The Tropical Pacific–Indian Ocean Associated Mode Simulated by LICOM2.0

Oceanic general circulation models have become an important tool for the study of marine status and change. This paper reports a numerical simulation carried out using LICOM2.0 and the forcing field from CORE. When compared with SODA reanalysis data and ERSST.v3 b data, the patterns and variability of the tropical Pacific–Indian Ocean associated mode(PIOAM) are reproduced very well in this experiment. This indicates that, when the tropical central–western Indian Ocean and central–eastern Pacific are abnormally warmer/colder, the tropical eastern Indian Ocean and western Pacific are correspondingly colder/warmer. This further confirms that the tropical PIOAM is an important mode that is not only significant in the SST anomaly field, but also more obviously in the subsurface ocean temperature anomaly field. The surface associated mode index(SAMI) and the thermocline(i.e., subsurface) associated mode index(TAMI) calculated using the model output data are both consistent with the values of these indices derived from observation and reanalysis data. However, the model SAMI and TAMI are more closely and synchronously related to each other.

Southern high latitude climate anomalies associated with the Indian Ocean dipole mode

Using a 23-year database consisting of sea level pressure, surface air temperature and sea surface temperature, the authors studied southern high latitude climate anomalies associated with IOD (Indian Ocean Dipole). Correlation analysis of the spatial variability regarding monthly sea level pressure, surface air tempera- ture, and sea surface temperature anomalies with IOD index suggests that IOD signal exists in southern high latitudes. The correlation fields exhibit a wavenumber-3 pattern around the circumpolar Southern Ocean. Lead-lag correlation analysis on the strongest correlation areas with IOD index shows that IOD in the tropical Indian Ocean responses to the southern high latitude climate almost instantaneously. It is proposed in the present paper that this connection is realized through atmospheric propagation rather than through oceanic one.

The Southwest Indian Ocean Thermocline Dome in CMIP5 Models:Historical Simulation and Future Projection

Using 20 models of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 （CMIP5）, the simulation of the Southwest Indian Ocean （SWIO） thermocline dome is evaluated and its role in shaping the Indian Ocean Basin （IOB） mode following E1 Nifio investigated. In most of the CMIP5 models, due to an easterly wind bias along the equator, the simulated SWIO thermocline is too deep, which could further influence the amplitude of the interannual IOB mode. A model with a shallow （deep） thermocline dome tends to simulate a strong （weak） IOB mode, including key attributes such as the SWIO SST warming, antisymmetric pattern during boreal spring, and second North Indian Ocean warming during boreal summer. Under global warming, the thermocline dome deepens with the easterly wind trend along the equator in most of the models. However, the IOB amplitude does not follow such a change of the SWIO thermocline among the models; rather, it follows future changes in both ENSO forcing and local convection feedback, suggesting a decreasing effect of the deepening SWIO thermocline dome on the change in the IOB mode in the future.

Role of the Oceanic Channel in the Relationships between the Basin/Dipole Mode of SST Anomalies in the Tropical Indian Ocean and ENSO Transition

The relationships between the tropical Indian Ocean basin （IOB）/dipole （IOD） mode of SST anomalies （SSTAs） and ENSO phase transition during the following year are examined and compared in observations for the period 1958-2008. Both partial correlation analysis and composite analysis show that both the positive （negative） phase of the lOB and IOD （independent of each other） in the tropical Indian Ocean are possible contributors to the E1 Nino （La Nifia） decay and phase transition to La Nifia （El Nifio） about one year later. However, the influence on ENSO transition induced by the IOB is stronger than that by the IOD. The SSTAs in the equatorial central-eastern Pacific in the coming year originate from subsurface temperature anomalies in the equatorial eastern Indian and western Pacific Ocean, induced by the IOB and IOD through eastward and upward propagation to meet the surface. During this process, however the contribution of the oceanic channel process between the tropical Indian and Pacific oceans is totally different for the IOB and IOD. For the IOD, the influence of the Indonesian Throughflow transport anomalies could propagate to the eastern Pacific to induce the ENSO transition. For the IOB, the impact of the oceanic channel stays and disappears in the western Pacific without propagation to the eastern Pacific.

A study of Indian Ocean Subtropical Mode Water: subduction rate and water characteristics

The annual subduction rate in the South Indian Ocean was calculated by analyzing Simple Ocean Data Assimilation （SODA） outputs in the period of 1950-2008. The subduction rate census for potential density classes showed a peak corresponding to Indian Ocean subtropical mode water （IOSTMW） in the southwestern part of the South Indian Ocean subtropical gyre. The deeper mixed layer depth, the sharper mixed-layer fronts and the associated relatively faster circulation in the present climatology resulted in a larger lateral induction, which primarily dominants the IOSTMW subduction rate, while with only minor contribution from vertical pumping. Without loss of generality, through careful analysis of the water characteristics in the layer of minimum vertical temperature gradient （LMVTG）, the authors suggest that the IOSTMW was identified as a thermostad, with a lateral minimum of low potential vorticity （PV, less than 200× 10^-12 m^-1·s^-1） and a low dT/dz （less than 1.5℃/（100 m））. The IOSTMW within the South Indian Ocean subtropical gyre distributed in the region approximately from 25° to 50° E and from 30° to 39°S. Additionally, the average characteristics （temperature, salinity, potential density） of the mode water were estimated about （16.38 ± 0.29）℃, （35.46 ±0.04）, （26.02 ±0.04） ae over the past 60 years.

RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN AUTUMN INDIAN OCEAN DIPOLE MODE AND THE STRENGTH OF SCS SUMMER MONSOON

Based on 1948 - 2004 monthly Reynolds Sea Surface Temperature （SST） and NCEP/NCAR atmospheric reanalysis data, the relationships between autumn Indian Ocean Dipole Mode （IODM） and the strength of South China Sea （SCS） Summer Monsoon are investigated through the EOF and smooth correlation methods. The results are as the following. （1） There are two dominant modes of autumn SSTA over the tropical Indian Ocean. They are the uniformly signed basin-wide mode （USBM） and Indian Ocean dipole mode （IODM）, respectively. The SSTA associated with USBM are prevailing deeadal to interdecadal variability characterized by a unanimous pattern, while the IODM mainly represents interannual variability of SSTA. （2） When positive （negative） IODM exists over the tropical Indian Ocean during the preceding fall, the SCS summer monsoon will be weak （strong）. The negative correlation between the interannual variability of IODM and that of SCS summer monsoon is significant during the warm phase of long-term trend but insignificant during the cool phase. （3） When the SCS summer monsoon is strong （weak）, the IODM will be in its positive （negative） phase during the following fall season. The positive correlation between the interannual variability of SCS summer monsoon and that of IODM is significant during both the warm and cool phase of the long-term trend, but insignificant during the transition between the two phases.

A dipole mode at thermocline layer in the tropical Indian Ocean

Temperature data at different layers of the past 45 years were studied and we found adiploe mode in the thermocline layer (DMT): anomalously cold sea temperature off the coast of Sumatra and warm sea temperature in the western Indian Ocean. First, we analyzed the temperature and the temperature anomaly (TA) along the equatorial Indian Ocean in different layers. This shows that stronger cold and warm TA signals appeared at subsurface than at the surface in the tropical Indian O-cean. This result shows that there may be a strong dipole mode pattern in the subsurface tropical Indian Ocean. Secondly we used Empirical Orthogonal Functions (EOF) to analyze the TA at thermocline layer. The first EOF pattern was a dipole mode pattern. Finally we analyzed the correlations between DMT and surface tropical dipole mode (SDM), DMT and Nino 3 SSTA, etc. and these correlations are strong.

Interannual Variability of Sea Surface Temperature in the Northern Indian Ocean Associated with ENSO and IOD

The Northern Indian Ocean （NIO） sea surface temperature （SST） warming, associated with the E1 Nifio/Southern Oscillations （ENSO） and the Indian Ocean Dipole （IOD） mode, is investigated using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set （ICOADS） monthly data for the period 1979-2010. Statistical analy- ses are used to identify respective contribution from ENSO and IOD. The results indicate that the first NIO SST warming in September-November is associated with an IOD event, while the second NIO SST warming in spring-summer following the mature phase of ENSO is associated with an ENSO event. In the year that IOD co-occurred with ENSO, NIO SST warms twice, rising in the ENSO developing year and decay year. Both short- wave radiation and latent heat flux contribute to the NIO SST variation. The change in shortwave radiation is due to the change in cloudiness. A cloud-SST feedback plays an important role in NIO SST warming. The latent heat flux is related to the change in monsoonal wind. In the first NIO warming, the SST anomaly is mainly due to the change in the latent heat flux. In the second NIO warming, both factors are important.

热带大洋春季海气耦合模态及其与ENSO的关系

在北半球的春季,热带三大洋的海洋–大气系统年际变化会对同期太平洋厄尔尼诺–南方涛动(El Niño-Southern oscillation,ENSO)产生响应,同时也能通过区域海洋–大气耦合过程影响ENSO的发展。基于国际公开使用的海表温度资料和降水资料,通过联合正交经验分解方法分析,可以发现全球大洋春季存在两种显著的海气耦合模态。第一模态表现为:在热带中东太平洋,海表温度增暖、降水增多;在热带大西洋和热带印度洋,降水呈现经向偶极型分布以及跨赤道的海表温度梯度异常;即伴随ENSO在春季消亡期的空间型态,大西洋出现经向模态,印度洋出现反对称模态。第二模态表现为:太平洋经向海表温度和降水模态,即太平洋经向模态。回归分析结果表明,ENSO盛期的大气环流调整引起了热带大西洋和印度洋降水辐合带异常,并通过海面风场异常激发海盆内部的海洋–大气反馈,引起春季经向模态。进一步研究发现,冬、春季大西洋和印度洋热带辐合带分别位于赤道以北和以南,导致两个海盆经向模态的降水异常相对赤道呈反对称分布。在春季,太平洋经向模态的暖中心延伸到赤道上,引起西风异常,为后续El Niño的发展提供了有利条件。文章揭示了太平洋ENSO与春季热带三大洋经向模态之间的关系,这有助于更好地理解热带气候模态的季节性“足迹”的发展过程。

印度洋偏暖对春末夏初西天山极端降水的影响研究

利用NOAA(美国国家海洋和大气管理局)气候预测中心的逐日格点降水资料分析了春末夏初(5、6月)天山极端降水时空变化以及印度洋海盆一致模(IOBM)影响极端降水的机制。结果表明:春末夏初天山极端降水变化具有明显的空间差异,西天山地区极端降水显著增加,其他区域极端降水变化不显著。诊断分析和数值模式模拟结果表明,春末夏初西天山地区极端降水增加与同期IOBM正异常促进冷暖气流在西天山地区交汇有关。IOBM正异常,一方面有利于东欧至中亚北部反气旋异常加强,促进冷空气向南输送。另一方面使得印度洋海温非均匀增暖,产生异常垂直环流,其下沉支使阿拉伯海和印度半岛产生反气旋异常,异常反气旋和偏南气流共同促进印度洋暖湿水汽向西天山输送,从而有利于西天山地区极端降水增加。

热带印度洋海温海盆一致模的变化规律及其对东亚夏季气候影响的回顾

近十几年,热带印度洋对全球气候的作用越来越受到关注。本文从热带印度洋气候态特征、海温海盆一致模的变化规律以及对东亚夏季气候的影响方面回顾了这些研究工作,并且对这些研究以及存在的不足做了系统的总结。

热带印度洋海温与西北地区东部降水关系研究

利用西北地区东部1961 2009年99个气象测站逐月降水量资料,以及Hardley中心逐月海表面温度(SST)资料,采用最大协方差分析(MCA)、相关、回归等统计方法,考虑扣除ENSO(El Ni珘noSouthern Oscillation)影响后,分析了西北地区东部降水量和热带印度洋SST之间年际、年代际变化关系。结果表明:前期冬、春季持续异常的热带印度洋海盆模与西北地区东部5月降水异常主模态存在显著正相关关系,通常超前1~2个季节的暖(冷)海盆模对应5月西北地区东部降水偏多(少),并且这种显著关系存在年代际差异,20世纪70年代中期之前两者关系不显著,之后两者关系加强,通过了0.05显著性水平检验。热带印度洋海盆模对西北地区东部5月降水的影响可能是热带印度洋海盆模"电容器"效应的一种具体体现。

包容性增长的印度模式及其对中国的启示

包容性增长作为一种新的经济社会发展理论,旨在坚持发展经济,坚持社会公平正义,坚持以人为本,让经济全球化和经济发展成果通过扶贫政策、扩大生产性就业领域、提高人力资源能力和社会保障能力等途径,惠及所有国家和地区、惠及所有人群。本文分析了包容性增长理论诞生的背景,归纳了其概念的内涵,总结了印度实施包容性增长的主要做法,并以此为借鉴,提出了中国实施包容性增长的基本路径。这对当今我国正在编制的国民经济十二五规划,促进经济社会包容性、可持续、平衡的发展具有重要现实意义。

热带印度洋秋季偶极子模态与南海夏季风强度变化的关系

利用多年的Reynolds月平均海表温度资料和NCEP/NCAR全球大气再分析资料,采用经验正交函数(EOF)分析和滑动相关方法,研究了热带印度洋秋季偶极子模态和南海夏季风强度变化的关系。结果表明：(1)热带印度洋秋季海表温度距平(SSTA)的主要模态是全区一致型和偶极子(IOD)型,全区一致型模态主要代表了秋季SSTA全海盆一致的年代际及其以上时间尺度的变化,IOD型模态主要反映热带印度洋秋季SSTA年际时间尺度的变化。(2)当前期秋季热带印度洋存在正(负)IOD模态时,南海的夏季风强度减弱(增强)。二者年际变化的负相关关系在长期趋势的冷位相期不显著,而在暖位相期显著。(3)当南海夏季风强度增强(减弱)时,后期秋季热带印度洋出现正(负)IOD模态。二者年际变化的正相关关系在长期趋势的冷、暖位相期显著,在冷、暖位相转换期前后不显著。

印度洋-太平洋海表温度年际变化的联合模态

利用1870-2004年的HadiSST的月平均海表面温度（SST）资料，对去除了全球增暖趋势的印度洋一太平洋海表温度异常（SSTA）作季节经验正交函数（Season—reliant Empirical Orthogonal Function，S-EOF）分解，得到了印度洋一太平洋海表温度年际变化的2个联合模态，并且分析了与之相对应的大气环流特征。结果表明：低频的厄尔尼诺／南方涛动（ENSO）是控制印度洋一太平洋的主导模态，能使赤道印度洋维持一异常反气旋性环流，削弱印度洋夏季风的作用并且将东印度洋暖池的暖水输送到西印度洋，印度洋SSTA在一年四季中都出现全海盆同号变化，因此，第一主模态是ENSO的低频模与印度洋海盆一致模的联合模态；第二模态表现为太平洋上准2a的ENSO位相转换模与印度洋偶极子模的联合模态，ENSO的位相转换发生于春季，与季风的异常转换有关，印度洋上出现异常的气旋性环流，叠加在印度洋夏季风上，增大东西印度洋的温差，在秋季出现西低东高的偶极子型海温分布，印度洋夏季风和这个模态的产生发展有很大的联系。

热带太平洋—印度洋海温异常综合模对南亚高压的影响

从综合考虑热带太平洋和印度洋海温异常特征出发 ,研究了热带太平洋—印度洋海温异常综合模对南亚高压的影响。当热带太平洋—印度洋海温异常综合模为正位相 (西印度洋和东太平洋海温距平为正 ,东印度洋—西太平洋海温距平为负 ) ,南亚高压偏弱 ,位置偏东偏南 ;当热带太平洋—印度洋海温异常综合模为负位相 (西印度洋和东太平洋海温距平为负 ,东印度洋—西太平洋海温距平为正 ) ,南亚高压偏强 ,位置偏西偏北。热带太平洋—印度洋海温异常综合模影响南亚高压主要通过三种机制 :一是通过影响亚洲季风从而影响了降水潜热形成的大气加热场分布 ,在正 (负 )位相年 ,青藏高原大气热源为负 (正 )异常 ,因此青藏高原上空空气上升减弱 (加强 ) ,南亚高压偏弱 (偏强 ) ;南海季风和热带辐合带加强 (减弱 ) ,菲律宾附近的大气热源加强 (减弱 ) ,有利于上空青藏高原东南侧反气旋 (气旋 )式的距平环流 ,因此南亚高压偏东偏南 (偏西偏北 )。二是热带太平洋—印度洋海温的纬向热力对比引起赤道纬向垂直 (Walker)环流异常 ,必将引起高空纬向风异常 ,在正 (负 )位相年 ,南亚高压南部的印度洋高空会出现西 (东 )风异常 ,导致南亚高压偏弱 (偏强 )。三是综合模的正 (负 )异常加强 (减小 )西印度洋经度范围的区域Hadley环流 ,

热带印度洋次表层偶极子模态及其1997/1998年过程诊断分析研究

利用EOF分解及相关统计方法研究了热带印度洋 40 0m以上的次表层海温异常并对1 997/ 1 998年热带印度洋偶极子事件过程进行诊断分析研究。结果表明 :热带印度洋次表层 40 0m以上的部分海温距平最大是在 1 0 0m左右的深度 ,就整个热带印度洋而言 ,自 2 0世纪 80年代以来 ,次表层 60m以上出现了变暖的趋势 ,而 80m以下则出现了降温的趋势。同时在热带印度洋次表层 80m深度存在着比海表更强的偶极子模态。 1 997/ 1 998年发生在印度洋海表东冷西暖型的偶极子事件 ,是东印度洋次表层的海温正距平西传的结果 ,而海温正距平的西传与热带印度洋上东风异常有关 。

热带印度洋SST海盆模态的“充电/放电”作用--对夏季南亚高压的影响

根据观测资料和海气耦合模式初值试验结果,通过比较分析热带太平洋SST主模态（ENSO模）和热带印度洋SST主模态（海盆模）对夏季南亚高压的影响,揭示了印度洋海盆模的“充电/放电”作用：赤道中东太平洋海温异常首先对印度洋进行“充电”,形成热带印度洋SST对太平洋EN-SO的响应模态——海盆模。该模态在ENSO发生翌年春季达到峰值位相,而且有很好的持续性,可以从春季持续到夏季,该暖（冷）模态可以引起大气的“Matsuno-Gill pattern”响应,并通过亚洲夏季平均西南季风的异常水汽输送等使得夏季南亚高压偏强（弱）,即为“放电”过程。而赤道中东太平洋海温异常对夏季南亚高压的直接影响并不显著,并指出了夏季南亚高压和超前3-12个月Ni o3指数之间高的显著正相关关系只是一个表象,并不是太平洋海温异常对南亚高压的直接影响结果,而是通过印度洋海盆模态的“充电/放电”作用引起的。

2016年我国梅雨异常特征及成因分析

利用国家气候中心梅雨监测资料和NCEP再分析资料,对2016年我国梅雨异常特征及其大尺度环流成因进行了分析。结果表明:(1)2016年我国梅雨有明显的区域特征,其中江南区入梅偏早14天,与1995年并列成为1951年以来入梅最早的年份,出梅偏晚11天,梅雨期(量)偏长(多),但梅雨期日平均降水量偏少;长江区入梅和出梅均偏晚,梅雨期接近常年,但梅雨量偏多一倍以上,梅雨量和梅雨期日平均降水量分别为1951年以来历史同期第三和第二高值;江淮区入梅、出梅及梅雨期接近常年,但梅雨量偏多。(2)对流层高、中、低层环流系统冬夏季节性调整和转变显著提前的共同作用,导致了2016年江南区入梅显著偏早;东亚副热带西风急流、西太平洋副热带高压(副高)和东亚夏季风涌在7月中旬阶段性地南落导致了江南区和长江区出梅偏晚。(3)受到前冬超强厄尔尼诺衰减和春、夏季热带印度洋全区一致海温模态偏暖的影响,梅雨期副高异常偏强,副高西南侧转向的水汽输送异常偏强,并在长江区和江淮区与北方弱冷空气辐合,造成梅雨量异常偏多。

热带印度洋偶极子事件期间印度洋大气的变化——大气流函数场和势函数场的分析

大气环流的变异是热带印度洋偶极子(IOD)事件研究中的一个重要问题。本文从风场旋度分量和散度分量角度出发,利用观测资料和大气环流模式,对IOD事件发生时热带印度洋海区上空的大气环流变化进行了分析,揭示出风场不同分量在IOD事件期间的变化特征。研究结果表明,热带印度洋大气环流系统在IOD事件期间,旋度分量和散度分量在垂直方向上呈现明显的一阶斜压形式,而在水平方向上呈现明显的对称分布特征。对低空(850 hPa)来说,无辐散流函数距平场在IOD事件正位相期间表现为关于赤道对称的一对反气旋式环流;无旋度分量在IOD事件正位相期间的响应表现为东印度洋辐散、西印度洋辐合;大气环流的两种分量场均可以在赤道印度洋地区产生距平意义下的纬向东风,正是这种形式的距平东风使得IOD事件依靠海气系统正反馈机制得以维持和发展。而高空(200 hPa)大气环流形式刚好与850 hPa相反。