On the basis of the data of zooplankton biomass and three major taxa—— Copepoda, Chaetognatha andSiphonophora of May-June 1986, July-August and December 1987, the distributional patterns and the indicator species of...On the basis of the data of zooplankton biomass and three major taxa—— Copepoda, Chaetognatha andSiphonophora of May-June 1986, July-August and December 1987, the distributional patterns and the indicator species of zooplankton in the Kuroshio and adjacent waters of the East China Sea are preliminarily studied. The results are as follows:The horizontal distribution of zooplankton biomass and the abundance of copepods, chaetognaths and siphonophores arecurred in the continent area northwest of Taiwan and the south-centre section of the East China Sea continent, which are the mix front of different waters. Zooplankton in the water area inside of Ryukyu Islands presented low abundance and high diversity. There are clear seasonal variations in zooplankton biomass and abundance in the study area. The strength or weakness of different water masses and fronts is the basic reason for the variations of zooplankton biomass and abundance.The species composition of zooplankton in the study area is complex and varies, however, the tropic oceanic species predominates overwhelmingly. The distribution of different ecotype species evidences the distribution of different water masses and the state of mixture. The indicator species of each water mass are listed in the paper so as to provide grounds for the variation of currents in the Kuroshio area.The temperature and salinity of sea water are important factors affecting zooplankton distribution, composition and diversity , however the role of salinity is major. With the replacement of one season by another, the correlative levels of temperature and salinity to various zooplankton taxa are more or less significant.展开更多
-The material discussed in this paper is from four cruises which were carried out in May -June, 1986 (spring), July -August, 1987(summer) .October -November, 1988(autumn)and December, 1987(winter)respectively. Identif...-The material discussed in this paper is from four cruises which were carried out in May -June, 1986 (spring), July -August, 1987(summer) .October -November, 1988(autumn)and December, 1987(winter)respectively. Identified dinoflagellates were 141 species (including varieties and forms) belonging to 18 genera.According to the distribution and ecological characteristics of dinoflagellates species, we can divide them into three groups: 1) Hyporhaline-neritic group: they are distributed only in type Ⅲ and typeⅣ water and they perform an evident function indicating continental coast water; 2) Eurythermic-euryhaline group represented by Protoperidinium depressum, Gentium fusus, etc. They are fond of perching in mixing water which character is similar to that of coast water even though they are distributed in different water systems; 3) Hyperthermic-hyperhaline group: on the basis of varying degrees to which they tolerate temperature and salinity, we can divide them into two sub-groups: euryhyperthermic-euryhyperha-line subgroup and stenohyperthermic- stenohyperhaline subgroup. The first subgroup is represented by Pyrocystis pseudoxoctiluca whose adaptability reaction occurred with the changing of hydrographic environment. The second subgroup is tropic oceanic species which can serve as a good indicator for Kuroshio in the East China Sea. Its biological boundary coincides well with the hydrographic boundary of Kuroshio water.展开更多
Load shedding is a major problem in Central Africa, with negative consequences for both society and the economy. However, load profile analysis can help to alleviate this problem by providing valuable information abou...Load shedding is a major problem in Central Africa, with negative consequences for both society and the economy. However, load profile analysis can help to alleviate this problem by providing valuable information about consumer demand. This information can be used by power utilities to forecast and reduce power cuts effectively. In this study, the direct method was used to create load profiles for residential feeders in Kinshasa. The results showed that load shedding on weekends results in significant financial losses and changes in people’s behavior. In November 2022 alone, load shedding was responsible for $ 23,4 08,984 and $ 2 80,9 07,808 for all year in losses. The study also found that the SAIDI index for the southern direction of the Kinshasa distribution network was 122.49 hours per feeder, on average. This means that each feeder experienced an average of 5 days of load shedding in November 2022. The SAIFI index was 20 interruptions per feeder, on average, and the CAIDI index was 6 hours, on average, before power was restored. This study also proposes ten strategies for the reduction of load shedding in the Kinshasa and central Africa power distribution network and for the improvement of its reliability, namely: Improved load forecasting, Improvement of the grid infrastructure, Scheduling of load shedding, Demand management programs, Energy efficiency initiatives, Distributed Generation, Automation and Monitoring of the Grid, Education and engagement of the consumer, Policy and regulatory assistance, and Updated load profile analysis.展开更多
The environmental influx of hazardous contaminants viz PAHs and HMs occurs due to oil and gas drilling,and processing of petroleum products in industrial facilities and refineries.This problem plagues crude oil drilli...The environmental influx of hazardous contaminants viz PAHs and HMs occurs due to oil and gas drilling,and processing of petroleum products in industrial facilities and refineries.This problem plagues crude oil drilling sites as PAHs are an essential component of and HMs coexist with crude oil.We analyzed the spatial distribution of 16 PAHs and 8 HMs in 10 contaminated sites of Assam,a state in India.These included Digboi,where crude oil was drilled in 1867 and the first oil well in Asia that was drilled.TheƩ16 PAHs in soil were detected with a minimum of 13.48 and a maximum of 86.3 mgkg1 andƩ8 heavy metal concentrations in the soil ranged between 69.51 and 336.06 mgkg1.A negative correlation was detected between the relative concentrations of PAHs and HMs.The results confirmed that the nonbiodegradable nature of HMs made them stay in the soil for longer periods of time.In our study,we found that the levels of lead,copper,nickel,and chromium(total)in soil were 73.62,11.86,58.97 and 158.66 mgkg1.The recovery percentage for PAHs and HMs were in the range of 67e97%and 90e95%respectively.Spatial distribution indices for Phenanthrene/Anthracene,Naphthalene/Acenapthhylene,Chyrsene/Benzo(g,h,i)perylene and Fluranthene/Pyrene)calculated for soil samples indicated that the spatial distribution of PAHs in soil is uneven which might be due to variations in contaminates disseminated in soil.Such regionalized concentration has serious implications on the bio-economy both in terms of health and economy,especially since the proximity of crude oil sites to paddy fields and/or tea plantations uniquely marks the landscape of upper Assam.展开更多
文摘On the basis of the data of zooplankton biomass and three major taxa—— Copepoda, Chaetognatha andSiphonophora of May-June 1986, July-August and December 1987, the distributional patterns and the indicator species of zooplankton in the Kuroshio and adjacent waters of the East China Sea are preliminarily studied. The results are as follows:The horizontal distribution of zooplankton biomass and the abundance of copepods, chaetognaths and siphonophores arecurred in the continent area northwest of Taiwan and the south-centre section of the East China Sea continent, which are the mix front of different waters. Zooplankton in the water area inside of Ryukyu Islands presented low abundance and high diversity. There are clear seasonal variations in zooplankton biomass and abundance in the study area. The strength or weakness of different water masses and fronts is the basic reason for the variations of zooplankton biomass and abundance.The species composition of zooplankton in the study area is complex and varies, however, the tropic oceanic species predominates overwhelmingly. The distribution of different ecotype species evidences the distribution of different water masses and the state of mixture. The indicator species of each water mass are listed in the paper so as to provide grounds for the variation of currents in the Kuroshio area.The temperature and salinity of sea water are important factors affecting zooplankton distribution, composition and diversity , however the role of salinity is major. With the replacement of one season by another, the correlative levels of temperature and salinity to various zooplankton taxa are more or less significant.
文摘-The material discussed in this paper is from four cruises which were carried out in May -June, 1986 (spring), July -August, 1987(summer) .October -November, 1988(autumn)and December, 1987(winter)respectively. Identified dinoflagellates were 141 species (including varieties and forms) belonging to 18 genera.According to the distribution and ecological characteristics of dinoflagellates species, we can divide them into three groups: 1) Hyporhaline-neritic group: they are distributed only in type Ⅲ and typeⅣ water and they perform an evident function indicating continental coast water; 2) Eurythermic-euryhaline group represented by Protoperidinium depressum, Gentium fusus, etc. They are fond of perching in mixing water which character is similar to that of coast water even though they are distributed in different water systems; 3) Hyperthermic-hyperhaline group: on the basis of varying degrees to which they tolerate temperature and salinity, we can divide them into two sub-groups: euryhyperthermic-euryhyperha-line subgroup and stenohyperthermic- stenohyperhaline subgroup. The first subgroup is represented by Pyrocystis pseudoxoctiluca whose adaptability reaction occurred with the changing of hydrographic environment. The second subgroup is tropic oceanic species which can serve as a good indicator for Kuroshio in the East China Sea. Its biological boundary coincides well with the hydrographic boundary of Kuroshio water.
文摘Load shedding is a major problem in Central Africa, with negative consequences for both society and the economy. However, load profile analysis can help to alleviate this problem by providing valuable information about consumer demand. This information can be used by power utilities to forecast and reduce power cuts effectively. In this study, the direct method was used to create load profiles for residential feeders in Kinshasa. The results showed that load shedding on weekends results in significant financial losses and changes in people’s behavior. In November 2022 alone, load shedding was responsible for $ 23,4 08,984 and $ 2 80,9 07,808 for all year in losses. The study also found that the SAIDI index for the southern direction of the Kinshasa distribution network was 122.49 hours per feeder, on average. This means that each feeder experienced an average of 5 days of load shedding in November 2022. The SAIFI index was 20 interruptions per feeder, on average, and the CAIDI index was 6 hours, on average, before power was restored. This study also proposes ten strategies for the reduction of load shedding in the Kinshasa and central Africa power distribution network and for the improvement of its reliability, namely: Improved load forecasting, Improvement of the grid infrastructure, Scheduling of load shedding, Demand management programs, Energy efficiency initiatives, Distributed Generation, Automation and Monitoring of the Grid, Education and engagement of the consumer, Policy and regulatory assistance, and Updated load profile analysis.
基金The authors are grateful to Department of Biotechnology,Government of India for financial support(Grant no.BT/489/NE/TBP/2013 dt 16-4-2014)and to Dolikajyoti Sharma,Gauhati University for technical support.
文摘The environmental influx of hazardous contaminants viz PAHs and HMs occurs due to oil and gas drilling,and processing of petroleum products in industrial facilities and refineries.This problem plagues crude oil drilling sites as PAHs are an essential component of and HMs coexist with crude oil.We analyzed the spatial distribution of 16 PAHs and 8 HMs in 10 contaminated sites of Assam,a state in India.These included Digboi,where crude oil was drilled in 1867 and the first oil well in Asia that was drilled.TheƩ16 PAHs in soil were detected with a minimum of 13.48 and a maximum of 86.3 mgkg1 andƩ8 heavy metal concentrations in the soil ranged between 69.51 and 336.06 mgkg1.A negative correlation was detected between the relative concentrations of PAHs and HMs.The results confirmed that the nonbiodegradable nature of HMs made them stay in the soil for longer periods of time.In our study,we found that the levels of lead,copper,nickel,and chromium(total)in soil were 73.62,11.86,58.97 and 158.66 mgkg1.The recovery percentage for PAHs and HMs were in the range of 67e97%and 90e95%respectively.Spatial distribution indices for Phenanthrene/Anthracene,Naphthalene/Acenapthhylene,Chyrsene/Benzo(g,h,i)perylene and Fluranthene/Pyrene)calculated for soil samples indicated that the spatial distribution of PAHs in soil is uneven which might be due to variations in contaminates disseminated in soil.Such regionalized concentration has serious implications on the bio-economy both in terms of health and economy,especially since the proximity of crude oil sites to paddy fields and/or tea plantations uniquely marks the landscape of upper Assam.
