Behavior of exciton in direct−indirect band gap Al_(x)Ga_(1−x)As crystal lattice quantum wells

Excitons have significant impacts on the properties of semiconductors.They exhibit significantly different properties when a direct semiconductor turns in to an indirect one by doping.Huybrecht variational method is also found to influence the study of exciton ground state energy and ground state binding energy in Al_(x)Ga_(1−x)As semiconductor spherical quantum dots.The Al_(x)Ga_(1−x)As is considered to be a direct semiconductor at AI concentration below 0.45,and an indirect one at the concentration above 0.45.With regards to the former,the ground state binding energy increases and decreases with AI concentration and eigenfrequency,respectively;however,while the ground state energy increases with AI concentration,it is marginally influenced by eigenfrequency.On the other hand,considering the latter,while the ground state binding energy increases with AI concentration,it decreases with eigenfrequency;nevertheless,the ground state energy increases both with AI concentration and eigenfrequency.Hence,for the better practical performance of the semiconductors,the properties of the excitons are suggested to vary by adjusting AI concentration and eigenfrequency.

Omental fibroma combined with right indirect inguinal hernia masquerades as a scrotal tumor: A case report

BACKGROUND The most common causes of scrotal enlargement in patients include primary tumor of the scrotum,inflammation,hydrocele of the tunica vaginalis,and indirect inguinal hernia;scrotal enlargement caused by external tumors of the scrotum is rare.The patient had both a greater omentum tumor and an inguinal hernia,and the tumor protruded into the scrotum through the hernia sac,which is even rarer.Moreover,omental tumors are mostly metastatic,and primary omental fibroma is rare.CASE SUMMARY Here,we report a rare case of a 25-year-old young man with scrotal enlargement and pain for 3 months.Preoperative examination and multidisciplinary discu-ssions considered intra-abdominal tumor displacement and inguinal hernia,and intraoperative exploration confirmed that the greater omentum tumor protruded into the scrotum.Therefore,tumor resection and tension-free inguinal hernia repair were performed.The final diagnosis was benign fibroma of the greater omentum accompanied by an indirect inguinal hernia.CONCLUSION This unusual presentation of a common inguinal hernia disease illustrates the necessity of performing detailed history taking,physical examination,and imaging before surgery.

Experimental Study and Thermal Modelling of Cocoa Shell Convective Drying in an Indirect Solar Dryer

The concern of the present work is the convective drying of empty cocoa shells in an indirect solar dryer. Some drying experiments, using one sample, were carried out. During the experiments, the sample is introduced in the drying chamber. Then at steady time intervals, the sample is withdrawn from the drying chamber, for a rapid weighing. After each weighing, the sample is reintroduced in the dryer. At each time interval, the ambient temperature of the drying chamber and its relative humidity γ are measured by a thermo-hygrometer. From the experimental data, a theoretical determination of the moisture evaporated from the product was performed and a good agreement was found between the theoretical and experimental values, confirmed by the value of the RMSE. Those calculations used the constants in the Nusselt number found in literature. Then those constants were evaluated again, to get new values more suitable with the experimental data. The dimensionless numbers of Nusselt, Grashof and Prandtl were calculated. That allowed the calculation of the average value of the Nusselt number. The average convective heat transfer coefficient was determined.

Indirect Electroanalysis of 3-Methyl-4-Nitrophenol in Water Using Carbon Fiber Microelectrode Modified with Nickel Tetrasulfonated Phthalocyanine Complex

Electrochemical detection of 3-methyl-4-nitrophenol (MNP) in direct phenol oxidation occurs at high potentials and generally leads to progressive passivation of the electrochemical sensor. This study describes the use of a carbon fiber microelectrode modified with a tetrasulfonated nickel phthalocyanine complex for the detection of MNP at a lower potential than that of direct phenol oxidation. The MNP voltammogram showed the presence of an anodic peak at -0.11 V vs SCE, corresponding to the oxidation of the hydroxylamine group generated after the reduction of the nitro group. The effect of buffer pH on the peak current and SWV parameters such as frequency, scan increment, and pulse amplitude were studied and optimized to have better electrochemical response of the proposed sensor. With these optimal parameters, the calibration curve shows that the peak current varied linearly as a function of MNP concentration, leading to a limit of detection (LoD) of 1.1 μg/L. These results show an appreciable sensitivity of the sensor for detecting the MNP at relatively low potentials, making it possible to avoid passivation phenomena.

Indirect Vector Control of Linear Induction Motors Using Space Vector Pulse Width Modulation

Vector control schemes have recently been used to drive linear induction motors(LIM)in high-performance applications.This trend promotes the development of precise and efficient control schemes for individual motors.This research aims to present a novel framework for speed and thrust force control of LIM using space vector pulse width modulation(SVPWM)inverters.The framework under consideration is developed in four stages.To begin,MATLAB Simulink was used to develop a detailed mathematical and electromechanical dynamicmodel.The research presents a modified SVPWM inverter control scheme.By tuning the proportional-integral(PI)controller with a transfer function,optimized values for the PI controller are derived.All the subsystems mentioned above are integrated to create a robust simulation of the LIM’s precise speed and thrust force control scheme.The reference speed values were chosen to evaluate the performance of the respective system,and the developed system’s response was verified using various data sets.For the low-speed range,a reference value of 10m/s is used,while a reference value of 100 m/s is used for the high-speed range.The speed output response indicates that themotor reached reference speed in amatter of seconds,as the delay time is between 8 and 10 s.The maximum amplitude of thrust achieved is less than 400N,demonstrating the controller’s capability to control a high-speed LIM with minimal thrust ripple.Due to the controlled speed range,the developed system is highly recommended for low-speed and high-speed and heavy-duty traction applications.

Compression behavior of 316L lattice structures produced by indirect additive manufacturing

As a new type of lightweight structure,metallic lattice structure has higher stiffness and strength to weight ratio.To freely obtain 316L lattice structures with designed cell structure and adjustable porosity,additive manufacturing combined with investment casting was conducted to fabricate the 316L lattice structures with Kelvin cell.The compression simulation of 316L lattice structures with different porosities was carried out by using the finite element method.The numerical simulation results were verified by compression experiment,and the simulated results were consistent with the compression tests.The compressive mechanical properties of 316L lattice structures are directly related to porosity and independent of strut diameters.The 316L lattice structures with Kelvin cell have a smooth stress-strain curve and obvious plastic platform,and the hump stress-strain curves are avoided.

Experimental Study on the Thermal Performances of a Tube-Type Indirect Evaporative Cooler

The so-called indirect evaporative cooling technology is widely used in air conditioning applications.The thermal characterization of tube-type indirect evaporative coolers,however,still presents challenges which need to be addressed to make this technology more reliable and easy to implement.This experimental study deals with the performances of a tube-type indirect evaporative cooler based on an aluminum tube with a 10 mm diameter.In particular,the required tests were carried out considering a range of dry-bulb temperatures between 16℃ and 18℃ and a temperature difference between the wet-bulb and dry-bulb temperature of 2℃∼4℃.The integrated convective heat transfer coefficient inside the tube in the drenching condition has been found to lie in the range between 36.10 and 437.4(W/(m^(2)⋅K)).

Indirect Carbon Reduction Path from the Perspective of Urban Climate Adaptation Planning

Since the 21^(st)century,the problem of global warming has been prominent,and the problem of climate change has attracted worldwide attention.All countries have issued urban climate adaptation planning policy documents to address the current climate problem.At the same time,the proposal of the“double carbon”vision allows us to focus on the carbon emission reduction of cities and buildings.In addition to the implementation of the direct carbon reduction approach in the whole life cycle of construction,the functional role of indirect carbon reduction cannot be underestimated.By analyzing the domestic and foreign urban climate adaptation planning policy documents,summarizing the indirect carbon reduction approaches,and analyzing the feasibility of the indirect carbon reduction and emission reduction methods from the perspective of urban climate adaptation planning,the indirect carbon reduction adaptation strategy is proposed,which provides a reference for the implementation of urban climate adaptation planning and the target completion of reaching the carbon neutralization and peak on time.

Spatial and temporal heterogeneity of the impact of per capita income on household indirect carbon emissions in western China

With China entering the stage of high-quality development,the issue of carbon emission has become a hot research topic.This paper analyzes the different temporal and spatial effects of per capita income on household indirect carbon emissions in western China.Based on the data of Chinese Family Panel Studies(CFPS)in 2016 and 2018 in the western China,this paper uses Regression analysis and Bayesian correlation analysis to study the relationship between per capita income and household indirect carbon emissions.The results showed that the indirect carbon emissions generated by the expenditure on food,housing and household equipment in the household consumption structure in the western China were relatively high.In 2016-2018,the per capita income and per capita household consumption indirect carbon emissions in the western China showed an increasing trend.There was a positive correlation between per capita income and indirect carbon emissions of per capita household consumption,and its correlation was gradually enhanced in time dimension.In the spatial dimension,the household indirect carbon emissions in Yunnan,Qinghai,Guangxi Zhuang and Ningxia in the western China were greatly affected by per capita income,while the household indirect carbon emissions in Guizhou was least affected by per capita income.Finally,the paper puts forward some problems that we should consider in the process of facing the per capita income growth and climate change:the collection of carbon tax,the optimization of household consumption structure,the research and development of low-carbon products,and the differentiated carbon reduction.

A Study on the Application of Indirect Speech Act Theory in CET-6 Listening

In recent years,the CET-6(College English Test,Band 6)has become an important standard to measure the English language ability of Chinese college students,and listening is a challenging task for many students.The application of indirect speech act theory in CET-6 listening is seldom studied.Therefore,it is crucial to study on it.Based on the two observation points of indirect speech act theory in CET-6 listening,this study analyzes the specific embodiment of conventional indirect speech acts and non-conventional indirect speech acts in listening,and discusses the effective teaching methods of CET-6 listening.

Indirect Radiative Forcing and Climatic Effect of the Anthropogenic Nitrate Aerosol on Regional Climate of China

The regional climate model （RegCM3） and a tropospheric atmosphere chemistry model （TACM） were coupled, thus a regional climate chemistry modeling system （RegCCMS） was constructed, which was applied to investigate the spatial distribution of anthropogenic nitrate aerosols, indirect radiative forcing, as well as its climatic effect over China. TACM includes the thermodynamic equilibrium model ISORROPIA and a condensed gas-phase chemistry model. Investigations show that the concentration of nitrate aerosols is relatively high over North and East China with a maximum of 29μg m-3 in January and 8 μg m-3 in July. Due to the influence of air temperature on thermodynamic equilibrium, wet scavenging of precipitation and the monsoon climate, there are obvious seasonal differences in nitrate concentrations. The average indirect radiative forcing at the tropopause due to nitrate aerosols is -1.63 W m 2 in January and -2.65 W m 2 in July, respectively. In some areas, indirect radiative forcing reaches -10 W m-2. Sensitivity tests show that nitrate aerosols make the surface air temperature drop and the precipitation reduce on the national level. The mean changes in surface air temperature and precipitation are 0.13 K and -0.01 mm d-1 in January and -0.09 K and -0.11 mm d-1 in July, respectively, showing significant differences in different regions.

The Analysis of the Four Forms of Indirectness in Daily Communications

The indirect use of language is a common,widespread phenomenon in daily linguistic communication,with an aim to keep a harmonious interpersonal relationship.Though indirectness manifests itself in many ways,this paper is to discuss the four different forms of indirectness in people's daily communications with typical examples found in both Chinese and English:politeness,indirect speech acts,conversational implicature and figures of speech.

Application of Nominal Indirect Anaphora in English Teaching and Learning

This paper deals with the application of nominal indirect anaphora to unveil the essence of nominal indirect anaphora and disclose the magic power of cohesion and coherence inside it from the angle of cognitive linguistics.Thus we can apply the resolution mechanism for English teaching and learning for English learners.

Indirectness and Politeness in English Requests

Foreign language teachers may have long observed learners' grammatically correct, yet situationally inappropriate verbal communication. To make sure they conduct speech acts appropriately, language learners should possess communicative skills and pragmatic competence. This paper addresses how to raise learners' pragmatic awareness through making requests in English.By exploring the verbal indirectness and politeness of requests, the paper aims to facilitate learners' ability to make socially appropriate utterances.

A Review of Indirect Speech Acts in Speech Act Theory

The theory of indirect speech acts proposed by John Searle is a problematic issue in speech act theory. The theory is subject to various criticisms.This essay reviews various arguments and the significant problems with reference to the indirect speech acts. The review includes some important concepts of speech act theory which are related to indirect speech acts; inference theory and idiom theory which underline indirect speech acts and their major problems in accounting for indirect speech acts.

Indirect Methods of Detecting and Evaluating Inclusions in Steel—A Review

Indirect methods to detect and evaluate inclusions in steel are extensively reviewed, which include total oxygen content measurement, nitrogen pickup, steel and slag composition measurement, lining refractory observation, tracer studies of determining exogenous inclusions from slag and lining erosion, SEN clogging and final prod- uct tests. There is no single ideal method of detecting and evaluating inclusions in steel, so it is better to use several methods simultaneously to give a more accurate evaluation. Total oxygen content and nitrogen pickup in low carbon aluminum-killed steel as criterion of clean steel in many plants are summarized.

Prognostic factors of trans-ethmosphenoid optic canal decompression for indirect traumatic optic neuropathy

AIM： To investigate a possible correlation between visual acuity（VA） prognosis and the presence at baseline of various orbital and ocular signs in patients affected by indirect traumatic optic neuropathy（ITON）. METHODS： From July 1 st, 2012 to July 1 st, 2015, 224 adults diagnosed with ITON who underwent endoscopic transethmosphenoid optic canal decompression（ETOCD） were reviewed. Visual outcome before and after treatment were taken into comparison. RESULTS： Accompanied older in age, longer time to medical treatment and existence of optic canal fracture（OCF） were the independent predictors for poor postoperative VA and lower improvement degree of visual acuity（IDVA）, while worse preoperative VA was predictive factor for poor postoperative VA only. Mean value of IDVA in patients with OCF was 0.19±0.30. Mean value of IDVA in patients without OCF was 0.29±0.35. IDVA in cases without OCF was significant higher than those with OCF（t=2.272, P〈0.05）. CONCLUSION： Patients suffered from ITON without OCF before ETOCD have better surgical outcome than those with OCF. Older in age, longer time to medical treatment and existence of OCF are independent factors for poor VA prognosis and lower IDVA. Preoperative VA is independent factor for VA prognosis only.

Nucleoprotein-based indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(indirect ELISA) for detecting antibodies specific to Ebola virus and Marbug virus

Full-length nucleoproteins from Ebola and Marburg viruses were expressed as His-tagged recombinant proteins in Escherichia coli and nucleoprotein-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays(ELISAs) were established for the detection of antibodies specific to Ebola and Marburg viruses. The ELISAs were evaluated by testing antisera collected from rabbit immunized with Ebola and Marburg virus nucleoproteins. Although little cross-reactivity of antibodies was observed in antiEbola virus nucleoprotein rabbit antisera, the highest reactions to immunoglobulin G(Ig G) were uniformly detected against the nucleoprotein antigens of homologous viruses. We further evaluated the ELISA's ability to detect antibodies to Ebola and Marburg viruses using human sera samples collected from individuals passing through the Guangdong port of entry. With a threshold set at the mean plus three standard deviations of average optical densities of sera tested, the ELISA systems using these two recombinant nucleoproteins have good sensitivity and specificity. These results demonstrate the usefulness of ELISA for diagnostics as well as ecological and serosurvey studies of Ebola and Marburg virus infection.

Newly onset indirect traumatic optic neuropathy-surgical treatment first versus steroid treatment first

AIM: To investigate the efficacy and safety of the treatment of endoscopic trans-ethmosphenoid optic canal decompression(ETOCD) with combination of steroid in patients with newly onset indirect traumatic optic neuropathy(ITON) and compare the outcome between immediate ETOCD treatment and ETOCD with preoperative steroid treatment. METHODS: Patients presented as newly onset ITON(suffered trauma within 3 d) at a tertiary medical center between Mar 1 st, 2016 and Mar 1 st, 2018 were enrolled in this study. All patients were equally and randomly divided into 2 groups. Cases in group A were performed ETOCD immediately after admition while cases in group B were prescribed by methylprednisolone(20 mg/kg · d) for 3 d before ETOCD. Methylprednisolone(20 mg/kg · d) was used after surgery for 6 d in group A and 3 d in group B. Follow-up was up to 3 mo in all cases. Visual acuity(VA) before and after treatment between the two groups were taken into comparison. RESULTS: Complete postoperative data were acquired from 34 patients in group A and from 32 patients in group B. Group A had significantly higher effective rate in VA than group B(χ~2 =4.905, P=0.027).CONCLUSION: For patients with newly onset ITON, combination treatment of ETOCD with high-dose steroid is an effective and safe way. Immediate surgery will lead to better prognosis for these cases.

Therapeutic effect of regulating autophagy in spinal cord injury: a network meta-analysis of direct and indirect comparisons

Objective:An increasing number of studies indicate that autophagy plays an important role in the pathogenesis of spinal cord injury,and that regulating autophagy can enhance recovery from spinal cord injury.However,the effect of regulating autophagy and whether autophagy is detrimental or beneficial after spinal cord injury remain unclear.Therefore,in this study we evaluated the effects of autophagy regulation on spinal cord injury in rats by direct and indirect comparison,in an effort to provide a basis for further research.Data source:Relevant literature published from inception to February 1,2018 were included by searching Wanfang,CNKI,Web of Science,MEDLINE(OvidSP),PubMed and Google Scholar in English and Chinese.The keywords included"autophagy","spinal cord injury",and"rat".Data selection:The literature included in vivo experimental studies on autophagy regulation in the treatment of spinal cord injury(including intervention pre-and post-spinal cord injury).Meta-analyses were conducted at different time points to compare the therapeutic effects of promoting or inhibiting autophagy,and subgroup analyses were also conducted.Outcome measure:Basso,Beattie,and Bresnahan scores.Results:Of the 622 studies,33 studies of median quality were included in the analyses.Basso,Beattie,and Bresnahan scores were higher at 1 day(MD=1.80,95%CI:0.81-2.79,P=0.0004),3 days(MD=0.92,95%CI:0.72-1.13,P<0.00001),1 week(MD=2.39,95%CI:1.85-2.92,P<0.00001),2 weeks(MD=3.26,95%CI:2.40-4.13,P<0.00001),3 weeks(MD=3.13,95%CI:2.51-3.75,P<0.00001)and 4 weeks(MD=3.18,95%CI:2.43-3.92,P<0.00001)after spinal cord injury with upregulation of autophagy compared with the control group(drug solvent control,such as saline group).Basso,Beattie,and Bresnahan scores were higher at 1 day(MD=6.48,95%CI:5.83-7.13,P<0.00001),2 weeks(MD=2.43,95%CI:0.79-4.07,P=0.004),3 weeks(MD=2.96,95%CI:0.09-5.84,P=0.04)and 4 weeks(MD=4.41,95%CI:1.08-7.75,P=0.01)after spinal cord injury with downregulation of autophagy compared with the control group.Indirect comparison of upregulation and downregulation of autophagy showed no differences in Basso,Beattie,and Bresnahan scores at 1 day(MD=-4.68,95%CI:-5.840 to-3.496,P=0.94644),3 days(MD=-0.28,95%CI:-2.231-1.671,P=0.99448),1 week(MD=1.83,95%CI:0.0076-3.584,P=0.94588),2 weeks(MD=0.81,95%CI:-0.850-2.470,P=0.93055),3 weeks(MD=0.17,95%Cl:-2.771-3.111,P=0.99546)or 4 weeks(MD=-1.23,95%Cl:-4.647-2.187,P=0.98264)compared with the control group.Conclusion:Regulation of autophagy improves neurological function,whether it is upregulated or downregulated.There was no difference between upregulation and downregulation of autophagy in the treatment of spinal cord injury.The variability in results among the studies may be associated with differences in research methods,the lack of clearly defined autophagy characteristics after spinal cord injury,and the limited autophagy monitoring techniques.Thus,methods should be standardized,and the dynamic regulation of autophagy should be examined in future studies.