Growth Hormone Treatment, Cardiovascular Risk and Autonomic Maturation in Children and Adolescents with Growth Hormone Deficiency or Born Small for Gestational Age

Introduction: The impact of growth hormone therapy in children with short stature on cardiovascular prognosis seems to be unpredictable from big databases. The enhanced cardiovascular risk in this group of patients may be related to adverse autonomic imprinting by early life stress. Autonomic dysfunction and possible effects of growth hormone therapy on the autonomic nervous system can be measured easily by calculating heart rate variability (HRV) from Holter electrocardiogram monitoring. Methods: We performed HRV analysis prior to growth hormone therapy (N = 33), within the first year of growth hormone therapy between 4 and 10 years of age (N = 19), at least a further HRV measurement between 10 and 15 years (N = 30). Additional measurements were performed before and after cessation of growth hormone therapy (N = 14). Data were compared to untreated pediatric patients with short stature and to age matched healthy controls. Results: Untreated patients with short stature due to growth hormone deficiency or intrauterine growth restriction in early childhood have significantly increased heart rates most of all at night and concomitantly reduced global HRV indicated as Standard Deviation of Normal to Normal Intervals (SDNN). Growth hormone treated adolescents and the untreated patients with short stature show significantly elevated mean heart rates and concomitantly reduced vagus activities measured as reduced Route Mean Square Standard Deviation (RMSSD). After cessation of growth hormone treatment SDNN significantly increases and heart rate decreases to normal values in formerly treated patients with catch-up growth. Conclusion: There is a comparable autonomic dysfunction in treated and untreated children with short stature as an indicator for enhanced cardiovascular risk. After cessation of growth hormone therapy, we found a significant improvement of reduced HRV to normal values.

Influential and prognostic factors of small for gestational age infants

Background Small for gestational age （SGA） infants are associated with a high rate of oligohydramnios, stillbirth and cesarean delivery. Among SGA patients there is a higher risk of neonatal complications, such as polycythemia, hyperbilirubinemia, and hypothermia. Additionally, the SGA infant is prone to suffer from major neurologic sequelae, as well as cardiovascular system disease, in later life. Proper monitoring and therapy during pregnancy are, therefore, of utmost importance. The present study aimed to investigate the influential and prognostic factors of SGA infants.Methods From January 2001 to June 2007, a total of 55 SGA neonatal infants were included in a study group. All were born at Peking Union Medical College Hospital, with regular formal antenatal examinations. In addition, a total of 122 cases of appropriate for gestational age （AGA） infants were born at the same time and were registered into a control group. All cases were singleton pregnancies with detailed information of the maternal age, gravidity, parity, maternal height and weight, complications, uterine height and abdominal circumference, results from transabdominal ultrasonography between 32-38 gestational weeks, pregnancy duration, delivery manner, placenta, umbilical cord, and neonatal complications.Results Significant differences were observed in placenta weight and neonatal malformations between the study and control groups. Multivariate analysis revealed increased parity, maternal hyperthyroidism and hyperthyroidism history as risk factors. Fetal abdominal circumferences less than 30 and 32 cm at 32-38 gestational weeks respectively, as determined by ultrasonography, resulted in a Youden index of 0.62. Conclusions SGA infants were associated with a greater risk of smaller placentas and infant malformations. Increased parity, maternal hyperthyroidism, and a hyperthyroid history were risk factors for SGA infants. Fetal abdominal circumference less than 30 cm at 32 gestational weeks and less than 32 cm at 38 weeks, as determined by ultrasonograohy, was considered an effective index for SGA.

Neonatal hemorrhage stroke and severe coagulopathy in a late preterm infant after receiving umbilical cord milking:A case report

BACKGROUND Umbilical cord milking(UCM)is an alternative placental transfusion method for delayed umbilical cord clamping in routine obstetric practice,allowing prompt resuscitation of an infant.Thus,UCM has been adopted at some tertiary neonatal centers for preterm infants to enhance placental-to-fetal transfusion.It is not suggested for babies less than 28 wk of gestational age because it is associated with severe brain hemorrhage.For late preterm or term infants who do not require resuscitation,cord management is recommended to increase iron levels and prevent the development of iron deficiency anemia,which is associated with impaired motor development,behavioral problems,and cognitive delays.Concerns remain about whether UCM increases the incidence of intraventricular hemorrhage.However,there are very few reports of late preterm infants presenting with neonatal hemorrhage stroke(NHS)and severe coagulopathy after receiving UCM.Here,we report a case of a late preterm infant born at 34 wk of gestation.She abruptly deteriorated,exhibiting signs and symptoms of NHS and severe coagulopathy after receiving UCM on the first day of life.CASE SUMMARY A female preterm infant born at 34 wk of gestation received UCM after birth.She was small for her gestational age and described as vigorous with Apgar scores of 9 and 10 at one minute and five minutes of life,respectively.After hospitalization in the neonatal intensive care unit,she showed hypoglycemia and metabolic acidosis.The baby was administered glucose and sodium bicarbonate infusions.Intramuscular vitamin K1 was also used to prevent vitamin K deficiency.The baby developed umbilical cord bleeding and gastric bleeding on day 1 of life;a physical examination showed bilateral conjunctival hemorrhage,and a blood test showed thrombocytopenia,prolonged prothrombin time,prolonged activated partial thromboplastin time,low fibrinogen,raised D-dimer levels and anemia.A subsequent cranial ultrasound and computed tomography scan showed a left parenchymal brain hemorrhage with extension into the ventricular and subarachnoid spaces.The patient was diagnosed with NHS in addition to disseminated intravascular coagulation(DIC).Fresh frozen plasma(FFP)and prothrombin complex concentrate were given for coagulopathy.Red blood cell and platelet transfusions were provided for thrombocytopenia and anemia.A bolus of midazolam,intravenous calcium and phenobarbital sodium were administered to control seizures.The baby’s clinical condition improved on day 5 of life,and the baby was hospitalized for 46 d and recovered well without seizure recurrence.Our case report suggests that preterm infants who receive UCM should undergo careful clinical assessment for intracranial hemorrhage,NHS and severe coagulopathy that may develop under certain circumstances.Supportive management,such as intensive care,FFP and blood transfusion,is recommended when the development of massive NHS and associated DIC is suspected.CONCLUSION Our case report suggests that for late preterm infants who are small for gestational age and who receive UCM for alternative placental transfusion,neonatal health care professionals should be cautious in assessing the development of NHS and severe coagulopathy.Neonatal health care professionals should also be more cautious in assessing the complications of late preterm infants after they receive UCM.

Use of antenatal corticosteroids among infants with gestational age at 24 to 31 weeks in 57 neonatal intensive care units of China: a cross-sectional study

Background:Antenatal corticosteroids(ACS)can significantly improve the outcomes of preterm infants.This study aimed to describe the ACS use rates among preterm infants admitted to Chinese neonatal intensive care units(NICU)and to explore perinatal factors associated with ACS use,using the largest contemporary cohort of very preterm infants in China.Methods:This cross-sectional study enrolled all infants born at 24^(+0)to 31^(+6)weeks and admitted to 57 NICUs of the Chinese Neonatal Network from January 1st,2019 to December 30th,2019.The ACS administration was defined as at least one dose of dexamethasone and betamethasone given before delivery.Multiple logistic regressions were applied to determine the association between perinatal factors and ACS usage.Results:A total of 7828 infants were enrolled,among which 6103(78.0%)infants received ACS.ACS use rates increased with increasing gestational age(GA),from 177/259(68.3%)at 24 to 25 weeks’gestation to 3120/3960(78.8%)at 30 to 31 weeks’gestation.Among infants exposed to ACS,2999 of 6103(49.1%)infants received a single complete course,and 33.4%(2039/6103)infants received a partial course.ACS use rates varied from 30.2%to 100%among different hospitals.Multivariate regression showed that increasing GA,born in hospital(inborn),increasing maternal age,maternal hypertension and premature rupture of membranes were associated with higher likelihood to receive ACS.Conclusions:The use rate of ACS remained low for infants at 24 to 31 weeks’gestation admitted to Chinese NICUs,with fewer infants receiving a complete course.The use rates varied significantly among different hospitals.Efforts are urgently needed to propose improvement measures and thus improve the usage of ACS.

Peak systolic velocity Doppler of middle cerebral artery in small for gestational age （SGA） fetus

BACKGROUND： Small for gestational age （SGA） has high frequency which increases the risk of long-term adverse outcomes. Thus the aim of this study was to evaluate peak systolic velocity Doppler of middle cerebral artery （MCA） in SGA fetus in order to find appropriate method to diagnosis SGA sooner. MATERIALS and METHODS： This prospective longitudinal study was conducted on 90 pregnant women with a diagnosis of SGA fetus and 90 pregnant women with normal fetus. Then MCA and umbilical artery assessment were performed for all subjects and compared between two groups. RESULTS： Doppler assessment showed that umbilical artery PI was significantly higher in SGA group as compared to normal group （1.114-0.37 vs 0.984-0.18, P = 0.003）, while MCA PI was significantly lower in SGA group （1.77±0.44 vs 1.92±0.47, P = 0.028）. On the other hand, PSV did not differ between the groups （P = 0.592）. Moreover, we found that PSV was more in SGA group by grouping maternal age （〈 27 years） （P = 0.006）, and gestational age （〉 34 weeks） （P 〈 0.001）. CONCLUSION： The results of this study suggest that MCA PI decreased significantly in SGA fetuses, while UA PI increased in this group. Moreover, PSV increased in this group when evaluated in different subgroups （based on maternal age and gestational age）.

Prior Preterm Birth and Birthweight Below the 5 th Percentile are Independent Risk Factors for Recurrence of a Small for Gestational Age Neonate

Objective::This study aimed to determine:(1)whether recurrent deliveries of a small for gestational age(SGA)neonate are associated with increased obstetrical or neonatal complications;(2)whether the risk factors that can predict small for gestational age(SGA)recurrence.Methods::This study was based on Soroka Medical Center's Obstetrics electronic database.The database consisted of 109022 women who had 320932 deliveries between the year 1988-2014.The study cohort included 6.8%(7368/109022)of these patients who gave birth to a singleton SGA neonate on their first delivery and had more than one delivery.The study population was divided into two groups according to the outcome of the subsequent delivery:(1)women with sporadic SGA who delivered a non-SGA neonate(n=5416);(2)women with recurrent SGA(n=1952).SGA defined as birthweight<10 th percentile.Maternal and neonatal complications were compared between the two groups.Logistic regression was used to determine independent risk factors for SGA recurrence.Results::The prevalence of birthweight<5 th percentile was higher among the recurrent SGA group in the first delivery(P<0.001).Bedouin ethnicity was more prevalent in the recurrent SGA group(P<0.001).The rate of preterm delivery was higher in the first delivery of the recurrent SGA group(P=0.015).The sporadic SGA group had a higher rate of perinatal mortality during the first pregnancy(P=0.017).The rate of severe hypertension(P=0.005),polyhydramnios,meconium-stained amniotic fluid,nonreassuring fetal heart rate and total perinatal mortality(P<0.001)were higher in the second delivery of the recurrent SGA group.In a logistic regression model,preterm delivery and birthweight<5 th percentile at the first delivery was found to be independent risk factors for recurrence of an SGA neonate in the subsequent birth(relative risks:1.530,confidence interval:1.249-1.875;relative risks:1.826,confidence interval:1.641-2.030,respectively).Conclusion::Women with recurrent SGA neonates have specific clinical characteristics.Among women who deliver an SGA neonate,preterm delivery,and birthweight<5 th percentile are independent predictors for its recurrence.

Morden Management of Inflammatory Bowel Disease in Pregnancy: A Practical Review for Obstetricians

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic, sometimes debilitating condition that affects mainly the young population. The effect of IBD on pregnancy is therefore an important clinical issue. Many Obstetricians are likely to come across the occasional patient with this chronic condition. The following article discusses the salient factors which need to be considered in pregnant women with IBD and serves as a quick, practical but nevertheless comprehensive guide for the practicing Obstetrician.

适于胎龄与小于胎龄的极低出生体重儿身长增长对PICC尖端移位的影响及比较

目的探讨极低出生体重儿(very low birth weight,VLBW)中适于胎龄儿(appropriate for gestational age,AGA)和小于胎龄儿(small for gestational age,SGA)身长增长对经外周中心静脉置管(peripherally inserted central catheter,PICC)尖端移位的影响,并横向比较影响程度,帮助医护人员更好地把握导管尖端位置监测的时机。方法回顾性分析2021年1月—2022年6月在医院NICU住院并使用PICC的VLBW,按出生体质量和胎龄关系分为AGA组45例和SGA组19例,记录首次置管当日身长(Ht_(1))以及PICC尖端位置、置管期间胸片检查当日身长(Ht_(n))以及PICC尖端位置,并计算相应的身长增长率。身长增长率与PICC尖端移位的相关性用Spearman秩相关分析。将AGA和SGA的身长增长率分别与PICC尖端移位进行简单线性回归分析,构建回归模型,用协方差分析比较两组回归直线。结果VLBW中AGA组97.8%患儿出现移位,SGA组所有的患儿都出现移位,占比最多的均为移位3个椎体。Spearman秩相关分析结果显示,两组患儿身长增长率与PICC尖端移位均具有相关性(AGA组rs=-0.719,P<0.001;SGA组rs=-0.769,P<0.001),随着VLBW身长增长,PICC尖端逐渐移位远离心脏。简单线性回归分析结果显示,AGA组回归模型(R^(2)=0.517,调整后R^(2)=0.513,F=129.487,P<0.001),SGA组回归模型(R^(2)=0.591,调整后R^(2)=0.585,F=95.385,P<0.001)。协方差分析结果显示,由于回归系数检验没有统计学意义,两条直线平行,说明身长增长率对两组患儿位移的影响一致。截距比较有统计学意义(F=9.265,P=0.003),说明两组患儿位移的起点不同(即增长率为零时的位移位置),说明位移与是否为AGA、SGA有关。结论随着VLBW中AGA和SGA身长增长,PICC尖端逐渐移位远离心脏,但相同的身长增长率,SGA引起的导管尖端移位幅度更大。建议AGA身长增长率12.4%、SGA身长增长率9.5%可作为监测导管尖端位置的重要时机,以免导管尖端进一步移位至非中心静脉,导致相关并发症发生。

早产小于胎龄儿校正0~24月龄追赶生长的纵向研究

目的了解早产小于胎龄儿(small for gestational age,SGA)和适于胎龄儿(appropriate for gestational age,AGA)校正0~24月龄期间生长发育状况和差异,为早产儿早期健康干预提供依据。方法回顾性选取2019年7月—2022年7月在广州市妇女儿童医疗中心定期保健的824例早产儿作为研究对象,其中SGA 144例,AGA 680例。分析和比较SGA组和AGA组出生及校正0~24月龄的体格发育数据。结果SGA组在校正0~18月龄期间的体重和身长均落后于同月龄AGA组(P<0.05),而校正24月龄时,两组的体重和身长比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。校正24月龄时,85%(34/40)SGA早产儿和79%(74/94)AGA早产儿完成追赶生长。按胎龄分层分析的结果显示:胎龄<34周SGA亚组体重、身长在校正0~9月龄与胎龄<34周和≥34周AGA亚组比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);胎龄≥34周SGA亚组体重、身长分别在校正0~18月龄和校正0~12月龄与胎龄<34周和≥34周AGA亚组比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。胎龄<34周和≥34周SGA早产儿追赶生长分别主要发生在校正0~12月龄、校正0~18月龄。结论SGA早产儿生命早期体格发育落后于AGA早产儿,但在校正24月龄时实现追赶生长的比例高于AGA早产儿。胎龄<34周SGA早产儿实现追赶生长的时间早于胎龄≥34周SGA早产儿。

小于胎龄儿生后血清Klotho和成纤维细胞生长因子23水平变化及其与生长发育的关系

目的:探讨小于胎龄儿(SGA)生后血清Klotho和成纤维细胞生长因子23(FGF23)水平变化,并阐明其与生长发育的关系。方法:选取35例SGA和53例适于胎龄儿(AGA)作为研究对象,分为SGA组(n=35)和AGA组(n=53),其中早产儿组51例,早产SGA组20例,早产AGA组31例;足月儿组37例,足月SGA组15例,足月AGA组22例。收集各组新生儿的临床资料,分别检测新生儿生后第7和14天血清Klotho和FGF23水平及临床生化指标,分析新生儿生后第7和14天血清Klotho及FGF23水平与新生儿体质量、身长、头围、胸围和考普氏(Kapu)指数等各项生长发育指标及钙磷代谢的相关性。结果:与AGA组比较,SGA组新生儿出生体质量、身长、头围、胸围和Kapu指数均明显降低(P<0.05)。生后第7和14天,与早产儿组比较,足月儿组新生儿血清Klotho和FGF23水平均明显升高(P<0.01);与生后第7天比较,生后第14天早产儿组和足月儿组新生儿血清Klotho水平均明显升高(P<0.01),FGF23水平均明显降低(P<0.01)。与AGA组比较,SGA组新生儿生后第7和14天血清Klotho和FGF23水平明显降低(P<0.05或P<0.01);与生后第7天比较,生后第14天AGA组和SGA组新生儿血清Klotho水平明显升高(P<0.01),FGF23水平明显降低(P<0.05或P<0.01)。与早产AGA组比较,早产SGA组新生儿生后第7和14天血清Klotho和FGF23水平均明显降低(P<0.05或P<0.01)。与足月AGA组比较,足月SGA组新生儿生后第7和14天血清Klotho和FGF23水平均明显降低(P<0.05或P<0.01)。SGA组新生儿生后第7天血清Klotho和FGF23水平与胎龄、体质量、身长、头围、胸围和Kapu指数等生长发育指标均呈正相关关系(P<0.05或P<0.01),血清Klotho水平与FGF23水平呈正相关关系(P<0.05)。钙磷代谢方面,SGA组新生儿生后第7天血清Klotho水平与血清磷水平呈正相关关系(P<0.01);FGF23水平与血清钙和磷水平均呈正相关关系(P<0.05或P<0.01)。结论:Klotho和FGF23蛋白与新生儿生长发育及磷酸盐代谢有密切关联。SGA新生儿生后血清Klotho和FGF23水平较低,但随着各器官发育逐渐完善,Klotho分泌增加,而FGF23水平降低可能是机体的代偿性反应。

新鲜周期体外受精-胚胎移植后子代单胎活产儿中小于胎龄儿的发生率及危险因素分析

目的探究女性接受新鲜周期体外受精/卵母细胞内单精子注射(IVF/ICSI)-胚胎移植(ET)助孕后子代单胎活产儿中不同程度小于胎龄儿(SGA)的发生率及危险因素。方法回顾性收集2014年4月-2020年12月于四川大学华西第二医院接受新鲜周期IVF/ICSI-ET助孕并分娩单胎活产儿的2262例患者的临床资料,根据子代出生体重在同性别、同胎龄新生儿中的百分位数将患者分为正常组(第10~第90百分位)、轻中度SGA组(第3~第10百分位)和重度SGA组(小于第3百分位)。比较不同程度SGA组与正常组患者病史及IVF/ICSI-ET相关临床资料的差异,采用多因素logistic回归筛选不同程度SGA的危险因素。结果女性接受新鲜周期IVF/ICSI-ET助孕后分娩的单胎活产儿中SGA的发生率为9.9%,其中轻中度SGA的发生率为5.0%、重度SGA的发生率为4.9%。BMI<18.5 kg/m^(2)、有自然流产史为子代发生轻中度SGA的危险因素(校正OR=4.54和1.91,95%CI=1.78~11.55和1.18~3.10);有自然流产史、早产为子代发生重度SGA的危险因素(校正OR=2.80和2.22,95%CI=1.78~4.42和1.23~3.98)。有活产史为子代发生轻中度及重度SGA的保护因素。结论接受新鲜周期IVF/ICSI-ET助孕的患者中,BMI<18.5 kg/m^(2)、有自然流产史、早产者子代发生SGA的风险增加,临床工作中应予以关注。

基于Web of Science小于胎龄儿相关研究的可视化分析

目的分析近年来全球小于胎龄儿(small for gestational age infant,SGA)的研究现状、热点及前沿,梳理该领域发展脉络并预测未来发展趋势,为SGA研究及临床指导提供参考。方法基于Web of Science(WOS)核心合集数据库,选择科学引文索引扩展(Science Citation Index Expanded,SCI-EXPANDED)及社会科学引文索引(Social Sciences Citation Index,SSCI),检索式为:(TS=(“small for gestational age children”or“small for gestational age infant”or“small for gestational age”)AND LA=(English)AND DT=(Article OR Review Article)),时间跨度为2012年1月1日至2022年8月16日。运用CiteSpace,v.6.1.R3.64-bit绘制国家、机构、作者及关键词共现图,关键词聚类图及突现图,探究全球SGA研究领域主题演化及热点。结果共纳入6524篇文献,近年来,全球SGA研究文献年度发文量呈波动性上升趋势;综合中介中心性(0.15)和发文量(1859篇)分析,美国在该研究领域占主导优势;高产机构为卡罗林斯学院(Karolinska Institute,瑞典),以226篇文献稳居榜首;高产作者为NICOLAIDES K团队,主要研究方向为探索SGA的危险因素、SGA的早期有效筛查方法及如何降低SGA的患病率。关键词突现图发现,近3年的研究热点主要集中于流行病学研究和基因表达对妊娠结局影响的研究。结论进一步开展临床多中心的SGA分子流行病学和基础研究,揭示SGA患病危险因素,以提高SGA三级预防及治疗效果,仍是产科和儿科医务人员共同努力的研究方向。

小于胎龄早产儿胆汁淤积症的临床特征及危险因素

目的探讨小于胎龄(small for gestational age infant,SGA)早产儿胆汁淤积症临床特征及其发生的高危因素。方法选取胎龄<37周且在出生24 h内收住苏州大学附属儿童医院新生儿科的SGA早产儿为研究对象,将其分为胆汁淤积症和非胆汁淤积症两组,收集并回顾性分析2017年7月—2022年6月的临床数据。结果纳入的553例SGA早产儿中,100例(18.1%)发生胆汁淤积症。不同胎龄和出生体重组别的发生率分别为:超早产儿50.0%,极早产儿46.6%,中期早产儿32.7%,晚期早产儿9.8%;出生体重(birth weight,BW)<1000 g 60.9%,1000 g≤BW<1500 g 33.9%,1500 g≤BW<2500 g 10.7%。多因素回归分析显示,低出生体重、颅内出血、有创通气时间、第2周氨基酸累积量、第1周脂肪乳累积量、第2周脂肪乳累积量是SGA早产儿发生胆汁淤积症的独立危险因素(P<0.05)。结论SGA早产儿胆汁淤积症的发生率随胎龄和出生体重的降低而升高;SGA早产儿胆汁淤积症的发生受低出生体重、颅内出血、有创通气及氨基酸、脂肪乳累积量等多种危险因素综合影响,需采取综合治疗措施减少其发生。

妊娠期糖尿病患者妊娠早期TyG指数与分娩小于胎龄儿的相关性

目的探讨妊娠期糖尿病(gestational diabetes mellitus,GDM)患者妊娠早期甘油三酯葡萄糖指数(the triglyceride-gluscose index,TyG指数)与分娩小于胎龄儿(small for gestational age infant,SGA)之间的关系。方法选取2018年1月至2023年6月复旦大学附属上海市第五人民医院和新疆喀什地区第二人民医院产科孕早期建档并符合纳入标准的孕妇1532例为研究对象,根据孕妇24~28周行口服葡萄糖耐量试验(oral glucose tolerance test,OGTT)结果,将其分为GDM组(754例)及非GDM组(778例)。GDM组患者根据新生儿体重,将其分为SGA组、大于胎龄儿(large for gestational age infant,LGA)组和适于胎龄儿(appropriate for gestational age infant,AGA)组。分析GDM患者分娩SGA的独立影响因素,采用Logistic回归模型分析TyG指数与发生SGA的相关性。绘制ROC曲线以分析妊娠早期TyG指数对GDM患者分娩SGA的预测价值。结果GDM患者SGA组TyG指数显著低于LGA组、AGA组及非GDM组(P<0.05);多因素Logistic回归分析结果显示,TyG指数与GDM患者分娩SGA的发生独立相关(P<0.05);ROC曲线结果显示,妊娠早期TyG指数对GDM患者分娩SGA具有较好的预测价值(AUC=0.821,95%CI:0.763~0.879,P<0.001)。结论GDM患者妊娠早期TyG指数与分娩SGA之间存在独立相关,对于GDM患者分娩SGA具有较好的预测价值。

超声血流参数联合胎盘生长因子预测分娩小于胎龄儿价值

目的:探讨超声血流参数联合胎盘生长因子(PLGF)对分娩小于胎龄儿的预测价值。方法:回顾性分析分娩小于胎龄儿孕妇120例临床资料(观察组),并选取同期分娩正常胎儿孕妇120名作为对照组,比较2组超声参数和PLGF水平,并分析超声参数联合PLGF对小于胎龄儿的预测价值。结果:观察组脐动脉血流搏动指数(PI)、阻力指数(RI)、收缩期与舒张期流速比(S/D)和静脉导管(DV)血流量均明显高于对照组(P<0.01),脐静脉(UV)血流量、血清PLGF水平均明显低于对照组(P<0.01)。ROC曲线分析显示,PI、RI、S/D、DV血流量、UV血流量、PLGF和上述指标联合检测预测分娩小于胎龄儿AUC分别为0.735、0.743、0.785、0.739、0.713、0.752、0.987。结论:分娩小于胎龄儿孕妇脐动脉PI、RI、S/D、DV血流量、UV血流量发生明显变化,且血清PLGF降低,超声血流参数联合血清PLGF可提高对分娩小于胎龄儿预测价值。

Vγ9Vδ2-T lymphocytes have impaired antiviral function in small-for-gestational-age and preterm neonates

Preterm and small-for-gestational-age （SGA） neonates are vulnerable groups that are susceptible to various microbial infections. Vγ9Vδ2-T cells are critical components of the host immune system and have been demonstrated to play an important role in the defense against viral infection in adults. However, the characteristics of Vγ9Vδ2-T cells in children, especially the preterm and SGA populations, are poorly understood. Here, we examined the frequency and antiviral function of Vγ9Vδ2-T cells in neonates, including preterm, SGA and full-term babies. When compared to adults, neonates had a significantly lower percentage of Vγ9Vδ2-T cells in the blood. Upon influenza virus stimulation, neonatalVγ9Vδ2-T cells, especially from preterm and SGA babies, showed markedly decreased and delayed antiviral cytokine responses than those of adults. In addition, the antiviral responses of neonatal Vγ9Vδ2-T cells were positively correlated with gestational age and birth weight. Finally, a weaker expansion ofVγ9Vδ2-T cells by isopentenyl pyrophosphate （IPP） was shown in neonates than the expansion in adults. Our data suggest that the depressed antiviral activity and decreased frequency of Vγ9Vδ2-T cells may likely account for the high susceptibility to microbial infection in neonates, particularly in preterm and SGA babies. Improving Vγ9Vδ2-T -cell function of neonates may provide a new way to defend against virus infection.

Men becoming fathers by injection were more often age intracytoplasmic sperm born small for gestational

Being born with nonoptimal birth characteristics decreases the chance of becoming a father. Urogenital malformations as well as metabolic syndrome are more common in men born small for gestational age （SGA） and could be contributing factors to the reduced fertility rate seen in these men. It could imply that men becoming fathers by assisted reproductive technology （ART） more often are born with low birth weight （LBW）, preterm, and/or SGA than men conceiving without treatment and also that men where intracytoplasmic sperm injection （ICSI） had to be performed more often are born with nonoptimal birth characteristics than men where conventional in vitro fertilization （IVF） successfully could be used. In this retrospective, case-control study using Swedish national registers, we compared the birth characteristics of 1206 men who have become fathers by ART with a control group consisting of age-matched men who became fathers without treatment. The differences in birth characteristics between men becoming fathers by IVF and ICSI were also assessed. For men becoming fathers by ART, OR of being born with LBW was 1.66 （95% CI = 1.17-2.36） compared with fathers who conceived without treatment. OR of being born prematurely was 1.32 （95% CI = 1.00-1.77）. Men becoming fathers via ICSI had a doubled increased likelihood of being born SGA compared with men who became fathers via IVF （OR = 2.12; 95% CI = 1.17-3.83）. In conclusion, we have found that men becoming fathers by ICSI treatments had more often been born SGA than men becoming fathers by conventional IVF.

Multiple Sclerosis in Pregnancy—A Practical Guide for the Obstetrician

Technological advances, a deeper understanding of disease processes and increased sophistication of therapeutic methods have all led to better outcomes in rare diseases which previously had devastating effects on many women’s lives. The inevitable result of this progress is that women, who in the past did not contemplate pregnancy because of significant morbidity, now get to adulthood and are reasonably “disease free” enough to have their own families. The ever expanding, but relatively new specialty of Obstetric medicine seeks to further improve the outcome in pregnant women with intercurrent disease by enhancing the literature base, thereby contributing to the creation of appropriate guidance in the management of these patients. This article is a brief but useful guide for the busy obstetrician who may have limited experience in dealing with multiple sclerosis in pregnant women.

胎龄小于26周超早产儿单中心救治情况分析

目的探讨胎龄<26周超早产儿(extremely preterm infant,EPI)的救治及转归情况。方法2018年1月至2022年11月,在解放军总医院儿科医学部新生儿重症监护病房(neonatal intensive care unit,NICU)的收治患儿中,纳入胎龄<26周的EPI为研究对象。采用回顾性分析的方法,通过住院登记记录,查阅电子病历,收集研究对象住院期间的病历资料,记录患儿胎龄、出生医院、脑室周围脑室内出血(periventricular-intraventricular hemorrhage,PIVH)及转归等情况。统计各年度胎龄<26周EPI救治例数及其所占该年度EPI的比例,分析本院分娩的胎龄<26周的EPI情况、重度PIVH发生率及治愈好转率。结果2018年1月至2022年11月,解放军总医院儿科医学部收治的胎龄<26周EPI占EPI的比例分别为19.9%(38/191)、20.0%(36/180)、15.6%(14/90)、25.5%(26/102)、27.1%(29/107);除2020年,其余年份胎龄<26周EPI占EPI总数的比例呈逐年增高趋势。本院产科分娩的胎龄<26周EPI占胎龄<26周EPI的比例也呈增高趋势,各年度分别为0.0%(0/38)、5.6%(2/36)、14.3%(2/14)、15.4%(4/26)、41.4%(12/29);2021、2022年度,宫内转运EPI分别为4例、12例。各年度胎龄<26周EPI发生重度PIVH者占该年度胎龄<26周EPI的比例分别为29.0%(11/38)、36.1%(13/36)、28.6%(4/14)、34.6%(9/26)、27.6%(8/29)。各年度胎龄<26周EPI的治愈好转率分别为76.3%(29/38)、55.6%(20/36)、71.4%(10/14)、57.7%(15/26)、65.5%(19/29);相较于其他年度,2022年度虽收治23周EPI明显增多,但总体放弃治疗及死亡数明显减少,治愈好转率增高。结论2018年1月至2022年11月,解放军总医院儿科医学部收治的胎龄<26周EPI占EPI总数的比例呈逐年增高趋势,但重度PIVH发生率并未随之升高;与前几年比较,2022年对胎龄23周EPI的救治更加积极,治愈好转率增高。

早产小于胎龄儿(SGA)出生后追赶生长特点以及相关影响因素

目的探讨早产小于胎龄儿(SGA)出生后追赶生长特点以及相关影响因素。方法回顾性选取2017年2月至2020年2月本院小于胎龄儿100例,分析100例早产小于胎龄儿不同阶段体格生长情况,单因素分析胎龄(40±3)周、矫正月龄(3.0±1.5)个月、矫正月龄(6.0±1.5)个月小于胎龄儿追赶生长的相关影响因素,并多因素分析矫正月龄(3.0±1.5)个月、矫正月龄(6.0±1.5)个月小于胎龄儿追赶生长的相关影响因素。结果100例小于胎龄儿胎龄(40±3)周、矫正月龄(3.0±1.5)个月、矫正月龄(6.0±1.5)个月的头围、身长、体质量均逐渐升高(P<0.05);胎龄(40±3)周、矫正月龄(3.0±1.5)个月、矫正月龄(6.0±1.5)个月的HCZ、HAZ、WAZ均逐渐升高(P<0.05)。矫正月龄(3.0±1.5)个月、矫正月龄(6.0±1.5)月小于胎龄儿有追赶生长组的开始胃肠喂养时间早于无生长追赶组(P<0.05),早期喂养不耐受率低于无生长追赶组(P<0.05),出院后喂养方式母乳喂养比率高于无生长追赶组,人工喂养比率低于无生长追赶组(P<0.05)。多因素分析显示,矫正月龄(3.0±1.5)个月小于胎龄儿追赶生长的相关影响因素包括开始胃肠喂养时间(P<0.05);矫正月龄(6.0±1.5)个月小于胎龄儿追赶生长的相关影响因素包括出院后喂养方式(P<0.05)。结论小于胎龄儿(SGA)出生后有追赶生长存在,矫正月龄(3.0±1.5)个月小于胎龄儿追赶生长的相关影响因素为开始胃肠喂养时间,矫正月龄(6.0±1.5)个月小于胎龄儿追赶生长的相关影响因素为出院后喂养方式。