Dairy cows inoculated with highly pathogenic avian influenza virus H5N1

Highly pathogenic avian influenza(HPAI)H5N1 hemagglutinin clade 2.3.4.4b was detected in the United States in 2021.These HPAI viruses caused mortality events in poultry,wild birds,and wild mammals.On March 25,2024,HPAI H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4b was confirmed in a dairy cow in Texas in response to a multi-state investigation into milk production losses.1 Over 200 positive herds were identified in 14 U.S.states.The case description included reduced feed intake and rumen motility in lactating cows,decreased milk production,and thick yellow milk.2,3 The diagnostic investigation revealed viral RNA in milk and mammary tissue with alveolar epithelial degeneration and necrosis and positive immunoreactivity of glandular epithelium.A single transmission event,likely from birds,was followed by limited local transmission and onward horizontal transmission of H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4b genotype B3.13.4 We sought to experimentally reproduce infection with genotype B3.13 in Holstein yearling heifers and lactating cows.Heifers were inoculated by aerosol respiratory route and cows by intramammary route.Clinical disease was mild in heifers,but infection was confirmed by virus detection,lesions,and seroconversion.Clinical disease in lactating cows included decreased rumen motility,changes to milk appearance,and production losses.Infection was confirmed by high levels of viral RNA detected in milk,virus isolation,lesions in mammary tissue,and seroconversion.This study provides the foundation to investigate additional routes of infection,pathogenesis,transmission,and intervention strategies.

Cloning and Phylogenetic Analysis of NS1 Genes from Different Isolates of H9N2 Subtype Duck Influenza Virus

[ Objective] The study aimed to lay a foundation for the further studies on function mechanism of NS1 protein in the interspecies transmission of waterfowl influenza virus. [Method] Using the serologic assay and the specific RT-PCR method, some strains of H9 subtype waterfowl influenza virus were isolated from the 12 to 20 day-old muscovy duck flocks without any clinical symptoms in different areas of Guangdong Province. Four of these strains, including A/duck/ZQ/303/2007（H9N2） （A3 for short）, A/Duck/FJ/301/2007 （H9N2） （C1 for short）, A/Duck/NH/306/2007（H9N2） （ D6 for short）, A/duck/SS/402/2007（H9N2） （ E2 for short）, and a strain named A/duck/ZC/2007（H9N2） （L1 for short） from a muscovy duck died of avian influenza virus （AIV）, were used for NSl gene cloning and sequencing. Subsequently, the obtained NSl gene sequences were compared with other NS1 sequences registered in GenBank, and the phylogenetic analysis was also conducted. [Result] When compared with the H9N2 AIV NS1 sequences in GenBank, the NSl genes of the four AIV strains A3, C1, 136 and E2 displayed homologies ranging from 99% to 100% at nucleotide level, and 95% to 100% at amino acid level; while the NSl gene of L1 strain displayed homology ranging from 94% to 97% at nucleotide level, and 93% to 98% at amino acid level. The phylogenetic tree demonstrated that A3, C1, D6 and E2 were highly resemblant, and L1 was closest to AY66473 （chicken, 2003）. By comparison with the NS1 gene sequences of L1, AF523514 （duck）, AY664743 （chicken） and EF155262.1 （quail） using DNAstar, A3, C1, D6 and E.2 presented nucleotide variations at site 21 （ R→Q）, 70, 71 （ KE→EG）, 86 （ A→S）, 124 （V→M） and 225 （ S→N）, and amino acid variations at site 21,70, 71 and 86 in dsRNA- dependent protein kinase （PKR） binding domain of NSl gene, which induced the evident variations of antigenic determinant and surface proba- bility plot of NS1 protein. [ Conclusion] This study suggested that the amino acid sequence variation in PKR binding domain of NS1 protein had something to do with the virus pathogenicity.

Stop H5N1 influenza in US cattle now

The relentless march of a highly pathogenic avian influenza virus(HPAIV)strain,known as H5N1,to become an unprecedented panzootic continues unchecked.The leap of H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4b from Eurasia and Africa to North America in 2021 and its further spread to South America and the Antarctic have exposed new avian and mammalian populations to the virus and led to outbreaks on an unrivaled scale.The virus has infected wild birds across vast geographic regions and caused wildlife deaths in some of the world's most biodiverse ecosystems.

2022-2023年山东省A(H1N1)pdm09流感病毒HA、NA基因变异特征分析

目的 了解山东省2022-2023流感监测年度分离的A(H1N1)pdm09亚型流感病毒血凝素(hemagglutinin,HA)和神经氨酸酶(neuraminidase,NA)基因的变异特征,为流感的防控提供科学依据。方法 从流感监测网络实验室分离的流感毒株中按地市随机选取14株A(H1N1)pdm09亚型流感毒株,以WHO推荐的当季疫苗株为参考进行全基因组测序,并采用荧光法开展神经氨酸酶抑制(neuraminidase inhibition,NI)实验以评估药物敏感性。结果 山东省2022-2023年度分离的A(H1N1)pdm09流感病毒属于6B.1A分支中的5a.2a进化簇,核苷酸序列比对分析显示,HA和NA基因与2021-2023年度北半球疫苗株A/Victoria/2570/2019的亲缘关系较为接近,同源性分别为98.5%~98.7%和98.8%~99.1%。氨基酸序列分析显示,HA蛋白有20个位点发生了氨基酸序列变异,并发现1株病毒可能发生抗原漂移,有3株病毒发生了HA蛋白糖基化位点的缺失。NA酶相关重要位点未发生变异。NI实验显示,所测流感毒株均对抗流感病毒药物敏感。结论 所监测毒株与疫苗株整体同源性很高,但氨基酸存在一定程度变异,今后有必要持续开展流感病毒基因变异特征监测以了解流感流行的风险,以及评价基因变异对流感疫苗和治疗药物效果的影响。

射干止咳胶囊体内外抗甲型H1N1流感病毒作用初探

目的初步探讨射干止咳胶囊对甲型H1N1流感病毒的体内外抗病毒作用。方法通过细胞病变效应(cytopathic effect,CPE)结合MTT法考察射干止咳胶囊体外抑制甲型H1N1流感病毒活性的作用;采用小鼠滴鼻法感染甲型H1N1流感病毒为模型,观察射干止咳胶囊对甲型H1N1流感病毒的体内抗病毒作用。结果体外抗病毒试验结果显示,射干止咳胶囊对甲型H1N1流感病毒的最高抑制率为11.86%,提示在攻毒剂量为100TCID_(50)的条件下,射干止咳胶囊在体外对甲型H1N1流感病毒的抑制作用不明显。小鼠滴鼻感染5LD_(50)的甲型H1N1流感病毒,射干止咳胶囊低、中、高剂量组小鼠的死亡率分别为30%、10%、30%,死亡保护率达50%、70%、50%,平均生存天数分别为13 d、14 d、13 d,说明各给药组对攻毒小鼠具有较好的死亡保护作用。结论射干止咳胶囊体外抗甲型H1N1流感病毒的作用不显著,但射干止咳胶囊各剂量组对甲型H1N1流感病毒攻毒致小鼠死亡却具有明显的保护作用。

甲型流感病毒H1N1型灭活病毒标准物质研究

以人工培养真实病毒为原料,研制了一种甲型流感病毒H1N1型灭活病毒标准物质。该标准物质经化学灭活及灭活效果验证后,联合多家实验室采用数字PCR定量检测方法对拷贝数浓度进行定值,对标准物质的均匀性、稳定性及不确定度进行了评估。结果显示该标准物质均匀性良好,在-80~-70℃保存条件下稳定保存5个月,标准物质最终定值结果为(1384.5±249.3)copies/μL(k=2)。该标准物质可为H1N1型甲型流感病毒检测的全过程提供计量溯源和质量控制支撑,有助于提升相关核酸检测结果的准确性和可靠性。

感冒清热片防治甲型H1N1流感病毒感染的药效学研究

目的探讨感冒清热片防治甲型H1N1流感病毒感染的药效学情况。方法108例甲型H1N1流感病毒感染患者,随机分为观察组和对照组,每组54例。对照组使用磷酸奥司他韦治疗,观察组在对照组治疗基础上使用感冒清热片治疗。比较两组患者临床疗效、症状改善指标(起效时间、退热时间、止咳时间、痊愈时间)、以及治疗前后的中医证候(发热、咽痛、头痛、鼻塞流涕、咳嗽、乏力)积分、血清炎性因子[C反应蛋白(CRP)、肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)、白细胞介素-6(IL-6)]。结果观察组治疗总有效率96.30%高于对照组的77.78%(P<0.05)。治疗后,观察组患者发热、咽痛、头痛、鼻塞流涕、咳嗽、乏力评分分别为(0.83±0.24)、(1.12±0.30)、(1.07±0.29)、(1.03±0.32)、(1.05±0.33)、(1.09±0.28)分,均低于对照组的(1.46±0.37)、(2.31±0.58)、(2.14±0.52)、(2.25±0.63)、(2.36±0.61)、(2.42±0.65)分(P<0.05)。观察组起效时间(1.03±0.34)d、退热时间(1.56±0.40)d、止咳时间(4.35±0.68)d、痊愈时间(6.63±1.26)d均短于对照组的(2.32±0.57)、(2.63±0.74)、(7.24±1.16)、(9.38±1.72)d(P<0.05)。治疗后,观察组CRP(2.11±0.56)mg/L、TNF-α(19.34±2.20)μg/L、IL-6(4.02±0.54)ng/L均低于对照组的(4.83±0.69)mg/L、(25.89±2.73)μg/L、(6.13±0.62)ng/L(P<0.05)。结论感冒清热片防治甲型H1N1流感病毒感染的疗效显著,能有效缓解证候,加快症状缓解速度,提高抗炎作用。

2024年美国奶牛H5N1亚型高致病性禽流感疫情分析

2024年3月以来,美国报告了多例奶牛H5N1亚型高致病性禽流感病例,引发全球广泛关注。本文对本次疫情进行了系统梳理,分析了疫情流行情况和分布规律,提出了风险防范建议。现有数据表明,引发奶牛感染的H5N1亚型高致病性禽流感病毒属于2.3.4.4b分支,与美国同期在家禽和野禽中流行的毒株高度同源。初步分析表明,感染奶牛的病毒可能来源于野生候鸟。疫情发生后,美国采取了限制移动、调运检测等综合防控措施。本次疫情可能对美国奶牛产业造成一定程度的负面影响,但从目前来看对我国影响较小。建议持续进行国外疫情监视,国内加强野禽风险监测,强化家禽强制免疫,积极宣传引导,做好应急储备等,降低本次疫情对我国的影响。

美国奶牛H5N1亚型高致病性禽流感疫情形势与研究进展

自2024年3月25日美国确认首例奶牛H5N1亚型高致病性禽流感病例以来,疫情不断蔓延,不但引发了大范围奶牛之间的传播,还跨物种传播到多种哺乳动物和奶牛从业人员,引发全球广泛关注。本文梳理总结了当前美国奶牛疫情的流行现状以及病毒来源、传播途径,病毒基因组和流行病学特征,人工感染试验以及巴氏杀菌对病毒的灭活效果等研究进展,以期为该病的风险防范提供重要参考。

2023年湖州市区pdm09 H1N1流感病毒NA基因特征分析

pdm09 H1N1流感病毒自2009年爆发引起全球大流行,目前已成为流感流行常见亚型之一[1]。该病毒包含由8个基因片段,其中神经氨酸酶(neuraminidase,NA)是嵌入流感病毒包膜表面的一种重要的功能糖蛋白[2]。主要负责成熟病毒从宿主细胞中释放,在感染下一个宿主细胞进行复制转录,最终使机体出现临床症状和体征[3]。

H5N1 influenza viruses： outbreaks and biological properties

All known subtypes of influenza A viruses are maintained in wild waterfowl, the natural reservoir of these viruses. Influenza A viruses are isolated from a variety of animal species with varying morbidity and mortality rates. More importantly, influenza A viruses cause respiratory disease in humans with potentially fatal outcome. Local or global outbreaks in humans are typically characterized by excess hospitalizations and deaths. In 1997, highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses of the H5N1 subtype emerged in Hong Kong that transmitted to humans, resulting in the first documented cases of human death by avian influenza virus infection. A new outbreak started in July 2003 in poultry in Vietnam, Indonesia, and Thailand, and highly pathogenic avian H5N1 influenza viruses have since spread throughout Asia and into Europe and Africa. These viruses continue to infect humans with a high mortality rate and cause worldwide concern of a looming pandemic. Moreover, H5N1 virus outbreaks have had devastating effects on the poultry industries throughout Asia. Since H5N1 virus outbreaks appear to originate from Southern China, we here examine H5N1 influenza viruses in China, with an emphasis on their biological properties.

基于UPLC-Q-Exactive-Orbitrap-MS、网络药理学和实验验证探讨裸花紫珠抗H1N1活性成分及其作用机制

本实验首先对裸花紫珠的提取物进行萃取,得到不同的萃取部位,然后对各部位进行抗甲型流感病毒H1N1型(H1N1)活性筛选,确定裸花紫珠乙酸乙酯萃取部位(EACN)具有较好的体外抗H1N1的活性。采用超高效液相色谱-四级杆-静电场轨道阱联用(UPLC-Q-Exactive-Orbitrap-MS)技术对EACN进行定性分析。基于定性分析的结果,进一步使用数据挖掘和网络药理学,评估药物的活性成分、关键靶点和关键通路,最后使用H1N1感染BALB/c小鼠模型对预测结果进行验证。结果显示,在各个萃取部位中,乙酸乙酯部位体外抗H1N1效果最佳,半数抑制浓度(IC_(50))为51μg/mL,半数细胞毒浓度(CC_(50))为859.4μg/mL,选择指数(SI,CC_(50)/IC_(50))为16.85。从EACN中鉴定出34种化合物,在此基础上,利用网络药理学,筛选出和EACN抗H1N1相关的药物靶点67个,靶点共涉及生物过程491个,与抗H1N1相关的通路147个。H1N1感染BALB/c小鼠实验结果发现,EACN能改善H1N1感染引起的体重降低和肺指数的增加,降低小鼠肺组织的病毒载量,减轻小鼠肺组织的病理损伤,降低外周血血清中TNF-α、IFN-γ、IL-1β水平。实验结果提示EACN可能从直接抑制病毒、抗炎作用和免疫调节作用等多个途径发挥抗H1N1的作用。

An Overview of the Highly Pathogenic H5N1 Influenza Virus

Since the first human case of H5N1 avian influenza virus infection was reported in 1997, this highly pathogenic virus has infected hundreds of people around the world and resulted in many deaths. The ability of H5N1 to cross species boundaries, and the presence of polymorphisms that enhance virulence, present challenges to developing clear strategies to prevent the pandemic spread of this highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) virus. This review summarizes the current understanding of, and recent research on, the avian influenza H5N1 virus, including transmission, virulence, pathogenesis, clinical characteristics, treatment and prevention.

Antiviral activity of Basidiomycete mycelia against influenza type A(serotype H1N1) and herpes simplex virus type 2 in cell culture

In this study, we investigated the in vitro antiviral activity of the mycelia of higher mushrooms against influenza virus type A(serotype H1N1) and herpes simplex virus type 2(HSV-2), strain BH. All 10 investigated mushroom species inhibited the reproduction of influenza virus strain A/FM/1/47(H1N1) in MDCK cells reducing the infectious titer by 2.0–6.0 lg ID50. Four species, Pleurotus ostreatus, Fomes fomentarius, Auriporia aurea, and Trametes versicolor, were also determined to be effective against HSV-2 strain BH in RK-13 cells, with similar levels of inhibition as for influenza. For some of the investigated mushroom species—Pleurotus eryngii, Lyophyllum shimeji, and Flammulina velutipes—this is the first report of an anti-influenza effect. This study also reports the first data on the medicinal properties of A. aurea, including anti-influenza and antiherpetic activities. T. versicolor 353 mycelium was found to have a high therapeutic index(324.67), and may be a promising material for the pharmaceutical industry as an anti-influenza and antiherpetic agent with low toxicity. Mycelia with antiviral activity were obtained in our investigation by bioconversion of agricultural wastes(amaranth flour after CO2 extraction), which would reduce the cost of the final product and solve some ecological problems.

Molecular Characterization of Avian-like H1N1 Swine Influenza A Viruses Isolated in Eastern China, 2011

Currently, three predominant subtypes of influenza virus are prevalent in pig populations worldwide： H1N1, H3N2, and H1N2. European avian-Hke H1N1 viruses, which were initially detected in European pig populations in 1979, have been circulating in pigs in eastern China since 2007. In this study, six influenza A viruses were isolated from 60 swine lung samples collected from January to April 2011 in eastern China. Based on whole genome sequencing, molecular characteristics of two isolates were determined. Phylogenetic analysis showed the eight genes of the two isolates were closely related to those of the avian-like H1N1 viruses circulating in pig populations, especially similar to those found in China. Four potential glycosylation sites were observed at positions 13, 26, 198, 277 in the HA1 proteins of the two isolates. Due to the presence of a stop codon at codon 12, the isolates contained truncated PB1-F2 proteins. In this study, the isolates contained 591Q, 627E and 701N in the polymerase subunit PB2, which had been shown to be determinants of virulence and host adaptation. The isolates also had a D rather than E at position 92 of the NS1, a marker of mammalian adaptation. Both isolates contained the GPKV motif at the PDZ ligand domain of the 3＇ end of the NS1, a characteristic marker of the European avian-like swine viruses since about 1999, which is distinct from those of avian, human and classical swine viruses. The M2 proteins of the isolates have the mutation （S31N）, a characteristic marker of the European avian-like swine viruses since about 1987, which may confer resistance to amantadine and rimantadine antivirals. Our findings further emphasize the importance of surveillance on the genetic diversity of influenza A viruses in pigs, and raise more concerns about the occurrence of cross-species transmission events.

Antiviral activity of five Asian medicinal pant crude extracts against highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza virus

Objective: To study the antiviral properties of the five Asian medicinal plants against in vitro infection by the highly pathogenic avian influenza virus(H5N1).Methods: Crude extracts of Andrographis paniculata, Curcuma longa(C. longa),Gynostemma pentaphyllum, Kaempferia parviflora(K. parviflora), and Psidium guajava obtained by both water and ethanol extractions were investigated for their cytotoxicity in the Madin–Darby canine kidney cells. Thereafter, they were investigated in vitro for antiviral activity and cytokine response upon H5N1 virus infection.Results: The results revealed that both water and ethanol extracts of all the five studied plants showed significant antiviral activity against H5N1 virus. Among these plants,C. longa and K. parviflora showed strong anti-H5N1 activity. Thus, they were selected for further studies on their cytokine response upon virus infection. It was found that ethanol and water crude extracts of C. longa and K. parviflora induced significant upregulation of TNF-a and IFN-b m RNA expressions, suggesting their roles in the inhibition of H5N1 virus replication.Conclusions: To the best of the authors' knowledge, this study is among the earliest reports to illustrate the antiviral property of these Asian medicinal plants against the highly pathogenic avian H5N1 influenza virus. The results of this study shed light on alternative therapeutic sources for treatment of H5N1 influenza virus infection in the future.

Influenza virus H1N1 induced apoptosis of mouse astrocytes and the effect on protein expression

Objective:To investigate the effects of influenza A virus H1N1 infection on the proliferation and apoptosis of mouse astrocytes cells and its protein expression.Methods:After mouse astrocytes was infected with purified influenza A virus H1N1 in vitro,viral integration and replication status of the cells were detected by RT-PCR assay,cell proliferation and apoptosis was determined by MTT method and flow cytometry,respectively.Associated protein expression was delected by Western blotting.Results:Agarose gel electrophoresis showed H1N1 virus can infect astrocytes and can be copied.MTT staining showed H1N1 virus infection can inhibit the proliferation of mouse astrocytes,which makes cell viability decreased significantly.Flow cytometry showed that the proportion of Annein V staining positive vascular endothelial cells in the influenza A virus group was significantly higher than that in the control group.Western blot analysis showed after24 h and 32 h of infection,there were cells caspase-3 protein and the expression of its active form(lysed caspase-3 protein)increased.The proportion of Bax/Bcl-2 also increased.Conclusions:Influenza A virus can infect human vascular endothelial cells and proliferation and it can induce apoptosis of endothelial cells.

Structure and Anti-influenza A(H1N1) Virus Activity of Three Polysaccharides from Eucheuma denticulatum

Three polysaccharides （EW, EH and EA） were prepared from a red alga Eucheuma denticulatum by sequential extraction with cold water, hot water and sodium hydroxide water solution. Their monosaccharide compositions, relative molecular mass and structural characterization were determined by gas chromatography, high performance liquid chromatography, fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy methods. EW was hybrid l/k/v-carrageenan （701/17k/13v-car- rabiose）, EH was mainly t-carrageenan, and EA was mainly α-1,4-Glucan （88%） but mixed with small amount of t-carrageenan （12%）. The relative molecular mass ofEW, EH and EA was 480, 580 and 510kDa, respectively. The anti-influenza A （H1N1） virus activity of these three polysaccharides was evaluated using the Madin-Darby canine kidney cells model. EW showed good anti-H1N1 virus activity, its ICso was 276.5 μg mL-1, and the inhibition rate to H1N1 virus was 52% when its concentration was 250 μgmL-1. The ICs0 of t-carrageenan EH was 366.4 μgmL1, whereas EA showed lower anti-H1N1 virus activity （IC50〉430μgmL-1）. Available data obtained give positive evidence that the hybrid carrageenan EW from Eueheuma denticulatum can be used as potential anti-H1N1 virus inhibitor in future.

Sequence and phylogenetic analysis of hemagglutinin genes of H9N2 influenza viruses isolated from chicken in China from 2013 to 2015

H9N2 avian influenza virus（AIV） infection is a major problem in poultry industry worldwide. In this study, molecular characterizations and phylogenetic relationships of hemagglutinin（HA） gene sequences of H9N2 AIV of 5 Chinese isolates in 2014 recently available in Gen Bank, 3 widely used vaccine strains, and 52 novel isolates in China from 2013 to 2015 were analyzed. The homology analysis showed that the nucleotide sequences of HA gene of these recent Chinese H9N2 AIV isolates shared homologies from 94.1 to 99.9%. Phylogenetic analysis showed that all isolates belonged to AIV lineage h9.4.2.5. Fifty-six out of the 57 recent Chinese H9N2 AIV isolates had the motifs PSRSSR↓GLF at the cleavage sites within the HA protein, while one isolate PWH01 harbored LSRSSR↓GLF. Remarkably, all of the recent Chinese H9N2 AIV strains had the Q216 L substitution in the receptor binding site, which indicated that they had potential to infect humans. Most of recent Chinese H9N2 AIV isolates lost the potential N-linked glycosylation site at residues 200–202 compared with vaccine strains. This present study demonstrated that AIV lineage h9.4.2.5 was more predominant in China than other lineages as it harbored all the H9N2 AIV isolated between 2013 and 2015. Also we showed the importance of continuous surveillance of emerging H9N2 AIV in China and update of vaccine formulation accordingly in order to prevent and control H9N2 AIV.

Cross-neutralizing Anti-hemagglutinin Antibodies Isolated from Patients Infected with Avian Influenza A(H5N1) Virus

Objective To recover broad-neutralizing monoclonal antibodies(Bn Abs)from avian influenza A(H5N1)virus infection cases and investigate their genetic and functional features.Methods We screened the Abs repertoires of expanded B cells circulating in the peripheral blood of H5N1 patients.The genetic basis,biological functions,and epitopes of the obtained Bn Abs were assessed and modeled.Results Two Bn Abs,2-12 D5,and 3-37 G7.1,were respectively obtained from two human H5N1 cases on days 12 and 21 after disease onset.Both Abs demonstrated cross-neutralizing and Ab-dependent cellular cytotoxicity(ADCC)activity.Albeit derived from distinct Ab lineages,i.e.,V^H1-69-D2-15-JH^4(2-12D5)and V^H1-2-D3-9-JH^5(3-32 G7.1),the Bn Abs were directed toward CR6261-like epitopes in the HA stem,and HA2 I45 in the hydrophobic pocket was the critical residue for their binding.Signature motifs for binding with the HA stem,namely,IFY in VH1-69-encoded Abs and LXYFXW in D3-9-encoded Abs,were also observed in 2-12D5 and 3-32 G7.1,respectively.Conclusions Cross-reactive B cells of different germline origins could be activated and re-circulated by avian influenza virus.The HA stem epitopes targeted by the Bn Abs,and the two Ab-encoding genes usage implied the VH1-69 and D3-9 are the ideal candidates triggered by influenza virus for vaccine development.