines designer precise cell-tuned intricate synthesis of CdSe QDs with mild in-situ labeling via cell-selfimplementation just after feeding the cell with suitable chemicals, which is structure-or function-nondestructive and much more straightforward and milder than those by chemical conjugation or indirect encapsulation with conventional fluorogenic labels.

Whole-blood sorting,enrichment and in situ immunolabeling of cellular subsets using acoustic microstreaming

Analyzing undiluted whole human blood is a challenge due to its complex composition of hematopoietic cellular populations,nucleic acids,metabolites,and proteins.We present a novel multi-functional microfluidic acoustic streaming platform that enables sorting,enrichment and in situ identification of cellular subsets from whole blood.This single device platform,based on lateral cavity acoustic transducers(LCAT),enables(1)the sorting of undiluted donor whole blood into its cellular subsets(platelets,RBCs,and WBCs),(2)the enrichment and retrieval of breast cancer cells(MCF-7)spiked in donor whole blood at rare cell relevant concentrations(10 mL^(−1)),and(3)on-chip immunofluorescent labeling for the detection of specific target cellular populations by their known marker expression patterns.Our approach thus demonstrates a compact system that integrates upstream sample processing with downstream separation/enrichment,to carry out multi-parametric cell analysis for blood-based diagnosis and liquid biopsy blood sampling.

Telomere and telomerase in the initial stage of immortalization of esophageal epithelial cell

AIM: To search for the biomarker of cellular immortalization, the telomere length, telomerase activity and its subunits in cultured epithelial cells of human fetal esophagus in the process of immortalization. METHODS: The transgenic cell line of human fetal esophageal epithelium (SHEE) was established with E(6)E(7) genes of human papillomavirus (HPV) type 18 in our laboratory. Morphological phenotype of cultured SHEE cells from the 6th to 30th passages, was examined by phase contrast microscopy, the telomere length was assayed by Southern blot method, and the activity of telomerase was analyzed by telomeric repeat amplification protocol (TRAP). Expressions of subunits of telomerase, hTR and hTERT, were assessed by RT-PCR. DNA content in cell cycle was detected by flow cytometry. The cell apoptosis was examined by electron microscopy (EM) and TUNEL label. RESULTS: SHEE cells from the 6th to 10th passages showed cellular proliferation with a good differentiation. From the 12th to the 16th passages, many senescent and apoptotic cells appeared, and the telomere length sharply shortened from 23kb to 17kb without expression of hTERT and telomerase activity. At the 20th passage, SHEE cells overcame the senescence and apoptosis and restored their proliferative activity with expression of telomerase and hTERT at low levels, but the telomere length shortened continuously to the lowest of 3kb. After the 30th passage cells proliferation was restored by increment of cells at S and G2M phase in the cell cycle and telomerase activity expressed at high levels and with maintenance of telomere length. CONCLUSION: At the early stage of SHEE cells, telomeres are shortened without expression of telomerase and hTERT causing cellular senescence and cell death. From the 20th to the 30th passages, the activation of telomerase and maintenance of telomere length show a progressive process for immortalization of esophageal epithelial cells. The expression of telomerase may constitute a biomarker for detection of immortalization of cells.

JTE-522-induced apoptosis in human gastric adenocarinoma cell line AGS cells by caspase activation accompanying cytochrome C release,membrane translocation of Bax and loss of mitochondrial membrane potential

AIM: To investigate the role of the mitochondrial pathway in JTE-522-induced apoptosis and to investigate the relationship between cytochrome C release, caspase activity and loss of mitochondrial membrane potential (Deltapsim). METHODS: Cell culture, cell counting, ELISA assay, TUNEL, flow cytometry, Western blot and fluorometric assay were employed to investigate the effect of JTE-522 on cell proliferation and apoptosis in AGS cells and related molecular mechanism. RESULTS: JTE-522 inhibited the growth of AGS cells and induced the apoptosis. Caspases 8 and 9 were activated during apoptosis as judged by the appearance of cleavage products from procaspase and the caspase activities to cleave specific fluorogenic substrates. To elucidate whether the activation of caspases 8 and 9 was required for the apoptosis induction, we examined the effect of caspase-specific inhibitors on apoptosis. The results showed that caspase inhibitors significantly inhibited the apoptosis induced by JTE-522. In addition, the membrane translocation of Bax and cytosolic release of cytochrome C accompanying with the decrease of the uptake of Rhodamin 123, were detected at an early stage of apoptosis. Furthermore, Bax translocation, cytochrome C release, and caspase 9 activation were blocked by Z-VAD.fmk and Z-IETD-CHO. CONCLUSION: The present data indicate a crucial association between activation of caspases 8, 9, cytochrome C release, membrane translocation of Bax, loss of Deltapsim and JTE-522-induced apoptosis in AGS cells.

Altered expression of nuclear matrix proteins in etoposide induced apoptosis in HL-60 cells

The events of cell death and the expression of nuclear matrix protein (NMP) have been investigated in a promyelocytic leukemic cell line HL-60 induced with etoposide. By means of TUNEL assay, the nuclei displayed a characteristic morphology change, and the amount of apoptotic cells increased early and reached maximun about 39% after treatment with etoposide for 2 h. Nucleosomal DNA fragmentation was observed after treatment for 4 h. The morphological change of HL-60 cells, thus, occurred earlier than the appearance of DNA ladder. Total nuclear matrix proteins were analyzed by 2-dimensional gel electrophoresis. Differential expression of 59 nuclear matrix proteins was found in 4 h etoposide treated cells. Western blotting was then performed on three nuclear matrix acssociated proteins, PML, HSC70 and NuMA. The expression of the suppressor PML protein and heat shock protein HSC70 were significantly upregulated after etoposide treatment, while NuMA, a nuclear mitotic apparatus protein, was down regulated. These results demonstrate that significant biochemical alterations in nuclear matrix proteins take place during the apoptotic process.

大鼠实验性脑震荡的病变规律和神经细胞凋亡研究

采用Wistar大鼠复制脑震荡动物模型 ,于伤后 1、3、7、14及 30天活杀取脑组织 ,经光镜、电镜和原位末端标记等技术研究脑震荡的病变规律及神经细胞凋亡情况。结果显示 ,10 0g砝码于 1m处撞击大鼠头部可复制大鼠脑震荡的模型 ,其基本病变为脑血管扩张、淤血、出血、脑组织水肿 ,神经元变性、凋亡和坏死 ,尼氏体减少甚至消失。伤后 1～3天 ,脑组织呈点灶状坏死 ,周围组织疏松 ,单核及泡沫样细胞增多 ,神经元变性、凋亡和坏死。 7天脑水肿达高峰 ,海马锥体细胞减少 ,呈极度缺血性改变。 14～ 30天仍见血管扩张、淤血 ,可见出血 ,水肿好转。原位末端标记显示 ,伤后 1天见凋亡细胞增多 ,3天数量达高峰 ,伤后 30天凋亡的神经元持续存在。结果提示 ,脑震荡以血液循环障碍和实质细胞变性、凋亡和坏死为主要病理改变 ;神经细胞凋亡是脑震荡神经元迟发性损害的主要形式之一。

挖空细胞的本质及尖锐湿疣病理诊断

目的 从分子生物学角度 ,寻找尖锐湿疣比较确切可行的病理诊断标准。方法 采用HE、HPV CAg免疫组化、HPV DNA原位杂交组化染色和超薄切片等方法检测 5 0例尖锐湿疣 ;用原位末端标记TUNEL染色 ,对 2 0例尖锐湿疣进行观察。结果 鳞状上皮呈尖细的乳头状增生 ,角化不全和乳头纤维轴索中毛细血管丛状增生 ,棘层中上部和颗粒层有多少不等的挖空细胞 ,单个散在、成群或广泛分布 ,胞质空亮 ,核皱缩成星形或毛虫样 ,无炎细胞反应。原位杂交组化HPV DNA的阳性细胞比免疫组化HPV CAg阳性细胞明显增多。原位末端标记TUNEL染色及光镜、电镜观察 ,显示所有的挖空细胞均呈现细胞凋亡变化。结论 尖锐湿疣挖空细胞是由HPV所引起的凋亡细胞。从形态学上确认其凋亡特征即可确定尖锐湿疣的诊断 ,角化不全和乳头间质血管丛状增生可作佐证。难以确认挖空细胞的疑难病例 。

玉米两个RFLP标记的原位单杂交与共杂交定位的比较

ＲＦＬＰ标记ｂｎ１８．２３和 ｕｍｃ１１１位于玉米遗传日第 ４连锁群近端，彼此密切连锁但次序尚未确定。用生物素标记对它们进行了原位单杂交和共杂交的比较定位。在植物中，这类原位共杂交的研究为首次报道。在单一探针的原位杂交中 ｕｍｃ１１１被定位在第 １、 ４和９染色体长上，与着丝粒的百分距离分别是７．３６±２．６５、６３．６７±１．０７、４７．８７±２．９０。ｂｎ１８．２３被定位在第４和８染色体长臂上，与着丝粒的百分距离分别是８７．４２±２．４５和２７．６０±１．７５，清楚地表明了这两个标记在第４染色体上的次序。ｂｎ１８．２３和ｕｍｃ１１１分别与编码过氧化氢酶的ｃａｔ３基因和编码丝氨酸／苏氨酸蛋白激酶的ｃｄｅ２Ａ基因紧密连锁。根据供试ＲＦＬＰ标记检出位点推断了基因ｃｄｃ２Ａ和ｃａｔ３的物理位置。原位共杂交在第 ４染色体长臂上同时显示出了ｕｍｃ１１１和ｂｎ１８．２３两个标记的杂交信号，它们的位置分别与单一探针原位杂交的位置基本吻合。这为低拷贝或单一拷贝等小片段ＤＮＡ物理定位的可靠性以及它们共杂交的可行性提供了令人信服的证据。

阿霉素诱导人膀胱癌多重抗药性细胞凋亡的研究

目的：研究阿霉素诱导的细胞凋亡，探讨人膀胱癌多重抗药性机制。方法：用噻唑蓝（ＭＴＴ）法、光镜及电镜、ＤＮＡ凝胶电泳和原位ＤＮＡ末端转移酶标记法，分别对耐药细胞株ＢＩＵ－８７／ＡＤＭ及敏感细胞株ＢＩＵ－８７细胞进行了阿霉素诱导的细胞凋亡研究。结果：ＢＩＵ－８７／ＡＤＭ细胞存活率明显高于ＢＩＵ－８７细胞，光镜及电镜观察到凋亡细胞形态学改变，凋亡细胞ＤＮＡ凝胶电泳出现ＤＮＡ断片，但并无典型的梯形（Ｌａｄ－ｄｅｒ）改变，ＢＩＵ－８７细胞原位ＤＮＡ末端转移酶标记阳性率高于ＢＩＵ－８７／ＡＤＭ细胞。结论：①阿霉素可诱导人膀胱癌细胞凋亡，而且具有明显的剂量和时间效应。②在相同条件下，与敏感细胞株ＢＩＵ－８７相比，耐药细胞株ＢＩＵ－８７／ＡＤＭ中细胞凋亡明显受到抑制。

M_3受体对体外H_2O_2 诱导大鼠心肌细胞凋亡的保护作用(英文)

目的 探讨M3受体激动对H2 O2 诱导的大鼠培养心肌细胞凋亡的作用 ,进一步阐明其机制。方法 末端标记法 (TUNEL)进行细胞凋亡检测 ;免疫组化方法检测Bcl 2和Fas的表达 ;共聚焦显微镜观察 [Ca2 + ]i荧光强度变化。结果 M3受体激动剂胆碱 (10mmol·L- 1 )可减少H2 O2 诱导的心肌细胞凋亡的数量 ,并可增加心肌Bcl 2的表达 ,减少Fas表达 ,抑制H2 O2 诱导的 [Ca2 + ]i荧光强度的升高。但预先应用 4DAMP (10nmol·L- 1 )阻断M3受体可逆转胆碱作用。结论 激动M3受体对H2 O2 诱导的心肌细胞凋亡有保护作用 ,其机制可能与Bcl 2和Fas表达以及下调[Ca2 + ]i有关。

原位细胞凋亡TUNEL法的改进及其应用

目的 :寻找一种能快速、准确检测以石蜡切片、冰冻切片与细胞爬片或涂片等为实验材料的原位细胞凋亡的 TUNEL法。方法 :在原已建立的 TUNEL技术基础上作了如下改进 :1石蜡切片用微波修复技术替代蛋白酶 K的消化作用 ;冰冻切片与细胞爬片或涂片用含 0 .1 % Triton X- 1 0 0和 0 .1 %枸橼酸三钠混合液作穿透处理。 2在滴加反应混合物前 ,切片用 0 .1 %焦碳酸二乙酯 ( DEPC)浸泡 ,抑制内源性核酸内切酶活性。 3在 POD转换剂前 ,切片用 3% H2 O2 -甲醇液阻断内源性过氧化物酶活性 ,并用正常山羊血清封闭非特异结合位点。4苏木素套染细胞核。结果 :改进后的 TUNEL法能特异地显示凋亡细胞为棕黄色 ,其他细胞核为蓝色 ,且对比明显 ,背景浅 ,组织结构完整清晰 ,便于显微照相等特点。结论 :改进后的 TUNEL法是一种快速、准确检测以石蜡切片、冰冻切片与细胞爬片或涂片等为实验材料细胞凋亡的有效方法。

引物介导原位标记技术检测乳腺癌组织中HPV16和18型感染

探讨引物介导的原位标记技术(Primedinsitulabeling,PRINS)在检测乳腺癌组织中人乳头状瘤病毒(humanpapillomavirus,HPV)16型和18型感染的应用和了解HPV16和18型感染与人乳腺良、恶性病变之间的关系。方法:采用引物介导的原位标记(PRINS)技术和SP法免疫组化技术检测80例乳腺癌,10例乳腺导管上皮不典型性增生,20例乳腺导管内乳头状瘤,30例乳腺腺病,30例正常乳腺组织中HPV16DNA,HPV18DNA和HPV16、18E6蛋白。结果:乳腺癌组中HPV16DNA,HPV18DNAH和HPV16、18E6蛋白的阳性表达与导管上皮不典型性增生组均无显著性差异(P>0.05),但显著高于良性病变组和正常组。中、重不典型性增生组中HPV18DNA和HPV16、18E6蛋白的表达均显著高于轻度不典型性增生组(P<0.05)。癌组中HPV16,HPV18DNA双阳性为45.0%(36/80),导管上皮不典型性增生组中HPV16、18DNA双阳性为40.0%(4/10)。结论:引物介导的原位标记技术可用于乳腺癌组织中HPV16DNA和HPV18DNA的检测,HPV16和HPV18型的混合感染可能与女性乳腺癌的发生、发展密切相关。

药物诱导的玉米根尖细胞凋亡

同时应用DNALaddering、DNAGelBlot以及基于染色体涂片的原位末端标记技术 ,从染色体、细胞核和DNA不同水平对细胞毒素类药物放线菌D、放线菌酮和秋水仙碱诱导的玉米 (ZeamaysL .)根尖分生组织细胞死亡作了检测。结果表明 :同动物中一样 ,这些药物诱导的玉米根尖分生组织细胞死亡也具有DNALadder、染色质和细胞核浓缩等典型的凋亡特征 ,说明这些细胞毒素类药物能够诱导植物体内的细胞凋亡。

玉米cyclin Ⅲ基因的染色体原位杂交物理定位

本文首次报道了玉米低拷贝基因ｃｙｃｌｉｎⅢ（Ｂ－类）生物素标记的染色体原位杂交定位结果。供试探针为该基因的ｃＤＮＡ克隆，其长度仅为１６ｋｂ。结果表明，探针的信号分布在第６染色体短臂和第９染色体长臂，与着丝粒的百分距离分别为７００５±３３１和８６８６±１６４，检出率分别为８２９％和６８３％。文中对基因的物理位置与功能间的关系等作了讨论。

原位缺口末端标记法检测人胚胎脊髓发育过程中细胞凋亡的表达及意义

目的探讨人胚胎发育早期脊髓内细胞凋亡的变化规律。方法应用脱氧核糖核酸末端转移酶介导的缺口末端标记(TUNEL)法检测和图像分析(NIS-DR)软件测量第2、3、4三个月龄段,人胚胎脊髓组织中凋亡细胞的积分光密度(IOD)值,数据的组间比较采用单因素方差分析。结果第2、3、4三个月胎龄段,人胚胎脊髓中央管、前角和后角处均有凋亡细胞存在。2个月胎龄组脊髓组织中,TUNEL阳性细胞的IOD值为134.9954±10.5326(n=4),3个月组IOD值为149.0331±5.6619(n=5),4个月组IOD值为140.7892±7.6532(n=5),可见IOD值有先升高后降低的趋势,三组比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。结论细胞凋亡在人胚胎脊髓的生长发育过程中起重要的调节作用。

补肾醒脑方对实验性血管性痴呆大鼠脑神经细胞凋亡的影响

目的观察补肾醒脑方对血管性痴呆(VD)大鼠脑神经细胞凋亡的影响,探讨其病理机制。方法采用反复夹闭双侧颈总动脉伴低血压造成拟VD大鼠模型,通过原位末端标记(TUNEL)法检测脑神经细胞凋亡情况。结果补肾醒脑高、低剂量组可抑制缺血再灌注后神经细胞的凋亡。结论补肾醒脑方能抑制脑神经细胞凋亡,缓解兴奋性毒性损伤,保护大脑神经细胞,这可能是补肾醒脑方治疗VD的作用机制之一。