Teleconnection Patterns along the Asian Jet Associated with Different Combinations of Convection Oscillations over the Indian Continent and Western North Pacific during Summer

A zonal teleconnection has been found along the Asian jet over the Eurasian continent during summer. In this study, the authors investigated circulation anomalies in the extratropics, in particular for the zonal teleconnection, under different combinations of subtropical convection anomalies over the northern Indian continent （IND） and the westem North Pacific （WNP）. The outof-phase configuration （i.e., stronger （weaker） IND convection and weaker （stronger） WNP convection） was found to be more common than the in-phase configuration （i.e., stronger （weaker） IND convection and stronger （weaker） WNP convection）, which is consistent with previous results. Composite results indicated that circulation anomalies for out-of-phase configurations of 30-60-day convection oscillations are much stronger in the middle latitudes than those for in-phase configurations. In addition, zonal teleconnection patterns are predominant for the out-of-phase configurations, particularly for the configuration of strong IND convection and weak WNP convec- tion; however, they are either weak or obscure for the in-phase configurations. These results suggest that the zonal teleconnection pattem along the Asian jet is dependent on different combinations of the 1ND and WNP subtropical convection anomalies.

Why does the IOD-ENSO teleconnection disappear in some decades?

Lag correlations between sea surface temperature anomalies （SSTA） in the southeastern tropical Indian Ocean （STIO） in fall and Nifio 3.4 SSTA in the eastern equatorial Pacific in the following fall are subjected to decadal variation, with positive correlations during some decades and negative correlations during others. Negative correlations are smaller and of shorter duration than positive correlations. Variations in lag correlations suggest that the use of the Indian Ocean Dipole （IOD） as a predictor of the E1 Nifio- Southern Oscillation （ENSO） at a lead time of one year is not effective during some decades. In this study, lag correlations between IOD and ENSO anomalies were analyzed to investigate why the IOD-ENSO teleconnection disappears during decades with negative correlations. Anomalies induced by the IOD in the equatorial Pacific Ocean during decades with negative correlations are still present, but at a greater depth than in decades with positive correlations, resulting in a lack of response to oceanic channel dynamics in the cold tongue SSTA. Lag correlations between oceanic anomalies in the west Pacific warm pool in fall and the equatorial Pacific cold tongue with a one-year time lag are significantly positive during decades with negative correlations. These results suggest that oceanic channel dynamics are overwhelmed by ocean- atmosphere coupling over the equatorial Pacific Ocean during decades with negative correlations. Therefore, the Indonesian throughflow is not effective as a link between IOD signals and the equatorial Pacific ENSO.

The Relationship Between Indian Ocean SST and Tropical Cyclone Genesis Frequency over North Indian Ocean in May

Tropical cyclone(TC)activities in the North Indian Ocean(NIO)peak in May during the pre-monsoon period,but the TC frequency shows obvious inter-annual variations.By conducting statistical analysis and dynamic diagnosis of long-term data from 1948 to 2016,the relationship between the inter-annual variations of Indian Ocean SST and NIO TC genesis frequency in May is analyzed in this paper.Furthermore,the potential mechanism concerning the effect of SST anomaly on TC frequency is also investigated.The findings are as follows:1)there is a broadly consistent negative correlation between NIO TC frequency in May and SST in the Indian Ocean from March to May,with the key influencing area located in the southwestern Indian Ocean(SWIO);2)the anomalies of SST in SWIO(SWIO-SST)are closely related to a teleconnection pattern surrounding the Indian Ocean,which can significantly modulate the high-level divergence,mid-level vertical motion and other related environmental factors and ultimately influence the formation of TCs over the NIO;3)the increasing trend of SWIO-SST may play an essential role in the downward trend of NIO TC frequency over the past 69 years.

The Impact of Indian Ocean Variability on High Temperature Extremes across the Southern Yangtze River Valley in Late Summer

In this study, the teleconnection between Indian Ocean sea surface temperature anomalies （SSTAs） and the frequency of high temperature extremes （HTEs） across the southern Yangtze River valley （YRV） was investigated. The results indicate that the frequency of HTEs across the southern YRV in August is remotely influenced by the Indian Ocean basin mode （IOBM） SSTAs. Corresponding to June-July-August （JJA） IOBM warming condition, the number of HTEs was above normal, and corresponding to IOBM cooling conditions, the number of HTEs was below normal across the southern YRV in August. The results of this study indicate that the tropical IOBM warming triggered low-level anomalous anticyclonic circulation in the subtropical northwestern Pacific Ocean and southern China by emanating a warm Kelvin wave in August. In the southern YRV, the reduced rainfall and downward vertical motion associated with the anomalous low-level anticyclonic circulation led to the increase of HTE frequency in August.

Association of Indian Ocean ITCZ Variations with the Arctic Oscillation during Boreal Winter

In this study,the authors analyzed the associations between the Arctic Oscillation(AO)and the tropical Indian Ocean(TIO)intertropical convergence zone(ITCZ)in boreal winter for the period 1979–2009.A statistically significant AO-TIO ITCZ linkage was found.The ITCZ vertical air motion is significantly associated with the AO,with upward(downward)air motion corresponding to the positive(negative)AO phase.The Arabian Sea anticyclone plays a crucial role in linking the AO and the TIO ITCZ.The Arabian Sea vorticity is strongly linked to high-latitude disturbances in conjunction with jet stream waveguide effects of disturbance trapping and energy dispersion.During positive(negative)AO years,the Arabian Sea anticyclone tends to be stronger(weaker).The mean vorticity over the Arabian Sea,averaged from 850hPa to 200 hPa,has a significant negative correlation with AO(r=0.63).The anomalous anticyclone over the Arabian Sea brings stronger northeastern winds,which enhance the ITCZ after crossing the equator and result in greater-than-normal precipitation and minimum outgoing long-wave radiation.

Indian Ocean SST modes and Their Impacts as Simulated in BCC_CSM1.1(m) and HadGEM3

The sea surface temperature anomalies （SSTAs） in the tropical Indian Ocean （TIO） show two dominant modes at interan- nual time scales, referred to as the Indian Ocean basin mode （IOBM） and dipole mode （IOD）. Recent studies have shown that the IOBM and IOD not only affect the local climate, but also induce remarkable influences in East Asia via teleconnections. In this study, we assess simulations of the IOBM and IOD, as well as their teleconnections, using the operational seasonal pre- diction models from the Met Office （HadGEM3） and Beijing Climate Center [BCC_CSMI.I（m）]. It is demonstrated that the spatial patterns and seasonal cycles axe generally reproduced by the control simulations of BCC_CSM1.1 （m） and HadGEM3, although spectra biases exist. The relationship between the TIO SSTA and E1 Nifio is successfully simulated by both mod- els, including the persistent IOBM warming following E1 Nifio and the IOD-E1 Nifio interactions. BCC_CSMI.I（m） and HadGEM3 axe capable of simulating the observed local impact of the IOBM, such as the strengthening of the South Asian high. The influences of the IOBM on Yangtze River rainfall are also captured well by both models, although this teleconnec- tion is slightly weaker in BCC_CSM 1.1 （m） due to the underestimation of the northwestern Pacific subtropical high. The local effect of the IOD on East African rainfall is reproduced by both models. However, the remote control of the IOD on rainfall over southwestern China is not clear in either model. It is shown that the realistic simulations of TIO SST modes and their teleconnections give rise to the source of skillful seasonal predictions over China.

Teleconnection between the Indian summer monsoon onset and the Meiyu over the Yangtze River Valley

Based on the Indian and Chinese precipitation data and the NCEP-NCAR reanalysis circulation data, the relationship between the Indian summer monsoon (ISM) onset and the Meiyu over the Yangtze River Valley has been discussed by the methods of correlation analysis and composite analysis. The results show that the date of ISM onset over Kerala in the southwestern coast of the Indian Peninsula is about two weeks earlier than the beginning of the Meiyu over the Yangtze River Valley. After the outbreak of ISM, the teleconnection mode sets up from the western coast of India via the Bay of Bengal (BOB) to the Yangtze River Valley and southern Japan. It is different both in time and space from the telecon- nection mode which is from the northwest of India via the Tibetan Plateau to northern China. The for- mer mode is defined as the "south" teleconnection of the Asian summer monsoon, forming in the pe- riod of ISM onset; while the latter mode is called the "north" teleconnection, mainly occurring in the Asian monsoon culminant period. During the process of the "south" teleconnection’s formation, the Asian monsoon circulation has experienced a series of important changes: ISM onset, the northward movement of the south Asia high (SAH), the onset vortex occurrence, the eastward extension of the stronger tropical westerly belt, and the northeastward jump of the western Pacific subtropical high (WPSH), etc. Consequently, since ISM sets up over Kerala, the whole Asian continent is covered by the upper SAH after about two weeks, while in the mid- and lower troposphere, a strong wind belt forms from the Arabian Sea via the southern India, BOB and the South China Sea (SCS), then along the western flank of WPSH, to the Yangtze River Valley and southern Japan. With the northward moving of the subtropical jet streams, the upper westerly jet stream and the low level jet have been coupled ver- tically over east Asia, while the Yangtze River Valley happens to locate in the ascending motion area between the upper jet stream and the low level jet, i.e. right of the entrance of the upper jet stream and left of the low level jet. Such a structure of the vertical circulation can trigger the Meiyu onset over the Yangtze River Valley.

Analysis and Numerical Simulations of the Teleconnection Between Indian Summer Monsoon and Precipitation in North China

In the early 1980s, Chinese meteorologists discovered the positive correlation in summer rainfall between India and North China and the correlation was later confirmed by some researches in and outside China. Based on a variety of meteorological data from 1951 to 2005 and numerical simulations, the present study investigates such a correlation between Indian summer monsoon （ISM） and precipitation in North China. Furthermore, we discuss the intrinsic relations of the positive （Northwest India）-negative （the Tibetan Plateau）-positive （North China） precipitation anomaly teleconnection pattern from two aspects of thermal and dynamical factors, which not only confirms the precipitation teleconnection previously discovered again, but also reveals the influence mechanism of the ISM on the rainfall in North China. The results show that： （1） When the ISM is strong （weak）, the precipitation in North China tends to be more （less） than normal; however, when the rainfall in North China is more （less） than normal, the probability of the strengthening （weakening） of the ISM is relatively lower. This implies that the ISM anomaly has more impact on the rainfall in North China. （2） The Indian low usually dominantly impacts the intensity of the ISM. When the Indian low deepens, the low troughs in mid-high latitudes are frequently strengthened, and the ridge of the western Pacific subtropical high （WPSH） extends westward. The southwesterly water vapor transport originated from low-latitudes and the southeasterly water vapor transport along the southwestern flank of the WPSH converge in North China, which is favorable for more rainfall there than normal, and vice versa. （3） The simulations from the regional climate model developed by National Climate Center （ReGCM_NCC） capture the salient feature of the precipitation teleconnection between India and North China. The simulated anomalous atmospheric existence of such a teleconnection from another circulations are close to observations, which confirms the angle.

MEDIUM-RANGE OSCILLATION AND TELECONNECTION OF THE ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION SYSTEMS OVER THE NORTHWEST PACIFIC AND SOUTH INDIAN OCEANS

This paper aims to demonstrate some characteristics of the 20-50 day oscillations of certain circulation systems in low latitudes during the northern summer seasons.The teleconnection between the variations of the Mascarene high and the Northwest Pacific high and its physical mechanism are studied.How the Mas- carene high plays an important role in the interaction between the atmospheric circulations of both hemispheres is discussed.

亚洲冬夏季风对ENSO事件的响应

根据ＮＣＥＰ／ＮＣＡＲ１９８０～１９９５年的再分析资料，分析了１９８０年以来５个ＥｌＮｉｎｏ和ＬａＮｉｎａ年冬、春和夏季２００、５００和８５０ｈＰａ合成高度场、风场、流函数场及温度场。发现在冬季ＥｌＮｉｎｏ（ＬａＮｉｎａ）年亚洲上空的环流型不利（有利）于寒潮向南爆发，导致亚洲冬季风和大洋洲夏季风弱（强）。在ＥｌＮｉｎｏ（ＬａＮｉｎａ）年冬季华南和青藏高原降水或降雪量为正（负）距平，这使得在晚春和初夏南亚的加热慢（快），导致夏季海陆的热力对比小（大），因而出现弱（强）夏季风。我们还发现强ＥｌＮｉｎｏ年冬季，在印度洋－亚洲上空出现类似于东太平洋－北美上空的ＰＮＡ遥相关，我们称之为印度洋－亚洲遥相关型（ＩＡ），引起亚洲冬夏季风年际变化的物理过程都是由ＩＡ遥相关型引起的。

ENSO事件对云南及临近地区春末初夏降水的影响

本文采用合成及相关分析的方法,应用55年中国降水资料、美国NOAA海表温度资料以及NCEP/NCAR再分析资料,研究了ENSO事件对我国云南及其邻近地区春末初夏降水的影响及物理机理。研究结果表明:(1)在ElNin～o(LaNin～a)年,云南大部分地区4～5月降水偏少(多),东部地区相关信号尤其明显;(2)大气环流分析显示在ElNin～o(LaNi～na)年,对流层低层阿拉伯海及孟加拉湾为东(西)风异常,孟加拉湾出现明显的反气旋(气旋)式环流异常,同时西北太平洋副热带高压增强(减弱);(3)水汽输送分析表明,ElNin～o(LaNin～a)年,孟加拉湾对云南水汽输送减弱(增强)且该地区有显著的水汽辐散(辐合);(4)200hPa高度场与云南降水指数相关分析说明云南春末初夏降水异常与印度洋—亚洲(IA)型遥相关的冬、春转变有关,ElNi～no(LaNin～a)年春末初夏大气环流不(有)利降水生成。以上事实表明,ENSO事件对云南春末初夏降水异常的影响与其对华南和江淮流域降水影响有明显的不同,其中孟加拉湾气旋环流异常增强所导致的向云南地区的水汽输送的显著增加,起着决定性的作用。

夏季中国华北与印度降水之间的关联及其成因分析

本文基于1951~2012年的再分析资料以及站点观测资料,针对中国华北夏季降水和印度夏季风降水的协同变化（正相关）关系,利用集合经验模态分解法（EEMD）对两个降水序列进行时间尺度分解,并在年际尺度上分别考察了对两者正相关关系形成的有利和不利环流形势。结果表明,印度夏季风降水和华北夏季降水序列的较好正相关关系主要来自周期为2~3年的年际尺度分量,两者在该时间尺度上的相关系数为0.34,达到99%的信度水平。在年际尺度上,与印度夏季风降水异常有关的对流层中高层环半球遥相关型（CGT）波列能够衔接伊朗高原和环渤海地区上空的同位相环流异常（反气旋式或气旋式）,从而有利于华北夏季降水和印度夏季风降水之间的协同变化。然而,这一协同变化关系并不总是成立。当伊朗高原上空异常中心的位置偏西时,CGT波列无法形成。这时,即使印度夏季风降水出现显著异常,华北地区却易受东亚—太平洋型或西太平洋型遥相关型的影响而其降水形势可能与印度夏季风降水形势相反。这些结论有助于进一步理解印度夏季风降水与华北夏季降水的正相关关系,从而对华北夏季降水的预测具有参考意义。

青藏高原气温与印度洋海温遥相关的初步研究

利用1960—2000年青藏高原54个常规气象观测站的年平均地面气温资料,考察了高原气温的空间分布和气候变异特征;利用同期印度洋海温资料和奇异值分解方法,着重研究了青藏高原气温与印度洋海温之间的遥相关关系,并初步探讨了物理机制问题。分析结果表明:在空间分布上,青藏高原气温中部低,四周高,41年来呈逐步上升趋势,振幅不断加大;高原气温与印度洋海温之间存在显著的主要遥相关模态,这与印度洋海温异常激发遥相关波列影响到高原气温有关。

冬季和春季印度洋海温异常年际变率模态对中国东部夏季降水的可能影响过程

印度洋热力状况是影响全球气候变化和亚洲季风变异的一个重要的因素,但以往研究更多关注热带印度洋海温的变化,对南印度洋中高纬地区海温变化关注不够,由此限制了我们对印度洋的全面认识。本文研究了年际尺度上整个印度洋海温异常主导模态的特征及其对我国东部地区夏季降水的可能影响过程,以期望为气候变异研究及预测提供理论依据。研究结果表明:全印度洋海温异常年际变率的主导模态特征是在南印度洋副热带地区海温异常呈现西南—东北反向变化的偶极子模态,西极子位于马达加斯加以东南洋面,东极子位于澳大利亚以西洋面;同时,热带印度洋海温异常与东极子一致。当西极子为正的海温异常,东极子、热带印度洋为负异常时定义为正的印度洋海温异常年际变率模态;反之,则为负的印度洋海温异常年际变率模态。从冬至春,印度洋海温异常年际变率模态具有较好的季节持续性;与我国长江中游地区夏季降水显著负相关,而与我国华南地区夏季降水显著正相关。其可能的影响过程为:对于正的冬、春季印度洋海温异常年际变率模态事件,印度洋地区异常纬向风的经向大气遥相关使得热带印度洋盛行西风异常,导致春、夏季海洋性大陆对流减弱,使夏季西太平洋副热带高压强度偏弱、位置偏东偏北,造成华南地区夏季降水增多,长江中游地区降水减少;反之亦然。同时,印度洋海温异常年际变率模态可通过改变印度洋和孟加拉湾向长江中游地区的水汽输送而影响其夏季降水。

海洋再分析资料中IOD-ENSO遥相关的海洋通道机制分析

本文利用滞后相关分析,研究了海洋再分析资料(SODA、ORAS4和GODAS)中的IOD-ENSO滞后遥相关关系,并与观测资料进行对比。结果显示,3套再分析资料中热带东南印度洋秋季海表温度/海表高度异常和赤道太平洋冷舌次年秋季海表温度/海表高度异常之间显著相关,与观测结果一致。在次表层,观测和再分析资料均显示,热带东南印度洋秋季海表温度异常与赤道太平洋次表层海温异常之间的显著相关关系在冬季至次年秋季沿赤道太平洋垂向剖面向东移动,并于次年夏季和秋季在冷舌区上升至海表。热带东南印度洋和赤道太平洋冷舌滞后1年的相关关系是由海洋通道机制引起的,即IOD事件引起印尼贯穿流流量异常,导致赤道太平洋温跃层异常,激发赤道Kelvin波向东传播,从而影响赤道中-东太平洋冷舌海表温度异常。观测及SODA与ORAS4资料中,热带东南印度洋和赤道太平洋冷舌滞后1年的相关关系在去除ENSO信号后仍然显著,表明海洋通道机制是独立于ENSO事件的;而在GODAS资料中,这些显著相关关系在去除ENSO信号后消失。印尼贯穿流流量异常和Nio3.4及DMI(Dipole Mode Index)指数之间超前-滞后12个月的相关关系显示,在SODA和ORAS4资料中,印尼贯穿流流量同时受到ENSO和IOD的影响,与观测结果一致;而在GODAS中,印尼贯穿流流量异常仅与Nio3.4指数显著相关,极少受到IOD事件的影响,这部分解释了GODAS资料中去除ENSO信号后,IOD-ENSO滞后遥相关关系消失的原因。

亚洲-太平洋季风区的遥相关研究

亚洲—太平洋季风区各季风子系统间的相互作用对季风区甚至全球的气候变化都有非常显著的影响。文中根据国内外相关研究,重点分析和评述了在亚洲—太平洋季风区中4种季节内时间尺度的遥相关关系,清楚地揭示了印度夏季风、东亚夏季风和西北太平洋夏季风之间的相互作用。研究发现:(1)在亚洲季风爆发初期,印度夏季风的爆发相对于中国长江流域梅雨的开始存在相差大约两周的超前关系,形成从印度西南部经孟加拉湾到达中国长江流域及日本南部的遥相关型,即"南支"遥相关型。(2)在季风盛行期间,长江流域降水明显受热带西北太平洋夏季风的影响,与西北太平洋夏季风降水呈反相关关系,即当季风减弱时,长江流域夏季降水偏多。(3)与长江流域降水相反,华北雨季(7月第4候—8月第3候)则与西北太平洋夏季风降水呈正相关关系,当西北太平洋夏季风强时,西太平洋副热带高压异常偏北偏东,副高西南侧的异常东南水汽输送在中国华北地区上空辐合,给该地区降水偏多提供了充足的水汽条件。(4)华北夏季降水同时还与印度夏季风呈正相关关系,在夏季风盛行期间,形成由印度西北部经青藏高原到中国华北地区的西南—东北走向的遥相关型,即"北支"遥相关型。上述4种遥相关关系,反映了亚洲夏季风季节北推过程中,印度夏季风、东亚夏季风和西北太平洋夏季风子系统之间的关联。

青藏高原东侧降水与印度洋海温的遥相关特征

选取高原东侧近50年（1951-2000年）35个气象观测站降水和同期印度洋海温资料,运用SVD分析方法讨论了其同期与印度洋海温的遥相关关系。结果表明：高原东侧降水与同期印度洋海温有三种基本的遥相关模态。合成分析表明,高原东侧降水异常与大气环流异常有密切的关系,海温偏高年,高度场偏高,西风偏弱,北风偏强,不利于降水的形成;海温偏低年,高度场偏低,西风偏强,南风偏强,有利于降水形成。

印度洋海温异常年际变率模态对中国东部地区夏季降水影响机制的数值试验

利用ECHAM5全球大气环流模式研究了印度洋海温异常年际变率模态从冬至夏的演变对我国东部地区夏季降水影响的机制。观测资料研究表明:对于正的印度洋海温异常年际变率模态,春、夏季热带印度洋和澳大利亚以西洋面(东极子)均为水汽的异常源区,向马达加斯加以东南洋面(西极子)及印度洋邻近大陆提供水汽。夏季,印度洋地区南极涛动、马斯克林高压加强;而印度季风低压和南亚高压均减弱,对应于印度夏季风减弱。夏季印度洋地区正压性的纬向风异常经向遥相关使热带印度洋地区出现西风异常,导致海洋性大陆地区对流活动减弱,而菲律宾海地区对流活动加强,进而导致西太平洋副热带高压偏弱、位置偏东北。对于负的印度洋海温异常年际变率模态,则反之。模式结果基本支持了已有的观测资料诊断结果。

夏季江淮地区雨量与印度洋海温联系的年代际变化

探讨了近50a(1951—2000年)来太平洋年代际振荡(PDO)冷暖位相中夏季江淮地区雨量与印度洋海温年际遥相关空间分布的差异,结果显示,不同季节的印度洋海温与夏季江淮地区雨量之间的联系存在显著的年代际变化。在PDO冷位相(1951—1976年),同期夏季和后期秋季南印度洋海温与夏季江淮地区雨量的负相关最显著;而在PDO暖位相(1977—2000年),从前期春季到后期秋季热带印度洋表现为持续的正相关,其中同期夏季赤道东印度洋SST与夏季江淮地区雨量的正相关最大,前期春季热带西印度洋SST异常对夏季江淮地区雨量变化有重要的预示性,后期秋季热带印度洋偶极子(IOD)强度与夏季江淮地区雨量变化密切相关。它反映了印度洋海温和东亚季风降水之间年际相关的不稳定性,季风系统中年际和年代际振荡间的相互作用是引起这种不稳定的主要原因。PDO和伴随的亚非大陆和印度洋地区之间海陆热力差异的年代际变化对印度洋海温和东亚季风降水年际联系具有明显的调节作用。

南半球对流层大气对热带太平洋—印度洋海温异常综合模的响应及其机制解释

利用NOAA SST及NCEP/NCAR再分析资料,研究了热带太平洋—印度洋海温异常综合模和南半球对流层大气之间的遥相关模态并对其进行了机制解释。首先通过相关和合成分析,给出了遥相关的空间模态,结果表明：北半球秋、冬季,在南半球对流层大气存在和热带太平洋—印度洋海温异常综合模密切联系的遥相关作用中心,该中心的分布构成一列明显的从赤道中太平洋出发,最终到达非洲中南部及赤道印度洋的Rossby波列,将赤道太平洋、印度洋与南半球中高纬度大气连接起来,起到了类似＂大气桥＂的作用。而单纯IOD和单纯EN-SO均难以在南半球对流层激发出遥相关波列,进一步证实了两者共同作用的影响。其次,利用行星波能量传播理论对两者之间的遥相关进行了机制分析,发现纬向波数为1~3的大气行星波的能量传播是热带太平洋—印度洋海温异常综合模与南半球对流层大气之间遥相关的一种可能的联系方式。