MULTI-PERIODIC COLLISIONAL PROCESS BETWEEN INDIAN AND ASIAN CONTINENTS:A CASE OF EASTERN HIMALAYAN SYNTAXIS AND HENGDUAN MOUNTAINS

Our study area covered the Eastern Himalayan Syntaxis (EHS) and its southern extension (Hengduan Mountain or western Sichuan and Yunnan (WSY)) which is located at the orthogonal and oblique collisional front between Indian and Asian continents during Cenozoic.Based on geometric and kinematic mapping of the major boundary or regional faults (Dongjug—Mainling(1), Anigiao(2) and Jali(3), Guyu(4) faults in EHS, Ailaoshan—Red River(5), Lancangjiang(6), Gaoligong(7), Binlangjiang(8) and Magok(9) faults in WSY) (see Fig.1), especially on abundant geochronological dating of the mylonitic rocks along these faults, and coupled with magmato\|metamorphic sequences of this region, we try to deal with the temporal and spatial relationships of collisional process to answer questions such as: (1) when did collision start ? (2) is thrusting as a initial and dominant deformation mode to absorb the crustal shortening after suturing, or earlier thrusting usually followed by large\|scale strike\|slip faults? (3) are the two structural patterns coeval at times, or do they occur alternatively during deformation history? (4) are the collisional and associate uplift processes a continuous one or periodic? Insight into such questions is crucial for better understanding of the continental deformation and testing the models available or constraining a new one.

ON COLLISION LOCAL TIME OF TWO INDEPENDENT FRACTIONAL ORNSTEIN-UHLENBECK PROCESSES

In this article, we study the existence of collision local time of two indepen- dent d-dimensional fractional Ornstein-Uhlenbeck processes X＋^H1 and Xt^H2 with different parameters Hi ∈ （0, 1）,i = 1, 2. Under the canonical framework of white noise analysis, we characterize the collision local time as a Hida distribution and obtain its＇ chaos expansion. Key words Collision local time; fractional Ornstein-Uhlenbeck processes; generalized white noise functionals; choas expansion

Electron excitation processes in low energy collisions of hydrogen-helium atoms

The electron excitation processes of H(1s)+He(1s^(2))→H(2s/2p)+He(1s^(2))are studied in impact energy range of 20-2000 e V/u by using the quantum-mechanical molecular orbital close-coupling(QMOCC)method.Total and state-selective cross sections have been obtained and compared with the available theoretical and experimental results.The results agree well with available measurements in the overlapping energy regions overall.The comparison of our results with other theoretical calculations further demonstrates the importance of considering a sufficient number of channels.The datasets presented in this paper,including the excitation cross sections,are openly available at https://www.doi.org/10.57760/sciencedb.j00113.00083.

Early Eocene leucocratic sill/dike swarms in the Gangdese belt, southern Tibet: Tectonic implications for Indo-Asian collision

The timing of the initial Indo-Asian collision is a subject of debate for a long time.Besides,the magmatic trace of the collisional process is also unclear.In the present study,the authors report Early Eocene leucocratic sill/dike swarms in the northern edge of the Nymo intrusive complex of the Gangdese belt,southern Tibet.The Nymo intrusive complex was emplaced at ca.50–47 Ma and surrounded by the metamorphosed Jurassic-aged Bima Formation volcano-sedimentary sequence along its northern side.At outcrops,the leucocratic sills/dikes intruded along or truncated the deformed foliations of the host Bima Formation,which has been subject to high-temperature amphibolite-facies metamorphism at ca.50–47 Ma.Detailed cathodoluminescence image analyses reveal that the zircon grains of the leucocratic sills/dikes have core-mantle textures.The cores yield the Jurassic ages comparable to the protolith ages of the Bima Formation.In contrast,the mantles of zircon grains yield weighted mean ages of ca.49–47 Ma,representing the crystallization timing of these leucocratic sills/dikes.The coeval ages for the Nymo intrusive complex,the high-temperature metamorphism,and the leucocratic sills/dikes indicate that a close relationship exists among them.The authors tentatively suggest that these leucocratic sills/dikes were generated from partial melting of the Jurassic-aged Bima Formation volcanic rocks,triggered by the high heat from the magma chamber of the Nymo intrusive complex.This Early Eocene tectono-thermal event of coeval magmatism,metamorphism and partial melting was most likely formed during the Indo-Asian collisional setting.

COLLISION AVOIDANCE DECISION-MAKING MODEL OF MULTI-AGENTS IN VIRTUAL DRIVING ENVIRONMENT WITH ANALYTIC HIERARCHY PROCESS

Collision avoidance decision-making models of multiple agents in virtual driving environment are studied. Based on the behavioral characteristics and hierarchical structure of the collision avoidance decision-making in real life driving, delphi approach and mathematical statistics method are introduced to construct pair-wise comparison judgment matrix of collision avoidance decision choices to each collision situation. Analytic hierarchy process （AHP） is adopted to establish the agents＇ collision avoidance decision-making model. To simulate drivers＇ characteristics, driver factors are added to categorize driving modes into impatient mode, normal mode, and the cautious mode. The results show that this model can simulate human＇s thinking process, and the agents in the virtual environment can deal with collision situations and make decisions to avoid collisions without intervention. The model can also reflect diversity and uncertainly of real life driving behaviors, and solves the multi-objective, multi-choice ranking priority problem in multi-vehicle collision scenarios. This collision avoidance model of multi-agents model is feasible and effective, and can provide richer and closer-to-life virtual scene for driving simulator, reflecting real-life traffic environment more truly, this model can also promote the practicality of driving simulator.

SOME CHARACTERS OF A CLASS OF ORNSTEIN-UHLENBECK TYPE MARKOV PROCESSES WITH STABLE PROCESSES

This article concerns a class of Ornstein-Uhlenbeck type Markov processes and for which the level sets will be approached. By constructing a new class f processes, we shall obtain an inequality on the Hausdorff dimensions of the level sets for the Ornstein-Uhlenbeck type Markov processes. Based on this result, we finally verify that any two independent O-U.M.P with alpha-stable processes could collide with probability one.

AN IMPROVED NONADIABATIC COLLISION MODEL FOR ION-PIR FORMATION PROCESS:A+BC→A^++BC^- Zheng Ting CAI and Yu Guang MU

Hickman's fast nonadiabatic collision model for the ion-pair formation reaction A+BC→A^++BC^- was improved,where the classical trajectory has been represented by solution of motion equation UR=-dV(R)/dR, here V(R)is Morse potential.Employing this model to the CS+O_2→CS^++O_2^-reaction,a satisfactory agreement with experimental data has been obtained.

A Physical Interpretation of Mass-Energy Equivalence Based on the Orthogonal Collision

Einstein described the mass-energy equivalence as the most important result of special relativity. But more than a century after Einstein first derived the relationship between mass-energy equivalence (or mass-energy equation), questions left for people are how to understand that mass and energy are somehow equivalent, and how to give the dynamical process for the conversion from mass to energy (or vice versa). This paper first interprets the formula of mass-energy equivalence published by Einstein in 1905, and then gives the equivalence relationship of mass-energy transition based on the dynamics of particle orthogonal collision. As a result, the orthogonal collision of two high-energy mass particles can generate a huge mass-energy density, equivalent to the total energy of N new particles, which is a one-way dynamic process that generates new mass-energy density and new matter. This conversion of mass into energy has nothing to do with special relativity.

Integrated Virtual Assembly Process Planning System

Assembly process planning（APP） for complicated products is a time-consuming and difficult work with conventional method. Virtual assembly process planning（VAPP） provides engineers a new and efficiency way. Previous studies in VAPP are almost isolated and dispersive, and have not established a whole understanding and discussed key realization techniques of VAPP from a systemic and integrated view. The integrated virtual assembly process planning（IVAPP） system is a new virtual reality based engineering application, which offers engineers an efficient, intuitive, immersive and integrated method for assembly process planning in a virtual environment. Based on analysis the information integration requirement of VAPP, the architecture of IVAPP is proposed. Through the integrated structure, IVAPP system can realize information integration and workflow controlling. In order to mode/the assembly process in IVAPP, a hierarchical assembly task list（HATL） is presented, in which different assembly tasks for assembling different components are organized into a hierarchical list. A process-oriented automatic geometrical constraint recognition algorithm（AGCR） is proposed, so that geometrical constraints between components can be automatically recognized during the process of interactive assembling. At the same time, a progressive hierarchical reasoning（PHR） model is discussed. AGCR and PHR will greatly reduce the interactive workload. A discrete control node model（DCNM） for cable harness assembly planning in IVAPP is detailed. DCNM converts a cable harness into continuous flexed line segments connected by a series of section center points, and designs can realize cable harness planning through controlling those control nodes. Mechanical assemblies （such as transmission case and engine of automobile） are used to illustrate the feasibility of the proposed method and algorithms. The application of IVAPP system reveals advantages over the traditional assembly process planning method in shortening the time-consumed in assembly planning and in minimizing the handling difficulty, excessive reorientation and dissimilarity of assembly operations.

Molecular Dynamics Simulation of Low-Energy C_(60) in Collision with a Graphite (0001) Surface

The collision of C_(60) with a graphite(0001)surface has been investigated by molecular dynamics simulation with TLHL potential.At an impact energy of 90eV,the C_(60) buckyball first deformed to a disc-like structure and then transformed back to its original shape and recoiled slowly.No dissociation of the C_(60) was observed on the time scale of the simulation.Unlike a single-atom-surface collision,the C_(60)-surface interaction is a highly inelastic process.

Numerical simulation of the start-up process of a miniature ion thruster

A particle-in-cell Monte Carlo collision model of a discharge chamber is established to investigate the start-up process of a miniature ion thruster.We present the discharge characteristics at different stages(the initial stage,development stage,and stable stage)according to the trend of the discharge current with time.The discharge current is the sum of the sidewall current and the backplate current.During the start-up process,the sidewall current lags behind the backplate current.The variation and distribution characteristics of the discharge current over time are determined by the electron density distribution and electric potential distribution.

Stochastic dynamic simulation of railway vehicles collision using data-driven modelling approach

Using stochastic dynamic simulation for railway vehicle collision still faces many challenges,such as high modelling complexity and time-consuming.To address the challenges,we introduce a novel data-driven stochastic process modelling(DSPM)approach into dynamic simulation of the railway vehicle collision.This DSPM approach consists of two steps:(i)process description,four kinds of kernels are used to describe the uncertainty inherent in collision processes;(ii)solving,stochastic variational inferences and mini-batch algorithms can then be used to accelerate computations of stochastic processes.By applying DSPM,Gaussian process regression(GPR)and finite element(FE)methods to two collision scenarios(i.e.lead car colliding with a rigid wall,and the lead car colliding with another lead car),we are able to achieve a comprehensive analysis.The comparison between the DSPM approach and the FE method revealed that the DSPM approach is capable of calculating the corresponding confidence interval,simultaneously improving the overall computational efficiency.Comparing the DSPM approach with the GPR method indicates that the DSPM approach has the ability to accurately describe the dynamic response under unknown conditions.Overall,this research demonstrates the feasibility and usability of the proposed DSPM approach for stochastic dynamics simulation of the railway vehicle collision.

The General Machining Process Simulator GMPS

Automated manufacturing system is characterized by flexibility. It aims at producing a variety of products with virtually no time loses to change over from one part to the next. In this paper, the Machining Process Simulator GMPS is introduced, which can be used as a supported environment for machining process. It can be executed off-line or on-line in manufacturing systems in order to predict the collisions of tool with machined workpieces, fixtures or pallets. First, the functional model of GMPS is described, then adopted critical techniques in the simulator are introduced. Finally, an application of GMPS in CIMS ERC of China is presented.

Charge transfer in low-energy collisions of Be^3+ and B^4+ ions with He

The nonradiative charge-transfer processes of Be3+(1s)/B4+(1s)colliding with He(1s2)are investigated by the quantum-mechanical molecular orbital close-coupling(QMOCC)method from 10 eV/u to 1800 eV/u.Total and state-selective cross sections are obtained and compared with other results available.Although the incident ions have the same number of electrons and collide with the same target,their cross sections are different due to the differences in molecular structure.For Be3+(1s)+He(1s2),only single-electron-capture(SEC)states are important and the total cross sections have a broad maximum around E=150 eV/u.While for B4+(1s)+He(1s2),both the SEC and double-electron-capture(DEC)processes are important,and the total SEC and DEC cross sections decrease rapidly with the energy decreasing.

星子碰撞增生过程中的同位素分馏研究进展

理解行星的初始物质组成以及其形成过程对于研究太阳系的形成和演化、地球的生物宜居性有着重要的意义。星子碰撞吸积是类地行星形成过程中的一个重要阶段,该阶段影响行星整体的元素和同位素组成。中等挥发性元素及其同位素是研究这一过程的有效工具,因为它们对示踪撞击过程中的高温蒸发和降温凝聚等过程较为灵敏。笔者系统统计了球粒陨石和来自不同天体(地球、月球、火星和灶神星)的陨石样品部分元素及同位素测试数据,讨论了不同天体的中等挥发性元素及其同位素的特征和导致同位素分馏的主要因素,并探讨其对行星初始物质组成和形成过程的指示意义。星子、行星胚胎等天体的碰撞过程可能极大地限制了类地行星的挥发性元素含量。

General collision branching processes with two parameters

A new class of branching models,the general collision branching processes with two parameters,is considered in this paper.For such models,it is necessary to evaluate the absorbing probabilities and mean extinction times for both absorbing states.Regularity and uniqueness criteria are firstly established.Explicit expressions are then obtained for the extinction probability vector,the mean extinction times and the conditional mean extinction times.The explosion behavior of these models is investigated and an explicit expression for mean explosion time is established.The mean global holding time is also obtained.It is revealed that these properties are substantially different between the super-explosive and sub-explosive cases.

Collisional Penrose process of 4D rotational Einstein-Gauss-Bonnet black holes

The collisional Penrose process of massive spinning particles in a rotational Einstein-Gauss-Bonnet(EGB) black hole background is studied. By numerically solving the equations of motion for spinning particles, we find that the energy extraction efficiency increases monotonically with the decrease of the EGB coupling parameterα. Moreover, the efficiency η increases as the particle spin s grows. We also find that the energy extraction efficiency increases with the decrease of the EGB coupling parameter α. When the EGB coupling constant α = 0, our results reduce to the Kerr case, which has been investigated previously.

Down/up crossing properties of weighted Markov collision processes

This paper concentrates on considering the down/up crossing property of weighted Markov collision processes. The joint probability generating function of down crossing and up crossing numbers of weighted Markov collision processes until its extinction are obtained by constructing and studying a related multi-dimensional Markov chain. Hence, the joint probability distribution of down crossing and up crossing numbers and the mean numbers are obtained.

青藏高原碰撞造山带:I.主碰撞造山成矿作用

大陆碰撞与成矿作用是当代成矿学研究的重要前沿。与板块构造成矿作用研究相比,大陆碰撞造山带的成矿作用研究则明显薄弱。文章以青藏高原主碰撞带为对象,研究了印度—亚洲大陆主碰撞过程与区域成矿作用的耦合关系,并初步建立了主碰撞造山成矿模型。研究表明,印度—亚洲大陆主碰撞始于65Ma,延续至41Ma,形成了以藏南前陆冲断带、冈底斯主碰撞构造_岩浆带和藏北陆内褶皱_逆冲带为特征的青藏高原碰撞造山带主体。伴随陆_陆碰撞,在冈底斯带相继发育①壳源白云母花岗岩_钾质钙碱性花岗岩组合(66～50Ma)、②+εNd花岗岩_辉长岩组合(52～47Ma)和③幔源玄武质次火山岩_辉绿岩脉组合(42Ma),以及大面积分布的巨厚(5000m)的林子宗火山岩系(65～43Ma),反映深部相继发生大陆碰撞和板片陡深俯冲(65～52Ma)→板片断离(52～42Ma)→板片低角度俯冲(<40Ma)等重要过程。在主碰撞期,初步识别出4个重要的成矿事件:①与壳源花岗岩有关的Sn、稀有金属成矿事件,在藏东滇西形成腾冲Sn、稀有金属矿集区;②与壳/幔花岗岩有关的Cu_Au_Mo成矿事件,在冈底斯南缘形成长达百余公里的Cu_Au矿化带;③与碰撞造山有关的剪切带型Au成矿事件,沿雅鲁藏布江缝合带分布,形成具有较大成矿潜力的Au矿化带;④与挤压抬升有关的Cu_Au成矿事件,形成以雄村大型铜金矿为代表的斑岩型/浅成低温复合型Cu_Au矿床。在综合研究基础上,初步建立了大陆主碰撞造山区域成矿模型。

大陆碰撞成矿作用:Ⅰ.冈底斯新生代斑岩成矿系统

火山岩浆弧和大陆碰撞带是产出巨型斑岩矿床的两类重要环境。岩浆弧环境的斑岩铜矿成矿理论业已建立,而大陆碰撞环境的斑岩矿床则研究薄弱。在青藏高原,印度-亚洲大陆碰撞导致了大规模斑岩成矿作用,在主碰撞期(65～41Ma)发育沙让式斑岩Mo矿和亚贵拉式斑岩-矽卡岩型Pb-Zn-Mo矿床,在晚碰撞期(40～26Ma)形成明则式斑岩Mo矿和努日式斑岩-矽卡岩型Mo-W-Cu矿床,在后碰撞期(25～13Ma)产生驱龙式斑岩Cu-Mo矿床。这些矿床构成了3条规模不等的成矿带,分别发育在冈底斯的北带(中拉萨地体)、南带(泽当弧地体)和中带(南拉萨地体)。冈底斯含矿斑岩系统通常为多期多相浅成侵入杂岩体。含矿斑岩以高K为特征,多为高K钙碱性岩和钾玄岩系列。含Cu斑岩以二长花岗斑岩为主,显示埃达克岩地球化学亲和性,含Mo斑岩以花岗斑岩为主,显示大陆壳成因特点。微量元素和Sr-Nd-Hf同位素地球化学研究表明,含Cu斑岩来自碰撞加厚的西藏镁铁质的新生下地壳(如角闪榴辉岩),早期卷入新生下地壳的幔源物质及硫化物的重熔为斑岩岩浆提供了部分金属Cu、Au和S;含Mo岩浆来自古老的西藏镁铁质下地壳(如角闪岩)的部分熔融,金属Mo主要来自古老地壳物质的贡献。冈底斯含矿斑岩均含有不同成分的微粒镁铁质包体(MME),并显示典型的长英质与镁铁质岩浆混合特征。以MME为代表的含Cu富H2O幔源岩浆,或底侵于冈底斯地壳底部,为下地壳熔融提供了热和H2O,或注入长英质岩浆房,为斑岩系统提供了部分金属Cu和S,并提升了岩浆氧逸度。冈底斯斑岩岩浆-热液-成矿系统受控于斑岩就位的地壳环境。在斑岩体侵位的花岗岩基环境,其良好的封闭性导致热液流体(岩浆出溶)以斑岩岩株为核心向外扩散,形成环状蚀变分带,并主要在钾硅酸盐化带发生Cu-Mo矿化;在碎屑岩-碳酸盐建造环境,碳酸盐建造发生矽卡岩化和金属淀积,不透水的细碎屑岩层阻挡热液流体扩散,热液矿化围绕斑岩体发育,形成斑岩型Mo-矽卡岩型Pb-Zn-Mo或Mo-W-Cu成矿系统;在层火山-沉积环境,良好的封闭盖层导致岩浆流体与天水强烈混合以及混合流体的长距离侧向流动,发育大面积蚀变岩盖,形成上部浅成低温热液Au-Cu和下部斑岩型Cu-Mo成矿系统。结合区域构造-岩浆分析,笔者认为,发育于冈底斯碰撞带3个不同碰撞期的幔源岩浆上侵-下地壳部分熔融-岩浆浅成侵位-斑岩成矿系统,受控于印度-亚洲大陆三阶段碰撞的不同深部过程,据此提出了大陆碰撞过程中斑岩型矿床的地球动力学模型。