Research on the Influence of Government R&D Funding and Enterprise R&D Investment on the Innovation Efficiency of Pharmaceutical Industry

Objective To study the effect of government R&D funding and enterprise R&D input on innovation efficiency of China’s pharmaceutical industry.Methods Based on the inter-provincial panel data of China’s pharmaceutical industry from 2009 to 2019,the stochastic frontier analysis method was used to study the influence of government R&D funding and enterprise R&D input on the innovation efficiency.Results and Conclusion With 1%increase in government R&D funding,the innovation efficiency of enterprises will increase by 0.122%.When R&D investment increases by 1%,innovation efficiency will increase by 0.169%.Both government R&D funding and enterprise R&D investment promote the innovation efficiency of pharmaceutical enterprises,but the increase of enterprise R&D investment contributes more to the improvement of pharmaceutical innovation efficiency.

Evolution Characteristics of Government-Industry-University Cooperative Innovation Network of Electronic Information Industry in Liaoning Province, China

It is important to optimize the cooperative innovation network for the improvement of economic competence and innovative power. Based on the patent information services platform, we obtain invention patent data for the electronic information industry in Liaoning from 1985 to 2015. This paper analyzes the cooperative innovation network structure, its spatiotemporal evolution and the triple helix relationship of government-industry-university(GIU) by using the social network analysis method and the triple helix theory as well as UCINet, ArcGIS and NetDraw. The empirical results show that: 1) the number of the subjects of the electronic information industry GIU cooperative innovation network in Liaoning demonstrates a gradual increase from 1985 to 2015, with the same trend in concentration. In terms of its subject and its centrality, the universities have a higher position, and the industries have a lower position,while the status of the government is still unclear. 2) The cooperative innovation network presents a core-periphery structure, and the polarization effect of innovation subjects tends to be obvious. There is certain distance-decay regularity in the cooperative innovation network, and a strong geographical proximity to cooperative innovation. 3) The compactness shows a downward trend as a whole. In terms of the extent of participation, the industries are better than the government but worse than the universities. This means that the cooperative innovation network of GIU in the electronic information industry in Liaoning is in the initial stage of formation.

Evolutionary game analysis between the government and the waste producer in the venous industry

The relationship between the government and the waste producer is always a representative and realistic issue,especially concerning the venous industry.This article is based on the true relationship between the government and the waste producer,uses the methods from the evolutionary game theory,and analyzes the relationship between the government and the waste producer in detail.

Current Situation and Mode of Talent Training in Marine Cultural Industry Based on Collaborative Innovation of Governments,Enterprises,Colleges,Scientific Institutions and Users

Based on the present situation of talent training in marine cultural industry,the collaborative innovation mechanism of governments,enterprises,colleges,scientific institutions and users was used to construct the mode of talent training in marine cultural industry. It is needed to give full play to the active roles of governments,enterprises,colleges,scientific institutions and users in the training of marine cultural talents,develop training mode of innovative scientific and technological talents,speed up the construction of collaborative innovation ability of marine cultural talents,and improve the efficiency of talent training.

Choice between Ways of Talent Training in Marine Cultural Industry--Based on Collaborative Innovation of Governments, Enterprises, Colleges, Scientific Institutions and Users

Based on the present situation of talent training in marine cultural industry,the collaborative innovation mode of governments,enterprises,colleges,scientific institutions and users was used to study the ways of talent training in marine cultural industry.

Study on Talent Training Mechanisms of Marine Cultural Industry Based on Collaborative Innovation of Governments,Enterprises,Colleges,Scientific Institutions and Users

Based on the review of related concepts,the current situation and problems of talent training in marine cultural industry in China were analyzed,and talent training mechanisms of marine cultural industry based on collaborative innovation of governments,enterprises,colleges,scientific institutions and users were proposed to promote the transformation,upgrading and vigorous development of marine cultural industry,accelerate the spread of marine culture with Chinese characteristics,and build China into a maritime power.

Application of Collaborative Innovation of Governments,Enterprises,Colleges,Scientific Institutions and Users in the Talent Training of Marine Cultural Industry: A Case Study of Maritime Universities

Based on the literature review of collaborative innovation of governments, enterprises, colleges, scientific institutions and users, the ap-plication situation of collaborative innovation of governments, enterprises, colleges, scientific institutions and users in the talent training of marine cultural industry in maritime universities was analyzed, and the problems existing in the talent training of marine cultural industry were explored. Finally, corresponding countermeasures and suggestions were put forward.

Research on Talent Training System of Marine Cultural Industry Based on Collaborative Innovation of Governments,Enterprises,Colleges,Scientific Institutions and Users

This paper focuses on the coupling between talent training system of marine cultural industry and collaborative innovation of govern-ments, enterprises, colleges, scientific institutions and users. Firstly, the significance of talent training in marine cultural industry for the construction of China as a maritime power was analyzed. Secondly, the current situation of talent training in China＇s marine cultural industry and the existing problems were analyzed. Finally, how to integrate the collaborative innovation of governments, enterprises, colleges, scientific institutions and us-ers into the talent training system of marine cultural industry was explored to help talent training to break through the bottleneck and promote the vig-orous development of marine cultural industry.

Talent Training of Marine Cultural Industry Based on Collaborative Innovation of Governments, Enterprises, Colleges, Scientific Institutions and Users: A Case Study of Shanghai City

Based on the collaborative innovation of governments, enterprises, colleges, scientific institutions and users, the possible shortcomings of talent training of marine cultural industry in Shanghai City were analyzed by using the case study method, and some specific measures for talent trainingofmarineculturalindustryinShanghaiCitywereproposed.

Role orientation of the government in the development of the aging industry in the perspective of welfare pluralism theory

Welfare pluralism is in recent years research society of the new policy paradigm, advocate to break me government monopoly, by many subjects together to provide social welfare. Currently, there are offside, absence, not in place and other phenomena in the important subject of government in the development of aging industry, and to solve this problem, must clarify the government＇s role positioning, reasonable and effective government to play a role, so as to promote the development and perfection of the aging industry.

Challenges and Enhancement Pathways in County-Level Rural Industry Revitalization: Insights from Ningyang

The development status and development mode of rural industry have been widely concerned by all sectors of the country. Through investigation, it is found that the development of rural industry cannot be achieved without the participation of the party committee, government, enterprises, village collectives, and farmers. Starting from the theory of collaborative governance, this paper takes the rural industry as the main research object and conducts an in-depth exploration of the industrial model, management, radiation, and planning. Through practical case research, three improvement paths are formulated according to the difficulties of industrial development, including collaborative governance mechanism, talent cultivation mechanism, and industrial development mechanism. The focus is on the participation degree of farmers and the distribution of farmers’ interests, so that the rural revitalization results can truly benefit farmers and lead them.

Restructuring water industry in China: towards sustainable urbanization

In its urbanization course, China is faced with a scarcity of water resources in terms of both water quantity and quality. The development of water industry is a fundamental way to alleviate water shortage. Influenced by the traditional planned economy, Chinas urban water industry has been mainly owned and run by local municipal governments. Their tight fiscal budgets have led to very inadequate investments in water industry and thus, caused a slow development of water industry. In this case, restructuring urban water industry is very important. Based on the discussion concerning the trend of demand for and supply of urban water resources, this paper explores such strategic issues as water industry organization and integrated approaches addressing water scarcity. These are followed by a discussion of introducing market mechanism for restructuring water industry.

The Impact of Outsourcing on Local Industry Upgrading: a Case of China from a Global Value Chain Perspective

This paper develops a conceptual model to assess effect of outsourcing by integrating the theories of industrial upgrading and global value chain (GVC) governance. Contrary to the widely accepted perception that outsourcing is expected to generate positive spillover in particular, the findings indicate that outsourcing has different effects in different GVC governance modes. Excess outsourcing could structurally inhibit technology and management spillovers to subcontractors within the emerging economy context. Based on a case study of the Chinese textile and apparel (T & A) industry, it is found that the Chinese T & A industry has been trapped in the captive governance relationship with foreign buyers, and at the same time is capped below the function upgrading level. Consequences of the situation and implication are then discussed.

Impact of sustainability on financial distress in the air transport industry:the moderating effect of Asia–Pacific

The tremendous impact of the coronavirus pandemic on the global aviation industry has led to many cases of airline financial distress and bankruptcy.The Asia–Pacific region(APAC)contains more than half of the world’s population,and its airlines had the highest profit margin of any region.In this study,we investigate whether corporate sustainability practice can reduce the financial distress risk of air carriers,and,if so,what would the effect be in APAC?We first examine the relationship between environmental,social,and governance disclosure and the likelihood of financial distress of airlines as measured by the Altman Z″-score.Second,we analyze the moderating role of being an APAC airline in this relationship.The findings support the claim that implementing environmental actions may increase financial distress risk,and by improving social and governance activities,airlines can mitigate the risk of financial distress.The negative influence of the environmental pillar and the positive influence of the social pillar can be smaller for APAC airlines.Our study provides empirical evidence of the influence of environmental,social,and governance(ESG)on the likelihood of financial distress in the airline industry.Moreover,we analyze the moderating role of being an APAC airline in the relationship between sustainability and financial distress.This study has significant implications for executives,managers,and policymakers in the aviation industry on ESG strategy decisions and the general issue of sustainability.

An Empirical Study of the Earnings Management of the Enterprises Taking Sports Industry as the Main Business： Based on USA Listed Companies

This study combines the listed companies which regard the sports industry as the main business with eamings management which is the current hot issue in the study of corporate governance at home and abroad to explore corporate governance of the enterprises taking sports industry as the main business. By summarizing and analyzing the relevant theory, the study establishes a hypothesis, designs empirical models, and verifies the hypothesis using the data of USA listed companies. Empirical results show that enterprises taking the sports industry as the main business have a higher degree of earnings management, due to the high growth potentials of this type of enterprise.

Board Effectiveness in Pharmaceutical Industry： The Case of TAPIC Pharmaceutical Group

Pharmaceutical industry plays a strategic role in economy of Iran. Corporate governance, in pharmaceutical companies as the very core of an organization, and the driving force of corporate leadership, plays a significant role in business success and overall productivity of the firms. As yet, the characteristics, factors causing success and failure of core governance in Iranian pharmaceutical industry have remained unsearched. Furthermore, the applicability of western theories and models to the traditional societies such as Iran are largely unknown. This study is an attempt to explore the pattern of board effectiveness and firm performance in Iranian pharmaceutical industry and suggesting an alternative good governance model suitable to apply to less developed countries （LDC） pharmaceutical industry, with emphasis on Iranian context. After An intensive literature review the model suggested by Ingley and Van der Walt （2001） was found to be more comprehensive, practical and suitable for this study. However, after empirical evaluation further development to the model to fit the pharmaceutical industry and the context of LDCs, especially Iran, is suggested. Empirically the paper stands upon a rich database consisting of Tamin Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients Investment Company （TAPIC） and its 11 subsidiary companies which are treated as 11 mini-cases. Data were collected by document analysis, questionnaire and interviews. Since two of the authors have many years experience as managers in the same industrial group, we got access to rich information that normally are not accessible to researchers in less developed countries. The results suggest some improvements to the earlier models and show that the pattern of board effectiveness in Iranian pharmaceutical industry can be influenced by： （1） Internal factors including： （a） board members, the personality and background, （b） board composition, which is influenced by selection criteria, Tribalism, interpersonal relationship and belonging to the same ideological group, （c） board interactions, and （d） power distribution in the board, which is influenced by parenting power in holding companies. All internal factors are directly or indirectly affected by political issues as well as socio-cultural forces. （2） External factors including： （a） industrial complexity and the nature of industry, （b） industrial ethos, （c） legislation, and political forces, （d） economy, which the last two factors are influenced by international environment as well.

The Dos and Don’ts of the African Continental Free Trade Agreement Pose the Ghana’s Maritime Industry Vis-A-Vis Its National Industrialization Drive

The direct and indirect immensely contributions of free trade blocs/single market integration to the steadilygrowth of developed emergence and least developed economies are unmeasurable. The increasing insatiable demand and approval of the free trade model by almost all of the six continents to enhance their economic development has proved that its benefits have indeed outweighed the challenges. Therefore, this research just like the other internationally recognised literatures on this market system, intends to analysis the impacts of the important/dos, don’ts, opportunities, prospects and other important factors of the recent AU member States unanimously endorsement of AfFCTA’s implementation, will have on Ghana’s maritime industry. The possible quantitative findings in this study do uphold its immensely potential benefits impact on the African and Ghana’s maritime industry development and at the same time, indicate an irresistible gap pertaining to the downward progress of its implementation within the sector. These findings have apparently revealed that loss of revenue from scrapping off customs tariffs carries the highest percentage of all the challenges facing AfCFTA’s implementation and recommend that there must be an effective investment-oriented measures-FDI in harnessing the opportunities and prospects embedded in AfCFTA so as to accelerate Ghana’s maritime industry development in its implementation process.

Effective Utilization of Government-Provided CTI by Small Businesses within the Defense Industrial Base

There are two broad objectives of the research reported in this paper. First, we assess whether government-provided cyber threat intelligence (CTI) is helpful in preventing, or responding to, cyber-attacks among small businesses within the U.S. Defense Industrial Base (DIB). Second, we identify ways of improving the effectiveness of government-provided CTI to small businesses within the DIB. Based on a questionnaire-based survey, our findings suggest that government-provided CTI helps businesses within the DIB in preventing, or responding to, cyber-attacks providing a firm is familiar with the CTI. Unfortunately, a large percentage of small firms are not familiar with the government-provided CTI feeds and consequently are not utilizing the CTI. This latter situation is largely due to financial constraints confronting small businesses that prevent firms from having the wherewithal necessary to effectively utilize the government-provided CTI. However, we found a significant positive association between a firm’s familiarity with the government-provided CTI and whether a firm is being periodically reviewed by the Defense Counterintelligence and Security Agency (DCSA) or is compliant with the Cybersecurity Maturity Model Certification (CMMC) program. The findings from our study also show that the participating firms believe that external cyber threats are more likely to be the cause of a future cybersecurity breach than internal cybersecurity threats. Finally, our study found that the portion of the IT budget that small businesses within the DIB spend on cybersecurity-related activities is dependent on the perception that a firm would be the target of an external cyber-attack.