喷丸工艺参数对718镍基合金表面性能的影响

为全面理解718镍基合金喷丸强化工艺参数的作用,用精确的三维建模对弹丸和基体进行模拟,并结合仿真分析方法考察喷丸尺寸、速度及入射角度对喷丸强化的影响。重点分析了表面粗糙度和残余应力分布,以全面展现喷丸强化的关键特征。结果表明:随弹丸直径和速度的增加,残余应力呈规律性变化,入射角度为0°~10°时对残余应力影响较小,但可轻微降低表面粗糙度。当入射角度从10°增至30°时,喷丸强化效果减弱,同时表面粗糙度增加。这为工艺参数选择提供了重要参考。通过试验验证仿真结果,进一步证实了本研究的准确性和实用性。

新型热处理方法制备超高强度Inconel 718合金

为改善Inconel718合金的组织并优化性能,提出一种980℃,1 min高温超短退火和随后的双时效相结合的新型热处理方法。结果表明,超短退火处理产生了部分再结晶组织,KAM图表明即使在变形晶粒中也形成了再结晶晶核。因此,高温超短退火克服了再结晶势垒,使得后续的再结晶过程可以在较低温度的时效处理过程中完成,从而获得了均匀细化的组织(~3.59μm)。980-1min-aged样品具有优异的拉伸性能,室温极限强度和总伸长率分别为1600 MPa和19%。650℃热拉伸条件下的极限强度和伸长率分别约为1350 MPa和26%。因此,高温超短退火能有效提高Inconel718合金的性能。

超声振动方向对激光定向能沉积Inconel 718性能影响研究

目的面向激光定向能沉积表面改性及再制造发展需求,揭示超声振动方向对激光定向能沉积Inconel 718零件的影响机制,为超声辅助激光定向能沉积高质量成形提供参考。方法开展多方向超声振动辅助激光定向能沉积Inconel 718零件试验,结合原位熔池监测技术,研究沉积方向、搭接方向和扫描方向超声振动对熔池流动行为、微观结构和力学性能的影响。结果不同方向超声振动显著影响了熔池的动态流动行为,其中搭接方向超声振动使熔池润湿面积提高了86.4%,并且形状更为规则,拖尾现象得到改善。微观组织细化方面,扫描方向振动效果最佳,晶体直径细化了46.9%,水平方向的晶体等轴晶转变优于沉积方向,而在沉积方向振动下,Laves相点球化和减少最为明显。相较于对照组的显微硬度210.4HV0.2,添加沉积、搭接和扫描方向超声振动后分别提高到了232.5HV0.2、230.9HV0.2和233.9HV0.2,变化趋势与晶体直径变化趋势基本一致。水平方向超声振动影响下,特别是扫描方向的超声振动在提高材料强度的同时,还在一定程度上保持了材料的延展性;在搭接方向上,超声振动辅助显示出较好的各向异性消除能力,获得了优异的硬度、强度和塑性匹配。结论不同方向超声振动,通过不同方向的惯性力和热流改善了熔池的动态流动性,其中搭接方向超声振动在扩大熔池润湿面积和改善熔池动态形状方面具有优异的综合能力。由于超声强度方向性传播衰减和引起不同的声压梯度,微观组织细化和Laves相的细小点球状消减分别在扫描方向和沉积方向上最为显著,这些变化引起了显微硬度和拉伸性能的相关性提升。超声振动还均衡了材料的力学性能,提高了抗拉强度、屈服强度和延展性,尤其在搭接方向上,显示出较好的各向异性消除能力。可根据具体需求目标,选用相应的超声振动方向或者复合使用,以获得优异的Inconel 718零件熔池流动、微观形貌和力学性能匹配。

Cu掺杂对Inconel 718合金Laves相稳定性的影响

采用第一性原理计算与实验相结合的方法,研究了Cu掺杂对Inconel 718合金中Laves相的影响。构建了Laves相Fe_(8)Nb_(4)晶胞的掺杂模型,计算分析了Cu掺杂前后体系的平衡晶格常数、形成热、结合能、电荷差分密度以及弹性常数等。计算结果表明,Cu元素掺杂Laves相后,体系发生晶格畸变,稳定性降低;Cu原子掺杂增加了Laves相的硬度,但对体系塑性的影响比较复杂。实验结果表明,Cu能够固溶到Laves相中,降低Laves相的固溶温度,Cu掺杂Laves相导致体系原子间结合强度的降低是造成Laves相固溶温度降低的本质原因。

SUPERPLASTICITY AND DIFFUSION BONDING OF IN718 SUPERALLOY

The superplasticity and diffusion bonding of IN718 superalloy were studied in this article. The strain rate sensitivity index m was obtained at different temperatures and various initial strain rates using the tensile speed mutation method; m reached its maximum value 0.53 at an initial strain rate of 1×10^-4s^-1 at 1253K. The diffusion bonding parameters, including the bonding temperature T, pressure p, and time t, affected the mechanism of joints. When the bonded specimen with 25μm thick nickel foil interlayer was tensile at room temperature, the shear fracture of the joints with nickel foil interlayer took place at the IN718 part. Microstructure study was carried out with the bonded samples. The microstructure shows an excellent bonding at the interfaces. The optimum parameters for the diffusion bonding are： T = 1273-1323K, p = 20-30MPa, t = 45-60min.

CONSTITUTIVE RELATIONSHIP OF IN718 ALLOY FOR THERMOVISCOPLASTIC AND MICROSTRUCTURE EVOLUTION COUPLED ANALYSIS

The interaction between thermomechanical parameters and microstructure evolution is so intense that it must be considered during the finite element method （FEM） simulation of the hot plastic working process, for materials that are difficult to deform. Taking the microstructure evolution into account, a novel type of constitutive relationship has been put forward for the IN718 alloy. The microstructure evolution model was first established for the dominant microstructure evolution processes. Then the microstructure evolution models and the method to determine the local flow stress of the corresponding microstructure for current thermomechanical parameters and deformation history were presented. Once the local flow stresses of different structures and their volume contributions were defined, the apparent flow stress of the material could be determined as the weighted sum of the local flow stresses and volume contributions. To validate the proposed method, a thermoviscoplastics and microstructure evolution coupled analysis for a forging process of a critical IN718 disk forging was performed. The predicting results were in close agreement with the experimental data.

Role of P,S and B on Creep Behavior of Alloy 718

The doping of phosphorus, sulfur and boron in IN718 superalloy can remarkably influence the creep behavior. The modifications of the minor elements seem not to vary the stress exponent and the influences primarily concentrate on the effective diffusion coefficient. A pronounced beneficial interaction between P and B and a weaker detrimental interaction between P and S have been obtained. The preexponential frequency constant is proved to be strongly related with the creep activation energy because of the so-called compensation effect. The compensation temperature has been determined to be about 1080 K, which corresponds to the transformation temperature from rapidly coarsened γ'' phase to δ phase. It has been proposed that trace elements can influence the effective diffusion coefficient individually or cooperatively, which in turn either retard or speed the creep process.

Investigation of secondary phases and tensile strength of nitrogen-containing Alloy 718 weldment

The influence of nitrogen content on the precipitation of secondary phases and the tensile strength of Alloy 718 during gas tungstenarc welding was investigated. Various types of precipitates were characterized using scanning electron microscopy and transmission electronmicroscopy. The results showed that in the fusion zone, the volume fraction of Nb-rich phases such as Laves, (Nb,Ti)C, and δ phases, as wellas Ti-rich phases such as (Ti,Nb)CN and (Ti,Nb)N, increased with increase in the nitrogen content due to the microsegregation of Nb and Tiwithin interdendritic areas. Nitrogen was also found to decrease the size of γ′′ particles within γ dendrites. For precipitates in the partiallymelted zone, constitutional liquation was observed for both (Nb,Ti)C and (Ti,Nb)N particles. Based on the results of tensile tests, the weld containing0.015wt% nitrogen exhibited the highest ultimate tensile strength (UTS), whereas more addition of nitrogen led to a decrease in both theUTS and yield strength due to the increased content of brittle Laves phases and decreased size of γ′′.

Influence of magnetically constricted arc traverse speed (MCATS) on tensile properties and microstructural characteristics of welded Inconel 718 alloy sheets

The magnetically constricted arc technique was implemented to mitigate the heat input related metallurgical problems in Gas Tungsten Arc Welding(GTAW)of Inconel 718 alloy particularly Nb segregation and subsequent laves phase evolution in fusion zone.This paper reports the direct effect of magnetically constricted arc traverse speed(MCATS)on bead profile,tensile properties and microstructural evolution of Inconel 718 alloy sheets joined by Gas Tungsten Constricted Arc Welding(GTCAW)process.The mechanism amenable for the microstructural modification and corresponding influence on the tensile properties of joints is investigated both in qualitative and quantitative manner related to the mechanics of arc constriction and pulsing.It is correlated to the solidification conditions during welding.The relationship between MCATS and Arc Constriction Current(ACC)was derived.Its interaction effect on the magnetic arc constriction and joint performance was analysed.Results showed that the joints fabricated using CATS of 70 mm/min exhibited superior tensile properties(98.39% of base metal strength with 31.50% elongation).It is attributed to the grain refinement in fusion zone microstructure leading to the evolution of finer,discrete laves phase in interdendritic areas.

Inconel 718合金激光熔覆Stellite3/Ti_(3)SiC_(2)复合涂层摩擦学性能研究

为了探究高温下Inconel 718合金的摩擦学性能,使用激光熔覆制备了三种不同粉末质量配比的复合涂层:Stellite3-5%Ti_(3)SiC_(2)(C1)、Stellite3-10%Ti_(3)SiC_(2)(C2)和Stellite3-15%Ti_(3)SiC_(2)(C3)(均为质量分数),并通过物相分析、组织形貌和显微硬度分析,探究其在室温和600℃条件下的摩擦学行为.结果表明,涂层中主要含有γ-Co、(Fe,Ni)固溶体,金属间化合物Cr_(2)Ni_(3)以及碳化物WCx、TiC和Cr_(7)C_(3),由于硬质相碳化物的存在,涂层的显微硬度提高到基体(262.7 HV_(0.5))的1.6~2.5倍,分别为662.74 HV_(0.5)、521.47 HV_(0.5)和419.44 HV_(0.5),并且摩擦学性能也有所改善,其中室温下效果最好的为C1涂层,摩擦系数降低了20.52%,耐磨性提高了85.45%;600℃下性能最好的为C2涂层,耐磨性提高了79.53%.室温时基体、C1及C2涂层出现塑性变形和磨粒磨损,C3涂层由于硬度较低出现黏着磨损.600℃下各样品均发生氧化磨损,其中氧化、黏着磨损和严重塑性变形为基体的磨损机理,三种涂层由于加入了Ti_(3)SiC_(2)导致磨损减轻,除氧化外主要为磨粒磨损.

Inconel 718高温合金单层多道激光熔覆成形工艺优化

为提高镍基高温合金激光熔覆成形质量,采用正交试验法,分析Inconel 718高温合金在不同工艺参数(激光功率、扫描速度、送粉速率和搭接率)下,单层多道激光熔覆表面平整度和熔覆宽度的变化规律。结合综合评分法,得到成形质量最佳工艺条件为激光功率2100 W,扫描速度19 mm/s,送粉速率2 r/min,搭接率30%;其中,搭接率对熔覆层表面平整度和熔覆宽度的影响最大,送粉速率对表面平整度影响最小,激光功率对熔覆层宽度影响最小。

KINETICS OF δ PHASE PRECIPITATION IN COLD ROLLED INCONEL 718 ALLOY

The volume fraction of δ phase in cold rolled Inconel 718 alloy aged at 910℃ for different times is measured by X ray diffraction techniques, and the influence of cold rolling on the kinetics of δ phase precipitation is investigated. It has been found that the relation between the volume fraction of δ phase and aging time follows the Avrami equation. With increasing cold rolling reduction, the value of n decreases and the value of a increases.

Effect of Carbon on DA718 Alloy with P Addition

Lower content of carbon can further improve the stress rupture life of p-modified DA 718 alloy up to more than 270%. Meanwhile, the ductility of the alloy decreased a little. More boron atoms dissociate due to decreasing carbon content and interact with phosphorus which brings the longer stress rupture life of the alloy. Less carbon may induce more phosphorus segregating in the grain boundary and result in brittleness.

Phase-field simulation of lack-of-fusion defect and grain growth during laser powder bed fusion of Inconel 718

The anisotropy of the structure and properties caused by the strong epitaxial growth of grains during laser powder bed fusion(L-PBF)significantly affects the mechanical performance of Inconel 718 alloy components such as turbine disks.The defects(lack-of-fusion Lo F)in components processed via L-PBF are detrimental to the strength of the alloy.The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of laser scanning parameters on the epitaxial grain growth and LoF formation in order to obtain the parameter space in which the microstructure is refined and LoF defect is suppressed.The temperature field of the molten pool and the epitaxial grain growth are simulated using a multiscale model combining the finite element method with the phase-field method.The LoF model is proposed to predict the formation of LoF defects resulting from insufficient melting during L-PBF.Defect mitigation and grain-structure control during L-PBF can be realized simultaneously in the model.The simulation shows the input laser energy density for the as-deposited structure with fine grains and without LoF defects varied from 55.0–62.5 J·mm^(-3)when the interlayer rotation angle was 0°–90°.The optimized process parameters(laser power of 280 W,scanning speed of 1160 mm·s^(-1),and rotation angle of 67°)were computationally screened.In these conditions,the average grain size was 7.0μm,and the ultimate tensile strength and yield strength at room temperature were(1111±3)MPa and(820±7)MPa,respectively,which is 8.8%and10.5%higher than those of reported.The results indicating the proposed multiscale computational approach for predicting grain growth and Lo F defects could allow simultaneous grain-structure control and defect mitigation during L-PBF.

CREEP CRACK GROWTH BEHAVIOR OF ALLOY 718 DURING HIGH TEMPERATURE EXPOSURE

Alloy 718 is a precipitation strengthened nickel-based superalloy based on the precipitation of γ″-Ni3Nb (DO22 structure) and γ′-Ni3(Al,Ti) (L12 structure) phases. Creep crack growth rate (CCGR) was investigated after high temperature exposure at 593, 650 and 677℃ for 2000h in Alloy 718. In addition to the coalescence of γ′/ γ″ and the amount increasing of δ phase, the existence of a bcc chromium enriched α-Cr phase was observed by SEM, and the weight fraction of α-Cr and other phases were determined by chemical phase analysis methods. The CCGR behavior and regulation have been analyzed by means of strength and structure analysis approaches. The experimental results show higher the exposure temperature and longer the exposure time, lower the CCGR. This is probably attributed to the interaction of material softening and brittling due to complex structure changes during high temperature exposure. Therefore, despite α-Cr phase formation and amount enhancement were run in this test range. It seems to us a small amount of α-Cr will be not harmful for creep crack propagation resistance, which is critical for disk application in aircraft and land-based gas turbine.

THE SEGREGATION OF SULFUR AND PHOSPHORUS IN NICKEL-BASE ALLOY 718

The segregation behavior of sulfur and phosphorus has been studied by means of scanning Auger microprobe (SAM) on microstructural interfaces,such as grain boundaries and carbide/matrix interfaces,The experimental results clearly reveal that sulfur strongly segregates on carbide/matrix interfaces,while phosphorus predominantly distributes on grain boundaries. Molybdenum tends to segregat on grain boundaries.

电子束精炼及层覆凝固Inconel 718合金的流变行为及本构方程

对电子束层覆凝固Inconel 718合金(EBLS 718合金)和电子束精炼Inconel 718合金(EBS 718合金)进行等温压缩试验,变形温度分别为1010,1050,1100,1140℃,应变速率分别为0.001,0.01,0.1,1 s^(-1),对比研究了2种合金的热变形流变行为,基于Arrhenius本构方程建立了2种合金的本构方程。结果表明:2种合金在不同变形温度和应变速率下的流变行为相似;流变应力均随着应变速率的增加而增大,随着变形温度升高而降低;由于存在层覆界面,EBLS 718合金在热压缩变形过程中在更低温度下出现了屈服下降现象,变形激活能更低,动态软化效应更加明显;2种合金变形机制均主要为晶格自扩散引起的高温攀移机制。

Forging Optimization and Microstructural Simulation of an Inconel 718 Alloy Used in Turbine Discs

Simulating microstructure evolution during forging of superalloys is of great interest for manufacturer of critical components, particularly in aerospace applications. In this research, a phenomenological approach using a mathematical model was employed into a commercial finite element code, i.e. Abaqus, to study recrystallization and grain growth of IN718 supperalloys during forging. Model validation was performed by compression testing. Results show that the measured recrystallized volume fraction and the grain size were in good agreement with the model predictions. Subsequently, the model was used to simulate the evolution of microstructure in a turbine disc. Finally, a technique based on Tagushi method was used to determine the influence of forging parameters such as forging temperature, ingot height to diameter ratio, and top die velocity on the resultant microstructure. Uniform and refined microstructure of final forging was considered into the objective function. Optimum as well as the poorest parameters combination was attained through analysis. As well the contribution of each parameter on microstructure development was determined through variance analysis.

Introduction of a New Method for Regulating Laves Phases in Inconel 718 Superalloy during a Laser-Repairing Process

The morphology,size,and distribution of Laves phases have important influences on the mechanical properties of laser-repaired Inconel 718(IN718)superalloy.Due to the deterioration of the substrate zone,the Laves phase in the laser cladding zone of IN718 superalloy cannot be optimized by a hightemperature solution treatment.In this study,an in situ laser heat-treatment method was proposed to regulate the morphology and size of the Laves phase in the laser cladding zone of IN718 superalloy without impacting the substrate zone.In the in situ laser heat-treatment process,a laser was used to heat previously deposited layers with optimized manufacturing parameters.A thermocouple and an infrared camera were used to analyze thermal cycles and real-time temperature fields,respectively.Microstructures and micro-segregations were observed by optical microscopy,scanning electron microscopy,and electron probe microanalysis.It was found that the in situ laser heat treatment effectively changed the morphology and size of the Laves phase,which was transformed from a continuous striplike shape to a discrete granular shape.The effective temperature range and duration were the two main factors influencing the Laves phase during the in situ laser heat-treatment process.The effective temperature range was determined by the laser linear energy density,and the peak temperature increased with the increase of the linear energy density.In addition,the temperature amplitude could be reduced by simultaneously increasing the laser power and the scanning velocity.Finally,a flow diagram was developed based on the in situ laser heat-treatment process,and the deposition of a single-walled sample with fine and granular Laves phases was detected.

水射流引导激光制造Inconel 718合金沟槽结构的研究

为了探究水射流引导激光(WJGL)技术在Inconel 718合金上制造沟槽结构的规律特征,在自行研发的水导激光设备上设计并进行了多组单因素实验,分析了水射流速度和激光能量密度对沟槽结构的深度、宽度以及毛刺尺寸的影响规律。实验结果表明,激光能量密度对沟槽结构尺寸的影响程度要高于水射流速度,在喷嘴孔径固定不变的条件下,激光能量密度和水射流速度对沟槽结构宽度的影响很小。采用孔径为0.5 mm的喷嘴,当水射流速度固定为60 m/s,激光功率密度为40 J/cm~2时,获得最大沟槽平均深度为523μm;当激光能量密度为10 J/cm~2时,获得最窄沟槽平均宽度为403μm;当激光能量密度为40 J/cm~2时,获得最小毛刺平均尺寸为54μm。根据理论分析得出,水导激光技术去除Inconel 718合金的机制是通过激光烧蚀并熔化材料,水射流将熔融物冲刷去除。