Predictive Model for Corrosion Rate of Oil Tubes in CO_2/H_2S Coexistent Environment Part Ⅰ: Building of Model

Based on an analysis of the existing models of CO 2 corrosion in literatures and the autoclave simulative experiments, a predictive model of corrosion rate (r corr) in CO 2/H 2S corrosion for oil tubes has been established, in which r corr is expressed as a function of pH, temperature (T), pressure of CO 2 (P CO 2) and pressure of H 2S (P H 2S). The model has been verified by experimental data obtained on N80 steel. The improved features of the predictive model include the following aspects: (1) The influence of temperature on the protectiveness of corrosion film is taken into consideration for establishment of predictive model of the r corr in CO 2/H 2S corrosion. The Equations of scale temperature and scale factor are put forward, and they fit the experimental result very well. (2) The linear relationship still exists between ln r corr and ln P CO 2 in CO 2/H 2S corrosion (as same as that in CO 2 corrosion). Therefore, a correction factor as a function of P H 2S has been introduced into the predictive model in CO 2/H 2S corrosion. (3) The model is compatible with the main existing models.

Corrosion performance and applicability evaluation of nickel-based alloys for oil and gas production tubing applications

The sulfide stress corrosion cracking（ SSC） performance of G3 and 028 nickel-based alloys w as studied using slow strain rate test（ SSRT） and the four-point bend（ FPB） test under simulated dow nhole conditions. The effect of high temperature,high H2 S / CO2 partial pressure,and the presence of sulfur on SSC susceptibility w as investigated. The G3 alloy w as found to have a higher SSC resistance than the 028 alloy. Presence of sulfur and temperature bear a strong influence on the SSC performance of the metals,particularly on the 028 alloy. The applicability of 028 and G3 alloys may be expanded and both could safely be used beyond the limits set by the ISO15156-3 standard.

Analyses of Protein and Oil of Maize Offsprings Plants Introducing Soybean DNA

[Objective] The experiment was aimed to explore character variation between different families after DNA introduction and select variant plants with good stability. [Method] The method of pollen-tube-pathway was used to introduce total DNA of soybean into normal maize inbred line 7313 for selecting generation by generation. When field characters of maize, grain colors, grain traits and panicle axis colors were stable, the crude protein, gliadin, glutelin and oil content of grains which were selected from variant strains were detected and compared. [Result] The grain crude protein, gliadin, glutelin and oil content of line 26h-4-3 were significantly different from these of control treatment. The increments of D3 and D4 generation were 10.34% and 26.70%, 6.58% and 6.28%, 15.09% and 70.34%, 55.82% and 51.52% respectively. All indexes of line 26h-3-1 were also higher than these of control treatment and the increments of D3 and D4 generation were 5.67% and 21.63%,1.91% and 2.31%, 10.85% and 62.27%,22.49% and 9.67%. [Conclusion] The crude protein, gliadin, glutelin and oil content of variant line 26h-4-3 and 26h-3-1 were stable, so variant line 26h-4-3 and 26h-3-1 were excellent variant strains which satisfied the requirement of high protein breeding.

On the Role of Electrodes in Introducing Airflow Distortion in Residential Oil Burners

Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulations of airflow through a retention head residential oil burner were carried out to study the velocity field near and around the fuel spray. The simulations revealed (as expected, based on some previous experimental measurements) the velocity flow field to be far from axisymmetric. Moreover, the center of the swirling airflow was found to be at some radial distance away from the physical centerline of the flame tube. Since it was suspected that the two electrodes just upstream of the retention ring of the burner might be responsible for this flow distortion, additional CFD simulations were then carried out for the cases of no electrodes and 4-electrodes. The results clearly show that all flow distortions (velocity deviations from axisymmetric value) vanish when no electrodes are present and that the flow distortions are reduced by a factor of 2 when two additional dummy electrodes (for a total of 4 electrodes) are included in the burner design. Furthermore, for the 4-electrode case, the eccentricity of the swirling airflow is reduced by almost a factor of 3 as compared to the base design case of 2-electrodes.

Ammonia corrosion analysis of copper tubes and experimental research on non-copper improvement for heat exchanger in power plant

Ammonia corrosion in copper tube will affect the safety of boiler running in power plant. Therefore, no copper in heating system has become a technical orientation in heat exchanger reconstruction, This paper analyzes the condition and mechanism of ammonia corrosion occurring in copper tube used in coal-fired power plants. Using a general steam condensation testing equipment only for horizontal single tube, with water vapor and water as working fluid, on two types of steel tube with 2-side enhancement heat transfer, namely, a spirally fluted tube and a ratchet tube with internal spiral groove （RISG tube） which was developed recently, a set of experimental tests are conducted to investigate the characteristics of heat transfer and hydromeehanics. In order to compare easily, both one copper smooth tube and one steel smooth tube are also used in the experiment. The experimental results, which get from single horizontal tube, show that the overall heat transfer coefficient of steel spirally fluted tube are improved by 10%o to 17%, and that of the steel RISG tube（22%-28%） is better than steel spirally fluted tube, its flow resistance coefficient is only increased by 22% to 66% when compared with smooth tube. Based on a lot of experimental data, the steel spirally fluted tube and the steel RISG tube were applied in a low pressure preheater and an oil-cooler of some or other power plant respectively. The field testing results showed that their heat transfer coefficient with each types of enhancement heat transfer tubes were improved by 2.5% and 21%-45% comparing with copper smooth tube heat exchangers. Both basic and field experiment indicates that the steel tube with 2-side enhancement heat transfer is an ideal choice for heat exchanger reconstruction in no copper issue in power plants.

The current situation and prospect of oil steel pipe in China

The oil steel pipe in the petroleum industry is very important for its high price, large consumption volume and great effect on the development of petroleum industry. The oil steel pipe mainly includes oil well pipe (drill pipe, drill collar, casing and tubing etc.) and oil-gas transportation pipe. This paper is an attempt to make a comprehensive review on the current situation and prospect of the oil steel pipe in China, presenting the past , today and future of the China oil pipe. The first section is a historical review of the China oil pipe. The developing course and progress of the oil steel pipe products are presented. The second section is about the current situation of the China oil pipe. The general situation of the China’s steel pipe corporation and their products types, capability, etc. is introduced. The third section is about the prospect of the China oil pipe. This part mainly describes the new product research and development in China steel pipe corporations, which are facing more and more strict technical requirements of the petroleum industry in oil pipe, and reveals the prosperity of China’s steel pipe corporations.

不同储层渗透率下稠油油藏火驱开发特征

储层渗透率直接影响火驱过程中的驱替压差、油墙的形成与聚集速度,明确渗透率对稠油火驱开发的影响规律十分必要。采用自主开发的燃烧管装置和多孔介质热效应监测装置,开展了火驱实验,分析不同渗透率下辽河稠油油藏火驱特征。结果表明:储层渗透率为650×10^(-3)μm^(2)时,火驱过程中各热电偶峰值温度达到550℃,燃烧前缘推进中温度没有下降,说明该渗透率下燃烧过程放热效率高,能够解除燃烧初期的油墙封堵;热效应监测装置能够高效快速地监测由于原油氧化燃烧反应所导致的温度变化,储层渗透率为480×10^(-3)μm^(2)时庙5区稠油燃烧峰值温度比储层渗透率为300×10^(-3)μm^(2)时高107℃,说明渗透率的提高增强了燃烧初期的放热,从而缓解了油墙的封堵效应。研究结果对不同渗透率稠油油藏火驱开发具有理论指导意义。

稠油井内衬保温油管热损失分析及开采参数优化

针对塔河油田稠油开采过程中原油热量损失大、资源浪费的问题,开展内衬保温油管开采技术研究。基于井筒稳态热传递与地层非稳态热传递理论,建立了稠油井井筒热传递数学模型,评价了不同内衬材料油管的保温性能,揭示了含水率、日产液量及内衬保温油管下深对井筒温度的影响规律。研究表明:内衬聚酮防腐层与气凝胶保温层的保温油管保温性能最佳,日产液量和保温油管下深对井口温度影响较大,含水率对井口温度的影响较小;日产液量大于72 t/d且保温油管下深大于3 500 m时,可满足稠油开采的温度要求。该研究明确了内衬保温油管保温的可行性,可为油田保温油管内衬的选材、稠油开采工艺参数的制订提供技术依据。

Y型管式油水分离结构分离特性仿真分析

管式油水分离技术具有占地面积小、分离效率高、成本低等优点,基于管式油水分离原理,设计一种Y型管式油水分离结构,利用Fluent数值模拟软件,采用标准k-ε湍流模型和Mixture多相流模型,对Y型管内部流场特性以及外部参数对分离效率的影响进行了研究。结果表明,Y型管对流体扰动小,内部流场特性稳定不易产生涡流,能够实现油水分离,支管与主管交汇处存在油水分离现象;油水分离效率随着油滴粒径的增大而逐渐提高,油滴粒径越大越利于油相上浮聚集在Y型管上层,能有效提高油水分离效率;入口速度对油水分离效果的影响很大,速度越大,油相上浮时间越短,Y型管的分离效率越低;分离效率随支管分流比的增大而增大,当入口速度为0.5 m/s时,分流比超过0.4后,分离效率不再增加。研究结果为油水分离提供了新思路,可为Y型管的设计提供理论参考。

井下多级并联微旋流器流量均布性分析及优化

采用多级并联微旋流器的方式实现井下油水分离,不仅可以提高采出液含油体积分数,同时能够满足高处理量要求。在井下工作时,若油水分离设备与套管间形成的油套环空流场结构不合理,会导致每级微旋流器组得到的流量不均匀,影响多级并联微旋流器分离装置的整体分离性能。基于数值模拟和响应面Box-Behnken试验设计方法,构建了分离装置和套管形成的油套环空流体域的结构参数与流量不均匀系数、最大压力损失间的数学模型,并对模型的有效性进行了验证。分析结果表明:当每级入口间距为400 mm、每级入口角度为90°、总级数为3级、出入口面积比为0.5时,优化后的流量不均匀系数从0.02653减小到0.01289,降幅达51.41%;与初始结构对比,当雷诺数在3000~8000范围内变化时,优化结构的流量不均匀系数在各种工况下比较稳定,最大可减小0.04708,最小为0.01125;优化后的结构呈现了较好的流量均匀分配性能及适应性。所得结果可为井下多级并联微旋流器的设计及应用提供参考。

含油海洋环境下316L仪表管点蚀深度预测模型研究

为了提升316L不锈钢仪表管在含油海洋大气环境下点蚀深度的预测精度,建立了基于改进粒子群算法优化的直接离散灰色点蚀深度预测模型[SCPSO-DDGM(1,1,λ)]。首先以暴露实验点蚀数据为例,建立DDGM(1,1)模型,并利用新信息变权弱化缓冲算子、等维灰数递补对模型进行动态改进;后采用非线性变化惯性权重和正弦余弦学习因子提高粒子群算法(PSO)的寻优能力和收敛速度,引入高斯扰动策略增强PSO跳出局部最优的能力,进而用SCPSO对改进后的DDGM(1,1,λ)模型中的权重参数λ进行寻优;最终在MATLAB中进行仿真计算,分析对比SCPSO-DDGM(1,1,λ)模型与GM(1,1)、DDGM(1,1)、PSO-DDGM(1,1,λ)模型的预测结果。结果表明:在研究的时间区间内,经优化的新模型预测深度与实际深度高度吻合,较于对比模型性能更优。证明SCPSO-DDGM(1,1,λ)模型能够有效预测仪表管点蚀深度,为仪表管的腐蚀研究提供了新的思路与方法。

R32/润滑油在微通道蒸发器内的滞油特性及其毛细管流动特性试验研究

基于R32家用空调系统搭建R32/润滑油在平行流微通道蒸发器内的滞油特性及其毛细管流动特性测试平台。采用拆除称量法,测试不同入口油质量分数、质量流量及干度下的平行流微通道蒸发器内的滞油体积率,基于理论分析,建立能够反映流动特征的微通道蒸发器内的滞油量预测模型,并通过试验验证该仿真模型的准确性。另外,建立R32/润滑油毛细管内绝热流动的数学模型,经适当简化得到毛细管长度的计算公式,并通过试验测得不同尺寸、工况下的毛细管流量,验证模型的精度。最后,基于仿真模型得到的大量数据点,绘制R32毛细管诺模图。研究结果对R32毛细管的设计应用具有参考价值。

T型管油水分离效率的正交数值试验研究

T型管广泛应用于油田的油水分离,影响其分离效率的因素较多。运用正交试验方法对T型管的管径、垂直管间距、垂直管数等三个几何参数和含油率、进口速度和分流比等三个操作参数共计6因素3水平设计了18组试验方案,并运用计算流体力学数值模拟方法对其进行了数值试验研究,结果表明:各因素对T型管分离效率的影响大小为垂直管数>垂直管间距>分流比>含油率>入口流速>管径。管径60 mm、垂直管数3、垂直管间距1000 mm、含油率40%、入口流速0.35 m/s、分流比0.4为T型管的最优结构组合,此时T型管的分离效率达到99.99%。分离效率随垂直管数、垂直管间距的增加先降低再升高,随分流比、含油率的增加先升高再降低。管径和入口速度对分离效率的影响较小,其大小可视需要而定。

页岩油水平井连续管底封拖动压裂难点与对策

连续管拖动压裂作为页岩油藏压裂增产的主体工艺之一,为了解决长水平段水平井压裂改造过程中面临的连续管下入自锁、压裂封隔器坐封困难、喷射阶段封隔器频繁解封等难点。文章通过对连续管拖动压裂作业中摩擦系数实验测试、软件模拟工具受力分析和射孔过程套管回压精确计算等方法,针对连续管下入自锁问题提出了利用金属降阻剂和环空泵送压裂工具延长连续管下深的方法,针对压裂封隔器坐封困难问题采用环空泵送辅助封隔器坐封,通过精确计算射孔阶段需要控制的套管回压,有针对性地预防封隔器频繁解封的问题。现场实践表明,上述措施能有效解决水平段2 000 m以内的底封拖动压裂过程连续管技术难题,为后续鄂尔多斯页岩油规模化开发提供技术支撑。

基于不同接箍形式的隔热油管传热特性模拟分析

热力采油方法是稠油开采的主要方式之一,在注蒸汽热采过程中,隔热油管可以有效减少井筒径向传热损失;常规隔热油管使用一段时间后,热损失明显增加,如何改进隔热油管结构,降低注汽过程热损失,需要进一步研究。基于常规隔热油管,提出了2种改进隔热油管结构:接箍处含隔热衬套油管和直连式隔热油管;在对3种隔热油管物理结构分析基础上,建立了热损分析模型,根据所建模型,利用COMSOL软件进行了模拟计算分析,给出了3种隔热油管结构的温度分布和热损失变化特性,并进行了对比分析。结果表明:接箍处含隔热衬套油管热损失最小,直连式隔热油管热损失适中,建议对普通隔热油管接箍采取保温措施。本研究为注蒸汽热采过程减少热损失、提高稠油采收效果提供一定支撑。

考虑砂体连通性的三维流管模型和立体波及评价

我国致密油藏主要采用注水的方式补充地层能量,然而,砂体的非均质性导致单井见水规律复杂,传统平面流管模型无法准确评价波及系数。为了准确评价波及系数,首先,通过引入连通系数定性表征砂体连通性,综合考虑启动压力梯度与各向异性,建立考虑砂体连通性的致密油藏三维流管模型,并采用Python编程求解模型;接着,与商业数值模拟器tNavigator计算结果进行对比,验证本文建立模型的准确性;最后,将模型应用于长庆油田HB油藏,对不同砂体连通性对立体波及系数的影响进行分析,分别针对砂体中等连通和弱连通的井组提出补孔和补孔后重复压裂的调整对策,并预测调整方案的波及系数。研究结果表明:当砂体全部连通时,井组的立体波及系数约为65.80%,考虑了砂体部分连通后,波及系数明显降低;采取补孔措施后,砂体中等连通井组波及系数预计提高18.03%,砂体弱连通井组采用补孔后重复压裂措施,波及系数提高50.01%。该方法可为致密油藏立体波及评价提供理论基础和依据。

抽油杆偏磨机理及防偏磨技术研究现状

在石油开采过程中,有杆泵是目前应用最广泛的人工举升方法之一。有杆采油系统在石油和天然气行业中被认为是一项成熟的技术,具有易于应用、使用成本低等优势,在世界范围内应用普遍。但在实际运行过程中,抽油杆与油管之间的偏磨问题较为严重,由此带来的经济损失较大。通过对抽油杆产生偏磨的原因进行分析,总结了五大类最新的防偏磨技术,并提出了现有技术的发展方向,以期对生产实践起到一定的指导作用。

塔河油田某生产井油管腐蚀失效分析

塔河油田某生产井在检管时发现油管外壁存在明显的局部腐蚀,腐蚀形貌包括圆坑状局部腐蚀与沟槽状局部腐蚀。通过对油管开展基础性能测试、腐蚀产物表征、腐蚀产物细菌培养与基因测序,明确了油管外壁腐蚀原因为细菌腐蚀及闭塞电池造成自催化酸化作用。因此,建议缩短现场用环空保护液的放置周期,并定期对环空保护液的细菌含量与氧含量进行测试。

塔河油田某生产井油管压溃失效分析

塔河油田某生产井在酸化压裂+连续油管气举增产过程中,第414根油管发生压溃失效。通过对压溃油管的宏观形貌观察、壁厚测试、腐蚀产物表征以及压溃模拟计算,可以明确第414根油管发生压溃的原因为:连续油管气举过程中注入的氮气中伴随的氧以及酸化压裂过程中的酸液对压溃油管内壁的腐蚀,首先导致油管内壁减薄严重,当其壁厚减薄导致临界挤毁压力小于环空保护液导致的静水压时,油管发生压溃。文章建议后续类似工况生产井进行增产时,可对连续油管气举的注气气源进行优化,选择纯度为99.9%的氮气,同时优化酸化压裂工艺,延长酸压时间。