Up-regulation of intestinal nuclear factor kappa B and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 following traumatic brain injury in rats

AIM: Nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) regulates a large number of genes involved in the inflammatory response to critical illnesses, but it is not known if and how NF-KB is activated and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) expressed in the gut following traumatic brain injury (TBI). The aim of current study was to investigate the temporal pattern of intestinal NF-κB activation and ICAM-1 expression following TBI. METHODS: Male Wistar rats were randomly divided into six groups (6 rats in each group) including controls with sham operation and TBI groups at hours 3, 12, 24, and 72, and on d 7. Parietal brain contusion was adopted using weight-dropping method. All rats were decapitated at corresponding time point and mid-jejunum samples were taken. NF-KB binding activity in jejunal tissue was measured using EMSA. Immunohistochemistry was used for detection of ICAM-1 expression in jejunal samples. RESULTS: There was a very low NF-κB binding activity and little ICAM-1 expression in the gut of control rats after sham surgery. NF-KB binding activity in jejunum significantly increased by 160% at 3 h following TBI (P<0.05 vs control), peaked at 72 h (500% increase) and remained elevated on d 7 post-injury by 390% increase. Compared to controls, ICAM-1 was significantly up-regulated on the endothelia of microvessels in villous interstitium and lamina propria by 24 h following TBI and maximally expressed at 72 h post-injury (P<0.001). The endothelial ICAM-1 immunoreactivity in jejunal mucosa still remained strong on d 7 post-injury. The peak of NF-κB activation and endothelial ICAM-1 expression coincided in time with the period during which secondary mucosal injury of the gut was also at their culmination following TBI. CONCLUSION: TBI could induce an immediate and persistent up-regulation of NF-κB activity and subsequent up-regulation of ICAM-1 expression in the intestine. Inflammatory response mediated by increased NF-κB activation and ICAM-1 expression may play an important role in the pathogenesis of acute gut mucosal injury following TBI.

Atsttrin reduces lipopolysaccharide-induced neuroinflammation by inhibiting the nuclear factor kappa B signaling pathway

Progranulin is closely related to neuronal survival in a neuroinflammatory mouse model and attenuates inflammatory reactions. Atsttrin is an engineered protein composed of three progranulin fragments and has been shown to have an effect similar to that of progranulin. Atsttrin has anti-inflammatory actions in multiple arthritis mouse models, and it protects against further arthritis development. However, whether Atsttrin has a role in neuroinflammation remains to be elucidated. In this study, we produced a neuroinflammatory mouse model by intracerebroventricular injection of 1 μL lipopolysaccharide(10 μg/μL). Atsttrin(2.5 mg/kg) was administered via intraperitoneal injection every 3 days over a period of 7 days before intracerebroventricular injection of 1 μL lipopolysaccharide(10 μg/μL). In addition, astrocyte cultures were treated with 0, 100 or 300 ng/mL lipopolysaccharide, with 200 ng/mL Atsttrin simultaneously. Immunohistochemistry, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction were performed to examine the protein and mRNA levels of inflammatory mediators and to assess activation of the nuclear factor kappa B signaling pathway. Progranulin expression in the brain of wild-type mice and in astrocyte cultures was increased after lipopolysaccharide administration. The protein and mRNA expression levels of tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-1β and inducible nitric oxide synthase were increased in the brain of progranulin knockout mice after lipopolysaccharide administration. Atsttrin treatment reduced the lipopolysaccharide-induced increase in the protein and mRNA levels of tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-1β, matrix metalloproteinase-3 and inducible nitric oxide synthase in the brain of progranulin knockout mice. Atsttrin also reduced the expression of cyclooxygenase-2, inducible nitric oxide synthase and matrix metalloproteinase 3 mRNA in lipopolysaccharide-treated astrocytes in vitro, and decreased the concentration of tumor necrosis factor α and interleukin-1β in the supernatant. Furthermore, Atsttrin significantly reduced the levels of phospho-nuclear factor kappa B inhibitor α in the brain of lipopolysaccharide-treated progranulin knockout mice and astrocytes, and it decreased the expression of nuclear factor kappa B2 in astrocytes. Collectively, our findings show that the anti-neuroinflammatory effect of Atsttrin involves inhibiton of the nuclear factor kappa B signaling pathway, and they suggest that Atsttrin may have clinical potential in neuroinflammatory therapy.

Crocus sativus L.produces anti-inflammatory effects and regulates the NLRP3–NF-κB pathway

Objective:This study aimed to evaluate the anti-inflammatory effects of petal and stamen extracts of saffron crocus(Crocus sativus)and explore the underlying mechanism.Methods:Local and systemic inflammation models were used to investigate the anti-inflammatory effects of C.sativus.A xyleneinduced inflammation model or lipopolysaccharide(LPS)-induced inflammation model was used in this study.C.sativus petal and stamen extracts were each administered to the mice in the xylene and LPS models by gavage for 14 d at 0.1 and 0.4 g/kg doses,respectively.Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA)was used to measure the concentrations of tumor necrosis factor(TNF)-αand interleukin(IL)-1βin mouse serum.Hematoxylin and eosin(H&E)staining was used to observe the pathological changes in the ear in the xylene-induced inflammation model and in the spleen in the LPS-induced inflammation model.NOD-like receptor thermal protein domain associated protein 3(NLRP3)protein levels within the nuclear factor-kappa B(NF-κB)pathway were assessed using western blotting.RAW264.7 cells were treated with LPS(5μg/mL)and LPS+C.sativus(0.05,0.1,and 0.2 mg/mL)for 24 h,and a Cell Counting Kit-8 was used to measure cell proliferation.Changes in NLRP3 and NF-κB levels were evaluated by western blotting.Results:Petal and stamen extracts of C.sativus attenuated the anti-inflammatory effects in local or systemic inflammatory models and repaired pathological changes in the ear in the xylene-induced inflammation model and spleen in the LPS-induced inflammation model.These extracts also decreased the concentrations of TNF-αand IL-1βin the mouse serum in the LPS-induced inflammation model.C.sativus downregulated NLRP3 protein level through the NF-κB pathway and downregulated LC-3 and BECLIN1 in vivo and in vitro.Carbonyl Cyanide3-ChloroPhenylhydrazone(CCCP)weakened the effects of C.sativus on the NLRP3–NF-κB pathway.Conclusion:C.sativus has anti-inflammatory effects and regulates the NLRP3-NF-κB pathway.

Effects of Five Chitosan Oligosaccharides on Nuclear Factor-kappa B Signaling Pathway

The effects of five chito-oligomers, from dimer to hexamer （chitobiose, chitotriose, chitotetraose, chitopentaose, chitohexaose） separated from chitosan oligosaccharides, on nuclear factor -kappaB （NF-rd3） signaling pathway were investigated by using luciferase assay and laser scanning microscopy. The expression of NF-rd3 downstream genes （cyclin DI, TNFa and IL-6） were tested by real time PCR. We found that all five chitosan oligosaccharides increased NF-KB-dependent luciferase gene expression and NF-KB downstream genes transcription, and the most significant were chitotetraose and chitohexaose. In addition, laser scanning microscopy experiments showed that chitotetraose and chitohexaose also activated the p65 subunite of NF-kB translocating from cytoplasm to nucleus, which suggested that they were the most potent activators of NF-kB signaling pathway.

Mesalazine alleviated the symptoms of spontaneous colitis in interleukin-10 knockout mice by regulating the STAT3/NF-κB signaling pathway

BACKGROUND Excessive endoplasmic reticulum(ER)stress in intestinal epithelial cells can lead to damage to the intestinal mucosal barrier,activate the signal transducer and activator of transcription 3(STAT3)/nuclear factor kappa B(NF-κB)signaling pathway,and exacerbate the inflammatory response,thus participating in the pathogenesis of ulcerative colitis(UC).Mesalazine is a commonly used drug in the clinical treatment of UC.However,further studies are needed to determine whether mesalazine regulates the ER stress of intestinal epithelial cells,downregulates the STAT3/NF-κB pathway to play a role in the treatment of UC.AIM To study the therapeutic effects of mesalazine on spontaneous colitis in interleukin-10(IL-10)-/-mice.METHODS The 24-week-old IL-10-/-mice with spontaneous colitis were divided into the model group and the 5-amino salicylic acid group.Littermates of wild-type mice of the same age group served as the control.There were eight mice in each group,four males and four females.The severity of symptoms of spontaneous colitis in IL-10-/-mice was assessed using disease activity index scores.On day 15,the mice were sacrificed.The colon length was measured,and the histopathological changes and ultrastructure of colonic epithelial cells were detected.The protein expressions of STAT3,p-STAT3,NF-κB,IκB,p-IκB,and glucoseregulated protein 78 were identified using Western blotting.The STAT3 and NF-κB mRNA expressions were identified using real-time polymerase chain reaction.The glucose-regulated protein 78 and C/EBP homologous protein expressions in colon sections were detected using immunofluorescence.RESULTS Mesalazine reduced the symptoms of spontaneous colitis in IL-10 knockout mice and the histopathological damage of colonic tissues,and alleviated the ER stress in epithelial cells of colitis mice.Western blotting and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction results showed that the STAT3/NF-κB pathway in the colon tissue of model mice was activated,suggesting that this pathway was involved in the pathogenesis of UC and might become a potential therapeutic target.Mesalazine could down-regulate the protein expressions of p-STAT3,NF-κB and p-IκB,and down-regulate the mRNA expression of STAT3 and NF-κB.CONCLUSION Mesalazine may play a protective role in UC by reducing ER stress by regulating the STAT3/NF-κB signaling pathway.

吴茱萸碱通过调节核因子E2相关因子2/血红素加氧酶-1/核因子-κB信号通路对白细胞介素1β诱导的软骨细胞炎性损伤的影响

目的观察吴茱萸碱(Evo)对白细胞介素1β(IL-1β)诱导的软骨细胞炎性损伤的影响及对核因子E2相关因子2(Nrf2)/血红素加氧酶-1(HO-1)/核因子κB(NF-κB)信号通路的调节作用。方法将人软骨细胞HCCs分为对照组、模型组、Evo低剂量组、Evo高剂量组、Evo高+ML385组,对照组用DMEM培养基培养,其他组用加入50 ng/mL的IL-1β培养基培养,同时Evo低、高剂量组再加浓度分别为10、30μmol/L的Evo处理,Evo高+ML385组先用2μmol/L的Nrf2抑制剂ML385处理30 min,再用30μmol/L的Evo处理。CCK-8检测细胞增殖活力;流式细胞术检测HCCs细胞凋亡;酶联免疫吸附法检测HCCs细胞上清液中IL-6、IL-18、肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF-α)、丙二醛(MDA)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)水平;实时荧光定量聚合酶链式反应(qRT-PCR)法检测HCCs细胞中炎症介质环氧合酶2(COX-2)、诱导型一氧化氮合酶(iNOS)mRNA水平;Western blot法检测HCCs中Nrf2/HO-1/NF-κB通路相关蛋白表达。结果与对照组相比,模型组凋亡率、IL-6、IL-18、TNF-α、MDA水平,COX-2、iNOS mRNA表达水平,以及磷酸化NF-κB抑制蛋白α(p-IκB-α)、细胞质Nrf2、细胞核p65 NF-κB蛋白水平均升高(P<0.05),细胞存活率、SOD活性及HO-1、IκB-α、细胞核Nrf2、细胞质p65 NF-κB蛋白水平均降低(P<0.05)。与模型组相比,Evo低、高剂量组细胞凋亡率、IL-6、IL-18、TNF-α、MDA水平,COX-2、iNOS mRNA表达水平,p-IκB-α、细胞质Nrf2、细胞核p65 NF-κB蛋白水平均降低(P<0.05),细胞存活率、SOD活性及HO-1、IκB-α、细胞核Nrf2、细胞质p65 NF-κB蛋白水平均升高(P<0.05),且Evo高剂量组以上指标与Evo低剂量组组间比较差异也均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。与Evo高剂量组相比,Evo高+ML385组中Nrf2的抑制剂ML385消除了Evo高剂量对上述指标的影响。结论Evo可能通过激活Nrf2和HO-1的表达,抑制下游转录因子NF-κB的表达,改善IL-1β诱导的软骨细胞炎性损伤。

Puerarin protects brain tissue against cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury by inhibiting the inflammatory response

Puerarin, a traditional Chinese medicine, exerts a powerful neuroprotective effect in cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury, but its mechanism is unknown. Here, we established rat models of middle cerebral artery ischemia/reperfusion injury using the suture method. Puerarin （100 mg/kg） was administered intraperitoneally 30 minutes before middle cerebral artery occlusion and 8 hours after reperfusion. Twenty-four hours after reperfusion, we found that puerarin significantly improved neurological deficit, reduced infarct size and brain water content, and notably diminished the expression of Toll-like receptor-4, myeloid differentiation factor 88, nuclear factor kappa B and tumor necrosis factor-α in the ischemic region. These data indicate that puerarin exerts an anti-inflammatory protective effect on brain tissue with ischemia/reperfusion damage by downregulating the expression of multiple inflammatory factors.

Microglial cathepsin B as a key driver of inflammatory brain diseases and brain aging

Interleukin-1βis a potent proinflammatory cytokine that plays a key role in the pathogenesis of the brain aging and diverse range of neurological diseases including Alzheimer’s disease,Parkinson’s disease,stroke and persistent pain.Activated microglia are the main cellular source of interleukin-1βin the brain.Cathepsin B is associated with the production and secretion of interleukin-1βthrough pyrin domain-containing protein 3 inflammasome-independent processing of procaspase-3 in the phagolysosomes.The leakage of cathepsin B from the endosomal-lysosomal system during aging is associated with the proteolytic degradation of mitochondrial transcription factor A,which can stabilize mitochondrial DNA.Therefore,microglial cathepsin B could function as a major driver for inflammatory brain diseases and brain aging.Orally active and blood-brain barrier-permeable specific inhibitors for cathepsin B can be potentially effective new pharmaceutical interventions against inflammatory brain diseases and brain aging.

Anti-inflammatory properties of lipoxin A4 protect against diabetes mellitus complicated by focal cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury

Lipoxin A4 can alleviate cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury by reducing the inflammatory reaction,but it is currently unclear whether it has a protective effect on diabetes mellitus complicated by focal cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury.In this study,we established rat models of diabetes mellitus using an intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin.We then induced focal cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury by occlusion of the middle cerebral artery for 2 hours and reperfusion for 24 hours.After administration of lipoxin A4 via the lateral ventricle,infarction volume was reduced,the expression levels of pro-inflammatory factors tumor necrosis factor alpha and nuclear factor-kappa B in the cerebral cortex were decreased,and neurological functioning was improved.These findings suggest that lipoxin A4 has strong neuroprotective effects in diabetes mellitus complicated by focal cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury and that the underlying mechanism is related to the anti-inflammatory action of lipoxin A4.

Puerarin partly counteracts the inflammatory response after cerebral ischemia/reperfusion via activating the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway

Puerarin, a major isoflavonoid derived from the Chinese medical herb radix puerariae （Gegen）, has been reported to inhibit neuronal apoptosis and play an anti-inflammatory role in focal cerebral ischemia model rats. Recent findings regarding stroke pathophysiology have recognized that anti-inflammation is an important target for the treatment of ischemic stroke. The cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway is a highly robust neural-immune mechanism for inflammation control. This study was to investigate whether activating the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway can be involved in the mechanism of inhibiting the inflammatory response during puerarin-induced cerebral ischemia/reperfusion in rats. Results showed that puerarin pretreatment （intravenous injection） re- duced the ischemic infarct volume, improved neurological deficit after cerebral ischemia/reperfusion and decreased the levels of interleukin-1β, interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-a in brain tissue. Pretreatment with puerarin （intravenous injection） attenuated the inflammatory response in rats, which was accompanied by janus-activated kinase 2 （JAK2） and signal transducers and activators of transcription 3 （STAT3） activation and nuclear factor kappa B （NF-KB） inhibition. These observa- tions were inhibited by the alpha7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor （a7nAchR） antagonist a-bungarotoxin （a-BGT）. In addition, puerarin pretreatment increased the expression of a7nAchR mRNA in ischemic cerebral tissue. These data demonstrate that puerarin pretreatment strongly protects the brain against cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury and inhibits the inflammatory re- sponse. Our results also indicated that the anti-inflammatory effect of puerarin may partly be medi- ated through the activation of the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway.

基于NF-κB通路探讨痛风汤对急性痛风性关节炎模型大鼠炎症的影响机制

目的:研究痛风汤通过调控核因子-κB(NF-κB)信号通路对急性痛风性关节炎(AGA)大鼠炎症的影响。方法:将60只Wistar大鼠随机分为正常组、模型组、秋水仙碱组、痛风汤H组、痛风汤M组、痛风汤L组,每组各10只。正常组和模型组每天灌胃蒸馏水,秋水仙碱组、痛风汤H组、痛风汤M组、痛风汤L组每天灌胃相应药物,共7 d,除正常组外均于灌胃第4天通过右踝关节注射尿酸钠(MSU)溶液诱导造模;检测大鼠关节肿胀体积、步态及关节炎症指数;ELISA法检测大鼠血清中肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)、白介素-6(IL-6)、IL-1β炎症因子水平;HE染色观察大鼠踝关节滑膜组织病理学变化;Western blot检测大鼠踝关节滑膜组织NF-κB通路相关蛋白表达情况。结果:与正常组比较,模型组大鼠关节肿胀体积、步态级别、关节炎症指数、血清炎症因子水平、组织病理学程度、NF-κB通路相关蛋白水平显著升高(P<0.05)。与模型组相比,痛风汤各组大鼠关节肿胀体积、步态级别、关节炎症指数显著降低(P<0.05),且痛风汤各组剂量依赖性地降低大鼠血清炎症因子水平和踝关节炎性细胞浸润程度,下调NF-κB通路蛋白表达(P<0.05)。结论:痛风汤可能通过介导NF-κB通路来改善AGA大鼠炎症状态。

丹酚酸A减轻氧糖剥夺/再灌注诱导的BV2细胞炎症反应和氧化应激损伤及可能机制

目的探讨丹酚酸A(Sal A)对氧糖剥夺/再灌注(OGD/R)损伤的BV2细胞炎症反应和氧化应激的影响及可能机制。方法用含Na_(2)S_(2)O_(4)10 mmol·L^(-1)的无糖Earle′s平衡盐缓冲液建立BV2细胞的OGD/R损伤模型,加入Na_(2)S_(2)O_(4)无糖Earle′s平衡盐缓冲液,置培养箱(37℃,5%CO_(2))中培养1.5 h(氧糖剥夺)后换为正常培养基培养24 h(再灌注)。随后实验分为细胞对照组、OGD/R组、OGD/R+Sal A 1,5和10μmol·L^(-1)组、OGD/R+ML385组、OGD/R+ML385+Sal A 1,5和10μmol·L^(-1)组及OGD/R+依达拉奉(Eda,50μmol·L^(-1))组,继续培养24 h。(1)CCK8法测定细胞存活率。(2)ELISA检测细胞上清中白细胞介素1β(IL^(-1)β)、IL-6、肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF-α)、IL^(-1)0、IL-4、转化生长因子β(TGF-β)含量;化学荧光法检测细胞活性氧(ROS)含量;比色法测定细胞丙二醛(MDA)含量及超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)和氯霉素乙酰转移酶(CAT)活性。(3)Western印迹法检测Kelch样环氧氯丙烷相关蛋白1(Keap1)、核因子红系2相关因子(Nrf2)、血红素加氧酶1(HO-1)、前醌氧化还原酶1(NQO1)蛋白表达水平及核因子κB p65蛋白磷酸化(p-NF-κB p65)水平。结果(1)与细胞对照组相比,OGD/R组细胞存活率显著降低(P<0.01);与OGD/R组相比,OGD/R+Sal A 1,5和10μmol·L^(-1)组细胞存活率显著升高(P<0.05,P<0.01)。(2)与细胞对照组相比,OGD/R组IL^(-1)β,IL-6和TNF-α含量显著升高,IL^(-1)0,IL-4和TGF-β含量显著降低,ROS和MDA含量显著升高,SOD,CAT和GSH-Px活性显著降低(P<0.01);与OGD/R组相比,OGD/R+Sal A 1,5和10μmol·L^(-1)和OGD/R+Eda组IL-6含量显著降低,IL^(-1)0,IL-4和TGF-β含量显著增加,ROS和MDA含量显著降低,SOD,CAT和GSH-Px活性显著升高(P<0.05,P<0.01)。(3)与细胞对照组相比,OGD/R组p-NF-κB p65蛋白表达显著升高(P<0.01);与OGD/R组相比,OGD/R+Sal A 5和10μmol·L^(-1)和OGD/R+Eda组Keap1和胞浆Nrf2蛋白表达显著降低,胞核Nrf2,HO-1和NQO1蛋白表达显著升高,p-NF-κB p65蛋白表达显著降低(P<0.05,P<0.01)。OGD/R+ML385组与OGD/R组相比,OGD/R+ML385+Sal A 1,5和10μmol·L^(-1)组分别与OGD/R+Sal A 1,5和10μmol·L^(-1)组相比,Keap1蛋白表达显著升高,Nrf2胞浆和胞核、HO-1和NQO1蛋白表达显著降低,p-NF-κB p65蛋白表达显著升高(P<0.01)。结论Sal A减轻OGD/R损伤的BV2细胞炎症反应和氧化应激,其作用机制可能是激活Keap1/Nrf2通路和抑制NF-κB通路。

TLR4/NF-κB/NLRP3通路抑制炎症反应作用的研究

Toll样受体(TLRs)是参与非特异性免疫的一类重要的蛋白质,是表达与固有免疫细胞最重要的模式识别受体之一,可识别来源于微生物的具有保守结构的分子,即病原体相关分子模式(PAMAs),从而激活机体产生免疫应答。核因子κB(NF-κB)在几乎所有类型的细胞和组织中都有表达,在调节对外部刺激的显著多样性的反应中起着关键作用,因此是多个生理和病理过程中的关键因素。而核苷酸结合寡聚化结构域样受体蛋白3(NLRP3),即NLRP3炎性小体通路在脑缺血再灌注和焦亡中具有重要意义,如NLRP3在脑缺血再灌注损伤时在小胶质细胞中被激活,随后在神经元和微血管内皮细胞中表达。由TLRs激活、NF-κB传递、NLRP3启动形成的TLR/NF-κB/NLRP3信号通路在机体各器官炎症反应中起到关键性作用,本文探讨了各类药物通过抑制该通路炎症反应,起到保护身体各大重要器官的作用。

TRAF5通过调控IL-17A/NF-κB信号通路减轻氧-糖剥夺/再灌注引起的心肌细胞炎症和细胞凋亡

目的 探讨肿瘤坏死因子受体相关因子5(tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 5,TRAF5)对氧-葡萄糖剥夺/再灌注(oxygen-glucose deprivation/reperfusion,OGD/R)引起的心肌细胞炎症和细胞凋亡的影响及相关分子机制。方法 体外培养大鼠心肌细胞系H9c2细胞,构建OGD/R诱导的H9c2细胞模型,以脂质体转染法将TRAF5过表达质粒(pcDNA-TRAF5)和空载质粒(pcDNA-NC)转染至OGD/R诱导的H9c2细胞。采用实时定量聚合酶链反应(quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction,qRT-PCR)法检测细胞中TRAF5基因表达,CCK-8法测定细胞活力,试剂盒法检测细胞中乳酸脱氢酶(lactate dehydrogenase,LDH)、心肌肌钙蛋白T(cardiac troponin T,cTnT)和炎性因子水平,流式细胞术检测细胞凋亡,Western blot法检测细胞中相关蛋白表达。结果 与对照组比较,OGD/R组H9c2细胞中TRAF5 mRNA和蛋白表达量降低,细胞活力降低,细胞中LDH、cTnT、肿瘤坏死因子-α(tumor necrosis factor-α,TNF-α)、白细胞介素-6(interleukin-6,IL-6)、白细胞介素-1β(interleukin-1β,IL-1β)、单核细胞趋化蛋白-1(monocyte chemoattractant protein-1,MCP-1)浓度升高,细胞凋亡率升高,细胞中B淋巴细胞瘤2(B-cell lymphoma-2,Bcl-2)蛋白表达量降低,Bcl-2相关蛋白(B-cell-lymphoma-2 related protein,Bax)、切割型半胱氨酸天冬氨酸蛋白水解酶-3(cleaved cysteine aspartate proteolytic enzyme-3,cleaved caspase-3)、白细胞介素-17A(interleukin-17A,IL-17A)蛋白表达量及磷酸化核转录因子-κB(phosphorylated nuclear factor-κB,p-NF-κB)/NF-κB比值升高,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。与OGD/R组比较,OGD/R+pcDNA-TRAF5组H9c2细胞中TRAF5 mRNA和蛋白表达量升高,细胞活力升高,细胞中LDH、c TnT、TNF-α、IL-6、IL-1β、MCP-1浓度降低,细胞凋亡率降低,细胞中Bcl-2蛋白表达量升高,Bax、cleaved caspase-3、IL-17A蛋白表达量及p-NF-κB/NF-κB比值降低,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论 TRAF5可减轻OGD/R引起的心肌细胞炎症和细胞凋亡,其作用机制可能与调控IL-17A/NF-κB信号通路有关。

基于PD-1/PD-L1、NF-κB信号通路探讨人参皂苷Rf对子宫内膜异位症模型大鼠的干预效果及作用机制

目的探讨人参皂苷Rf对子宫内膜异位症(EMs)模型大鼠的效果及作用机制。方法建立EMs大鼠模型,检测其腹腔冲洗液中炎症因子的表达情况,以及异位子宫内膜组织中程序性死亡受体-1/程序性死亡受体配体-1(PD-1/PD-L1)、核转录因子KaPPaB(NF-κB)的表达情况,分析人参皂苷Rf对EMs大鼠的干预效果及作用机制。结果随着人参皂苷Rf给药浓度的升高,EMs大鼠扭体反应频率降低,扭体反应持续时间缩短,扭体反应潜伏期延长,病灶体积缩小,PD-1/PD-L1、NF-κB及炎症因子表达量均降低(P<0.05)。结论人参皂苷Rf可以通过抑制PD-1/PD-L1、NF-κB表达量,从而降低炎症因子的表达量。

Induction of Adhesion Molecule Expression in Co-culture of Human Bronchial Epithelial Cells and Neutrophils Suppressed by Puerarin via Down-regulating p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase and Nuclear Factor κB Pathways

Objective： In this study, we aimed to investigate the expressions of adhesion molecules on human bronchial epithelial cells and neutrophils in co-culture system, assess the effects of puerarin on suppressing these adhesion molecules expressions, and explore the roles of two crucial signal-transduction elements p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase （p38 MAPK） and nuclear factor kappa B （NF- K B） in modulating adhesion molecules expressions. Methods： Neutrophils and BEAS-2B cells （one human bronchial epithelial cell line） were co-cultured, and adhesion molecules expressions on cell surface were detected using flow cytometry. The mRNA levels of adhesion molecules were assessed by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction （real-time qPCR）. Phosphorylated p38 MAPK and inhibitor K B were analyzed by Western blot. Results： In co-culture system, adhesion molecules expressions on BEAS-2B cells and neutrephils were enhanced significantly （P〈0.05）. Correspondingly, the mRNA levels of adhesion molecules were also increased greatly. Moreover, the pretreatment of peurarin obviously suppressed adhesion molecules expressions on cell surface. Furthermore, phosphorylated p38 MAPK and inhibitor K B in BEAS-2B cells and neutrophils were elevated in co-culture system, but decreased significantly after upon the treatment of peurarin （P〈0.05）. Conclusions： Co- culture boosted the interactions between human bronchial epithelial cells and neutrophils mimicking airway inflammation, whereas peurarin decreased the expression of adhesion molecules on cell surface by suppressing the activities of p38 MAPK and NF- K B pathways, and exhibiting its anti-inflammation activity.

补肾抗衰片对实验性动脉粥样硬化家兔的NF-κB及炎症因子的影响

目的探讨补肾抗衰片对家兔动脉粥样硬化的干预作用及作用机制。方法36只日本雄性大耳白兔随机分为4组:正常对照组6只,模型组10只,补肾抗衰组10只,辛伐他汀组10只。正常对照组饲喂普通饲料;模型组和给药组通过高脂饲料(第1周至第10周)、免疫损伤(第2周)结合经股动脉球囊拉伤(第4周)建立动脉粥样硬化家兔模型,另外补肾抗衰组及辛伐他汀组从第1周开始分别加喂补肾抗衰片和辛伐他汀片,直至第10周取材。于实验开始时(0周)及3、6、10周时测定各组胆固醇(TC)、甘油三酯(TG)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)、白介素-1(IL-1)、单核细胞趋化因子(MCP-1)、肿瘤坏死因子(TNF-α)及10周时主动脉壁细胞核因子(NF-κB)的表达,病理检测主动脉斑块与内膜面积比(PA/IA)、内膜厚度(IT)、内膜增生指数(IHI)。并对血脂、炎症细胞因子及IHI进行相关性分析。结果与正常对照组比较,各时间点模型组血脂水平及炎症因子水平显著增高(P<0.01),主动脉斑块与内膜面积比、内膜与中膜厚度比及内膜增生指数均有不同程度升高(P<0.01)。两给药组各时间点的血清IL-1、MCP-1、TNF-α及动脉壁NF-κB表达,以及斑块与内膜面积比、内膜中膜厚度比及内膜增生指数均有不同程度的降低(P<0.05,P<0.01)。Pearson相关性分析表明模型组TC与IL-1、TNF-α与IHI呈正相关,补肾组TC与IHI、IL-1与IHI、TNF-α与IHI、TNF-α与IL-1均呈正相关,血脂与炎症细胞因子之间无相关性(P>0.05)。结论补肾抗衰片可抑制动脉粥样硬化家兔模型的炎症反应,抗动脉粥样硬化形成,且作用和血脂水平无直接的相关性。

苦瓜蛋白通过阻止核因子κB核转位抑制炎性因子生成

目的研究苦瓜蛋白对载脂蛋白E基因敲除(ApoE-/-)小鼠炎症因子核因子κB(NF-κB)蛋白核转位的影响,探讨苦瓜蛋白抗炎的分子机制。方法 40只6周龄雄性ApoE-/-小鼠,随机分为普食组、高脂高胆固醇组、高脂高胆固醇苦瓜蛋白组、普食苦瓜蛋白组。12周后眼球采血,ELISA测定血浆中炎性因子NF-κB、白细胞介素1β(IL-1β)、肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF-α)、IL-6和γ干扰素(IFN-γ)及抗炎因子IL-10的水平,免疫组织化学检测主动脉壁IκB表达,RT-PCR和Western blot检测NF-κB和IκB表达。结果 ApoE-/-小鼠经高脂高胆固醇饲料喂养12周后,血液中炎症因子NF-κB、IL-1β、TNF-α、IL-6、IFN-γ水平均显著高于普食组(P<0.01,n=5),但抗炎因子IL-10仍维持较高水平。经苦瓜蛋白干预后,血清中炎症因子水平下降,而抗炎因子IL-10水平并不上升。RT-PCR以及Western blot检测结果表明,苦瓜蛋白显著降低高脂高胆固醇饲料喂养小鼠动脉血管壁细胞核内NF-κB蛋白水平,阻止其核转位。与普食组比较,高脂高胆固醇组IκB被显著降解(0.19±0.05比0.74±0.15,P<0.05,n=5),但其经苦瓜蛋白干预后,这种降解作用得到显著的抑制(0.19±0.05比0.36±0.07,P<0.01,n=5)。结论苦瓜蛋白通过减少IκB降解抑制NF-κB蛋白核转位而发挥抑制炎性因子生成的作用。

蒲公英糖蛋白体外抗炎作用及对NF-κB信号通路的调控

探讨蒲公英糖蛋白(glycoprotein from Taraxacum,TG)对由脂多糖引起的RAW264.7细胞炎症的抗炎效果,并阐明其活性的基本分子机制。利用脂多糖刺激RAW264.7细胞,建立体外炎症模型,采用噻唑蓝比色法检测TG对RAW264.7细胞的增殖毒性,Griess试剂法检测了一氧化氮(nitric oxide,NO)的分泌情况,反转录聚合酶链式反应检测炎症细胞因子——白细胞介素-6(interleukin 6,IL-6)和肿瘤坏死因子-α(tumor necrosis factor-α,TNF-α)m RNA以及诱导型一氧化氮合酶(inducible nitric oxide synthase,i NOS)m RNA的表达水平,酶联免疫吸附测定法测定IL-6和TNF-α的分泌量,Western blot检测P-IκB-α蛋白的表达水平,用以研究TG对核转录因子-κB(nuclear factor-kappa B,NF-κB)信号转导通路的抑制作用。结果表明:TG能够显著甚至极显著地抑制NO的分泌,IL-6、TNF-α、i NOS的m RNA的表达,IL-6和TNF-α的分泌(P<0.05、P<0.01)。TG高度显著上调了IκB-α的蛋白表达(P<0.001),并显著下调了P-IκB-α的蛋白表达(P<0.05),且与TG质量浓度成正比。其中在TG质量浓度为250、500、1 000μg/m L时对TNF-α分泌量的抑制率分别为28.6%、65.4%、89.3%,对IL-6分泌量的抑制率分别为32.3%、54.1%、85.7%。TG间接抑制了NF-κB信号转导途径,有显著的体外抗炎效果且抗炎效果与TG的质量浓度呈剂量依赖性。

伊贝沙坦对糖尿病大鼠肾氧化应激、NF-κB活性和ICAM-1 mRNA表达的影响

【目的】探讨伊贝沙坦对糖尿病大鼠肾脏氧化应激、NF-κB活性和ICAM-1 mRNA表达水平的影响。【方法】将33只SD大鼠随机分为3组:正常对照组(C)、糖尿病组(D)和伊贝沙坦组(I)。糖尿病大鼠模型用链脲佐菌素诱导。大鼠饲养12周后,观察24h尿微量白蛋白排泄率(UAER),取出肾脏作肾组织病理检查,测定肾组织中丙二醛(MDA)含量与超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、谷胱苷肽过氧化物酶(GSH-PX)活性变化。逆转录-聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)法检测肾组织中细胞间粘附因子-1(ICAM-1)mRNA的表达。凝胶电泳迁移率变动分析(EMSA)检测核因子(NF)-κB的活性。【结果】UAER在D组(378±100)及I组(149±58)均显著高于C组(30±13),P<0.01;I组UAER较D组显著降低,P<0.01。与C组大鼠比较,D组大鼠肾组织MDA含量显著增高(5.8±0.9vs3.5±0.2),P<0.01;SOD、CAT及GSH-PX活性均显著降低(22.3±3.1,11.7±0.7,11.3±1.7vs39.2±2.0,18.2±0.5,23.2±3.9),P<0.01;Ⅰ组肾组织MDA含量(4.3±0.6)明显低于D组,P<0.01;SOD、CAT及GSH-PX活性(30.7±1.6,13.3±0.4,15.8±2.8)明显高于D组,均P<0.01。NF-κB活性在D组大鼠肾组织(44.3±0.4)明显高于C组(14.6±0.8),P<0.01;Ⅰ组(37.7±0.3)明显低于D组,P<0.01。D组肾组织ICAM-1mRNA表达(2.14±0.2)明显高于C组(0.36±0.1),P<0.01;Ⅰ组肾组织ICAM-1 mRNA(1.37±0.1)表达明显低于D组,P<0.01。【结论】伊贝沙坦可能部分通过减轻氧化应激反应以及下调糖尿病大鼠肾组织中NF-κB的活性,降低ICAM-1 mRNA的表达水平实现对糖尿病大鼠肾脏的保护作用。