In a public procurement process,corruption can occur at each stage,favoring a participant with a previous agreement,which can result in over-pricing and purchases of substandard products,as well as gender discriminati...In a public procurement process,corruption can occur at each stage,favoring a participant with a previous agreement,which can result in over-pricing and purchases of substandard products,as well as gender discrimination.This paper’s aim is to detect biased purchases using a Spanish Language corpus,ana-lyzing text from the questions and answers registry platform by applicants in a public procurement process in Ecuador.Additionally,gender bias is detected,pro-moting both men and women to participate under the same conditions.In order to detect gender bias and favoritism towards certain providers by contracting enti-ties,the study proposes a unique hybrid model that combines Artificial Intelli-gence algorithms and Natural Language Processing(NLP).In the experimental work,303,076 public procurement processes have been analyzed over 10 years(since 2010)with 1,009,739 questions and answers to suppliers and public insti-tutions in each process.Gender bias and favoritism were analyzed using a Word2-vec model with word embedding,as well as sentiment analysis of the questions and answers using the VADER algorithm.In 32%of cases(96,984 answers),there was favoritism or gender bias as evidenced by responses from contracting entities.The proposed model provides accuracy rates of 88% for detecting favor-itism,and 90%for detecting gender bias.Consequently one-third of the procure-ment processes carried out by the state have indications of corruption and bias.In Latin America,government corruption is one of the most significant challenges,making the resulting classifier useful for detecting bias and favoritism in public procurement processes.展开更多
Hello, everyone. I'm He Wei. My favorite sport is playing football. In middle school, I joined in the football team. All the teammates trained hard after school. Once our school had a match with another school. At...Hello, everyone. I'm He Wei. My favorite sport is playing football. In middle school, I joined in the football team. All the teammates trained hard after school. Once our school had a match with another school. At first, we were all nervous and couldn't cooperate very well,because it was the first time for us to compete for the honor of the school.展开更多
My favorite Chinese traditional festival is the Mid-Autumn Festival.It falls on the 15th day of lunar August.On that day,my mother and father get up early to prepare a big dinner.My aunt and uncle usually come back ho...My favorite Chinese traditional festival is the Mid-Autumn Festival.It falls on the 15th day of lunar August.On that day,my mother and father get up early to prepare a big dinner.My aunt and uncle usually come back home early.After dinner,we go outside and admire the full moon.展开更多
My favorite festival is the Spring Festival.The Spring Festival falls on the first day of the lunar New Year.There are all kinds of activities during the Spring Festival.To begin with,we clean our houses,paint doors a...My favorite festival is the Spring Festival.The Spring Festival falls on the first day of the lunar New Year.There are all kinds of activities during the Spring Festival.To begin with,we clean our houses,paint doors and windows red,put up red couplets,decorate the doors and windows with paper cuts,buy clothes and have a haircut on New Year’s Eve.展开更多
My favorite singer is Zhou Shen.He was born in1992.He has big eyes and his eyes look like stars.He is not tall.But I don't think height can determine one's abilities.He is very handsome.He sings very well.His ...My favorite singer is Zhou Shen.He was born in1992.He has big eyes and his eyes look like stars.He is not tall.But I don't think height can determine one's abilities.He is very handsome.He sings very well.His songs become more and more popular.Anyone who listens to his songs will feel quite sad.And his songs also accompanied me throughout my elementary school days.Whenever I feel sad,I listen to them.展开更多
Artificial leather and synthetic leather products have more than 60 years of development history,because the cost of artificial leather is lower than real leather,the manufacturing process is relatively simple,widely ...Artificial leather and synthetic leather products have more than 60 years of development history,because the cost of artificial leather is lower than real leather,the manufacturing process is relatively simple,widely used in textile,automotive and furniture decoration fields.展开更多
There are four seasons in a year.They are spring,summer,autumn and winter.Although summer is hot,it is my favorite season.In summer,we can swim in the water.We.often go swimming in the Shapi River.The water in the Sha...There are four seasons in a year.They are spring,summer,autumn and winter.Although summer is hot,it is my favorite season.In summer,we can swim in the water.We.often go swimming in the Shapi River.The water in the Shapi River is clear and I swim like a fish in it.We often play in the water until the sun goes down.In summer,we often buy a watermelon and soak it in the water.The watermelon soaked in the water is cold.and delicious.At that time,watermelon is my favorite fruit.展开更多
Coffee is one of the world's favorite and most popular beverages,the third most popular beverage after water and tea.For many people,it is an indispensable habit before going to work and a socialization tool for t...Coffee is one of the world's favorite and most popular beverages,the third most popular beverage after water and tea.For many people,it is an indispensable habit before going to work and a socialization tool for the rest of the day.In general,the average consum ption varies from 2 to6 cups per day.What are the health implications?Given this consum ption,the benefits are actually greater than the risks.This is the conclusion of a careful study published in the New England Journal of Medicine(van Dam et al.,2020).展开更多
Hello,everyone!My name is Cindy.I'm a student of Fenlu No.1 Middle School.There are three people in my family.They are my parents and me.I love sports very much.My favorite sport is basketball.And I have three bas...Hello,everyone!My name is Cindy.I'm a student of Fenlu No.1 Middle School.There are three people in my family.They are my parents and me.I love sports very much.My favorite sport is basketball.And I have three basketballs.After school,I often play basketball with my classmates on the playground.My parents also love sports.My father likes soccer,because he thinks playing soccer is relaxing.And he likes volleyball,too.But it's a little difficult for him.So he only watches the games on TV.My mother likes playing ping-pong.She thinks it is fun.She has two ping-pong bats.展开更多
Q:Whatdoyou like to do in yourfreetime?A:My favorite thing to do is spend time with my family.I also like to sew useful and cute things.I enjoy cooking and baking,too.And,of course,I love the outdoors.Hiking and climb...Q:Whatdoyou like to do in yourfreetime?A:My favorite thing to do is spend time with my family.I also like to sew useful and cute things.I enjoy cooking and baking,too.And,of course,I love the outdoors.Hiking and climbing trees are very fun.You can never be too old to have fun!展开更多
1 Whats unusual is that,while many people with aphasia(失语症)cant speak,some can still sing—thanks to how musical memories are stored in the brain.2 While your brain mostly processes language on the left side,it use...1 Whats unusual is that,while many people with aphasia(失语症)cant speak,some can still sing—thanks to how musical memories are stored in the brain.2 While your brain mostly processes language on the left side,it uses both sides to process music and store musical memories.So if people have damage on the left side of their brains and struggle to put original thoughts into words,they might still be able to use the right side of their brains to sing a favorite song.展开更多
主题语境:文化传承篇幅:356词建议用时:7分钟加勒特爆米花从一个小店铺发展成一个享誉全球的品牌。文章介绍了它的创始人格拉迪斯·奥托·加勒特及其家族秘方和加勒特爆米花的传统制作方式。1 In 1949,Gladys Otto Garrett star...主题语境:文化传承篇幅:356词建议用时:7分钟加勒特爆米花从一个小店铺发展成一个享誉全球的品牌。文章介绍了它的创始人格拉迪斯·奥托·加勒特及其家族秘方和加勒特爆米花的传统制作方式。1 In 1949,Gladys Otto Garrett started selling caramel popcorn in a small shop in Chicago.Today,the company has spread to countries around the world.Every year,people in the United States consume an estimated 17 billion quarts of popcorn.This favorite snack with a variety of flavors,is celebrated each year on National Popcorn Day,January 19.2 To get more information,I contacted Lindsay Alberti.She is the director of marketing for Garrett Popcorn Shops in Chicago,Illinois.“In 2024,we will be celebrating our 75th year of business since our founder,Gladys Otto Garrett,brought her secret family recipes to Chicago and opened her first shop at 10 West Madison Street,”Alberti told me via email.展开更多
Q:What is your favoritekind of exercise?A:I like to workout at the gym.Training with weights is fun,and you feel happy when you see your body get stronger.I also like to go swimming.Q:Do you visit your family?Whatdo y...Q:What is your favoritekind of exercise?A:I like to workout at the gym.Training with weights is fun,and you feel happy when you see your body get stronger.I also like to go swimming.Q:Do you visit your family?Whatdo you like to do withthem?A:I visit my family every month.They live two hours away from me,so it's not very far away.As my parents get older,it is important to spend more time with them.And it's always fun to watch movies with my brother.展开更多
I have a good friend.His name is Zhang Qiang.He is from Shiyan City,my hometown.He is a middle school student,too.He is very tall and strong.He can play basketball very well.Singing and dancing are his favorite hobbie...I have a good friend.His name is Zhang Qiang.He is from Shiyan City,my hometown.He is a middle school student,too.He is very tall and strong.He can play basketball very well.Singing and dancing are his favorite hobbies.I like playing ping-pong.So he often plays ping-pong with me in P.E. class.展开更多
Hi, I’m Jason, an 11-yearold primary school student. I pride myself on being polite and friendly. My favorite subject is English because it’s absolutely fascinating. I thoroughly enjoy my school life.
As a lover of mountain climbing,one of my favorite attractions in Changsha is Yuelu Mountain.It is good exercise when I take my time climbing the mountain with my parents every weekend.On the approximately 300-meter-h...As a lover of mountain climbing,one of my favorite attractions in Changsha is Yuelu Mountain.It is good exercise when I take my time climbing the mountain with my parents every weekend.On the approximately 300-meter-high mountain,you can admire the beautiful scenes of the whole city at the peak,including Orange Isle and Xiang River.One of the most striking features of Yuelu Mountain is its diverse landscapes.展开更多
1 How many times does the chorus(副歌)repeat in your favorite song?Repetition is a feature that music from cultures around the world tends to share.So,why does music rely so heavily on repetition?2 One part of the ans...1 How many times does the chorus(副歌)repeat in your favorite song?Repetition is a feature that music from cultures around the world tends to share.So,why does music rely so heavily on repetition?2 One part of the answer comes from what psychologists call the mere exposure effect.In short,people tend to prefer things theyve been exposed to before.For example,a song comes on the radio that we dont particularly like,but then we hear the song at the grocery store,at the movie theater and again on the street corner.展开更多
文摘In a public procurement process,corruption can occur at each stage,favoring a participant with a previous agreement,which can result in over-pricing and purchases of substandard products,as well as gender discrimination.This paper’s aim is to detect biased purchases using a Spanish Language corpus,ana-lyzing text from the questions and answers registry platform by applicants in a public procurement process in Ecuador.Additionally,gender bias is detected,pro-moting both men and women to participate under the same conditions.In order to detect gender bias and favoritism towards certain providers by contracting enti-ties,the study proposes a unique hybrid model that combines Artificial Intelli-gence algorithms and Natural Language Processing(NLP).In the experimental work,303,076 public procurement processes have been analyzed over 10 years(since 2010)with 1,009,739 questions and answers to suppliers and public insti-tutions in each process.Gender bias and favoritism were analyzed using a Word2-vec model with word embedding,as well as sentiment analysis of the questions and answers using the VADER algorithm.In 32%of cases(96,984 answers),there was favoritism or gender bias as evidenced by responses from contracting entities.The proposed model provides accuracy rates of 88% for detecting favor-itism,and 90%for detecting gender bias.Consequently one-third of the procure-ment processes carried out by the state have indications of corruption and bias.In Latin America,government corruption is one of the most significant challenges,making the resulting classifier useful for detecting bias and favoritism in public procurement processes.
文摘Hello, everyone. I'm He Wei. My favorite sport is playing football. In middle school, I joined in the football team. All the teammates trained hard after school. Once our school had a match with another school. At first, we were all nervous and couldn't cooperate very well,because it was the first time for us to compete for the honor of the school.
文摘My favorite Chinese traditional festival is the Mid-Autumn Festival.It falls on the 15th day of lunar August.On that day,my mother and father get up early to prepare a big dinner.My aunt and uncle usually come back home early.After dinner,we go outside and admire the full moon.
文摘My favorite festival is the Spring Festival.The Spring Festival falls on the first day of the lunar New Year.There are all kinds of activities during the Spring Festival.To begin with,we clean our houses,paint doors and windows red,put up red couplets,decorate the doors and windows with paper cuts,buy clothes and have a haircut on New Year’s Eve.
文摘My favorite singer is Zhou Shen.He was born in1992.He has big eyes and his eyes look like stars.He is not tall.But I don't think height can determine one's abilities.He is very handsome.He sings very well.His songs become more and more popular.Anyone who listens to his songs will feel quite sad.And his songs also accompanied me throughout my elementary school days.Whenever I feel sad,I listen to them.
文摘Artificial leather and synthetic leather products have more than 60 years of development history,because the cost of artificial leather is lower than real leather,the manufacturing process is relatively simple,widely used in textile,automotive and furniture decoration fields.
文摘There are four seasons in a year.They are spring,summer,autumn and winter.Although summer is hot,it is my favorite season.In summer,we can swim in the water.We.often go swimming in the Shapi River.The water in the Shapi River is clear and I swim like a fish in it.We often play in the water until the sun goes down.In summer,we often buy a watermelon and soak it in the water.The watermelon soaked in the water is cold.and delicious.At that time,watermelon is my favorite fruit.
文摘Coffee is one of the world's favorite and most popular beverages,the third most popular beverage after water and tea.For many people,it is an indispensable habit before going to work and a socialization tool for the rest of the day.In general,the average consum ption varies from 2 to6 cups per day.What are the health implications?Given this consum ption,the benefits are actually greater than the risks.This is the conclusion of a careful study published in the New England Journal of Medicine(van Dam et al.,2020).
文摘Hello,everyone!My name is Cindy.I'm a student of Fenlu No.1 Middle School.There are three people in my family.They are my parents and me.I love sports very much.My favorite sport is basketball.And I have three basketballs.After school,I often play basketball with my classmates on the playground.My parents also love sports.My father likes soccer,because he thinks playing soccer is relaxing.And he likes volleyball,too.But it's a little difficult for him.So he only watches the games on TV.My mother likes playing ping-pong.She thinks it is fun.She has two ping-pong bats.
文摘Q:Whatdoyou like to do in yourfreetime?A:My favorite thing to do is spend time with my family.I also like to sew useful and cute things.I enjoy cooking and baking,too.And,of course,I love the outdoors.Hiking and climbing trees are very fun.You can never be too old to have fun!
文摘1 Whats unusual is that,while many people with aphasia(失语症)cant speak,some can still sing—thanks to how musical memories are stored in the brain.2 While your brain mostly processes language on the left side,it uses both sides to process music and store musical memories.So if people have damage on the left side of their brains and struggle to put original thoughts into words,they might still be able to use the right side of their brains to sing a favorite song.
文摘主题语境:文化传承篇幅:356词建议用时:7分钟加勒特爆米花从一个小店铺发展成一个享誉全球的品牌。文章介绍了它的创始人格拉迪斯·奥托·加勒特及其家族秘方和加勒特爆米花的传统制作方式。1 In 1949,Gladys Otto Garrett started selling caramel popcorn in a small shop in Chicago.Today,the company has spread to countries around the world.Every year,people in the United States consume an estimated 17 billion quarts of popcorn.This favorite snack with a variety of flavors,is celebrated each year on National Popcorn Day,January 19.2 To get more information,I contacted Lindsay Alberti.She is the director of marketing for Garrett Popcorn Shops in Chicago,Illinois.“In 2024,we will be celebrating our 75th year of business since our founder,Gladys Otto Garrett,brought her secret family recipes to Chicago and opened her first shop at 10 West Madison Street,”Alberti told me via email.
文摘Q:What is your favoritekind of exercise?A:I like to workout at the gym.Training with weights is fun,and you feel happy when you see your body get stronger.I also like to go swimming.Q:Do you visit your family?Whatdo you like to do withthem?A:I visit my family every month.They live two hours away from me,so it's not very far away.As my parents get older,it is important to spend more time with them.And it's always fun to watch movies with my brother.
文摘I have a good friend.His name is Zhang Qiang.He is from Shiyan City,my hometown.He is a middle school student,too.He is very tall and strong.He can play basketball very well.Singing and dancing are his favorite hobbies.I like playing ping-pong.So he often plays ping-pong with me in P.E. class.
文摘Hi, I’m Jason, an 11-yearold primary school student. I pride myself on being polite and friendly. My favorite subject is English because it’s absolutely fascinating. I thoroughly enjoy my school life.
文摘As a lover of mountain climbing,one of my favorite attractions in Changsha is Yuelu Mountain.It is good exercise when I take my time climbing the mountain with my parents every weekend.On the approximately 300-meter-high mountain,you can admire the beautiful scenes of the whole city at the peak,including Orange Isle and Xiang River.One of the most striking features of Yuelu Mountain is its diverse landscapes.
文摘1 How many times does the chorus(副歌)repeat in your favorite song?Repetition is a feature that music from cultures around the world tends to share.So,why does music rely so heavily on repetition?2 One part of the answer comes from what psychologists call the mere exposure effect.In short,people tend to prefer things theyve been exposed to before.For example,a song comes on the radio that we dont particularly like,but then we hear the song at the grocery store,at the movie theater and again on the street corner.
