Mineralogical characterization of airborne individual particulates in Beijing PM10

This work mainly focuses on the mineralogical study of particulate matter（PM10） in Beijing. Samples were collected on polycarbonate filter from April, 2002 to March, 2003 in Beijing urban area. Scanning electronic microscopy coupled with energy dispersive X-ray（SEM/EDX） was used to investigate individual mineral particles in Beijing PM10. 1454 individual mineral particulates from 48 samples were analysed by SEM/EDX. The results revealed that mineral particulates were complex and heterogeneous. 38 kinds of minerals in PM10 were identified. The clay minerals, of annual average percentage of 30.1%, were the main composition among the identified minerals, and illite/smectite was the main composition in clay minerals, reaching up to 35%. Annual average percentage of quartz, calcite, compound particulates, carbonates were 13.5%, 10.9%, 11.95%, 10.31%, respectively. Annual average percentage less than 10% were gypsum, feldspar, dolomite, and so on. Fluorite, apatite, halite, barite and chloridize zinc（ZnCl2） were firstly identified in Beijing PM10. Sulfurization was found on surface of mineral particles, suggested extensive atmospheric reaction in air during summer.

Feature Analysis of the Atmospheric Particulate Pollutants (PM_(10) and PM_(2.5)) in Wenzhou City

[ Objective] The research aimed to analyze characteristics of the atmospheric particulate pollutants （ PMlo and PM2.s） in Wenzhou City. [Method] We analyzed interannual change rule of the dust haze in Wenzhou during 1978 -2008. Moreover, we respectively set monitoring points in urban district, industrial park and beauty spot of Wenzhou in summer and winter of 2010. Element, ion and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon com- positions and morphology of the particulate matter were analyzed. [ Result] Dust haze in Wenzhou City mainly appeared in winter and spring, which was related to local meteorological condition. In summer and winter, both PMlo and PM2.s concentrations presented the characteristic of industrial park 〉 commercial area 〉 beauty spot. Chain-like particle aggregates and ultrafine particles were main composition of the atmospheric particulate matter in Wenzhou. Contribution rate of the spherical particle amount was smaller than metropolis, which was related to local industry and traffic. Fe element had the most content in particulate matter. Mass concentration was mainly composed of 6 elements, such as Na, Si, S, K, Ca and Fe. Total concentration of the six elements occupied 70% -80% of the 16 elements. SO^- and NH4＊ in particulate matter were higher. They were mainly from human activity. Main compositions of the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon were naphthalene, anthracene, benzo （b） fluoranthene, indeno （1,2, 3-cd） pyrene and benzo （g, h, i） perylene, which was related to abrupt increase of the motor vehicle. [ Condusion] The research provided scientific basis and technology support for controlling atmospheric particulate matter pollution in Wenzhou City by government and related department.

Assessment of Inhalable Particulate Matter Associated with a Refinery in Curacao

Inhalation and atmospheric pollution studies have focused on particulate matter due to correlations and associations with various morbidities and mortalities. This research analyzed ambient concentrations of inhalable particulate matter (PM10) on the island of Curaçao in order to evaluate through comparative literature analysis and recommended public health guidelines the potential health risks. Available hourly, daily and monthly PM10 measurements were accessed from June 2010 through December 2014 from a local air monitoring station in Willemstad. Mean annual concentrations of PM10 (31 - 122 μg/m3) in Curaçao are among the highest reported globally, demonstrating an increasing trend over time and exceed current public health guidelines recommended by local and international agencies. While the epidemiological evidence is inadequate to infer a causal association between health effects and long-term exposures of the measured PM10 concentrations, the results indicate that emissions controls are not adequate for compliance with international exposure standards.

Spatial and Temporal Variation of Particulate Matter (PM10 and PM2.5) and Its Health Effects during the Haze Event in Malaysia

This study aims to assess and compare levels of particulate matter(PM10 and PM2.5)in urban and industrial areas in Malaysia during haze episodes,which typically occur in the south west monsoon season.The high concentrations of atmospheric particles are mainly due to pollution from neighbouring countries.Daily PM concentrations were analysed for urban and industrial areas including Alor Setar,Tasek,Shah Alam,Klang,Bandaraya Melaka,Larkin,Balok Baru,and Kuala Terengganu in 2018 and 2019.The analysis employed spatiotemporal to examine how PM levels were distributed.The data summary revealed that PM levels in all study areas were right-skewed,indicating the occurrence of high particulate events.Significant peaks in PM concentrations during haze events were consistently observed between June and October,encompassing the south west monsoon and inter-monsoon periods.The study on acute respiratory illnesses primarily focused on Selangor.Analysis revealed that Klang had the highest mean number of inpatient cases for acute exacerbation of bronchial asthma(AEBA)and acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease(AECOPD)with values of 260.500 and 185.170,respectively.Similarly,for outpatient cases of AEBA and AECOPD,Klang had the highest average values of 41.67 and 14.00,respectively.Shah Alam and Sungai Buloh did not show a significant increase in cases during periods of biomass burning.The statistical analysis concluded that higher concentrations of PM were associated with increased hospital admissions,particularly from June to September,as shown in the bar diagram.Haze episodes were associated with more healthcare utilization due to haze-related respiratory illnesses,seen in higher inpatient and outpatient visits(p<0.05).However,seasonal variability had minimal impact on healthcare utilization.These findings offer a comprehensive assessment of PM levels during historic haze episodes,providing valuable insights for authorities to develop policies and guidelines for effective monitoring and mitigation of the negative impacts of haze events.

电子废弃物拆解地PM_(10)中多氯联苯、镉和铜含量调查及人体健康风险评估

为研究某电子垃圾拆解地大气中PM10及其典型污染物含量以及对人体健康的危害,采用主动式大气颗粒物采样器采集大气样品,分析ρ(PM10)及其所携带的ρ(PCBs),ρ(Cd)和ρ(Cu),利用美国环境保护署(US EPA)人体健康风险评估模型,评估PM10携带的污染物对研究区居住用地及工商业用地方式下人体的致癌及非致癌风险,分析模型参数对风险评估结果的敏感性.结果表明:在采样期间研究区ρ(PM10)日均值为0.05~0.32 mg/m3,14个样本均超过我国《大气环境质量标准》(GB3095—82)ρ(PM10)一级日均标准值(0.05 mg/m3);大气PM10中的ρ(PCBs)为8 971.5~17 197.6 pg/m3,高于国内外其他地区;ρ(Cd)和ρ(Cu)分别为2.7~18.3和127.8~1 218.0 ng/m3;ρ(PCBs),ρ(Cd)和ρ(Cu)最高值出现位置均为附近新近出现焚烧行为的YLY(玉露杨)采样点.健康风险评估结果表明,居住用地方式下PM10中污染物引起的致癌风险超过可接受风险(10-6),绝大部分由Cd引起;参数敏感性分析表明,污染物特征、成人个体及行为参数对致癌风险影响最大,儿童行为及污染物特征参数对非致癌风险影响最大;在进行健康风险评估时,参数须尽量通过实地调查获得,以降低评估结果的不确定性.

北京市可吸入颗粒物(PM_(10))中单颗粒的矿物组成特征

使用SEM/EDX对北京不同月份采集的可吸入颗粒物 (PM10 )中的 14 5 4个矿物颗粒进行了识别和统计。结果显示 ,矿物颗粒的种类十分复杂 ,可以鉴定出的矿物有 38种 ,其中以粘土矿物的含量最高 ,年平均值为 30 .1% ;粘土矿物中以伊利石 /蒙皂石混层为主 ,占粘土矿物总数的 35 % ;石英、方解石、复合颗粒、碳颗粒的年均值分别为13.5 %、10 .9%、11.95 %、10 .31% ;年平均含量小于 10 %的矿物有石膏、长石、白云石等 ;首次检测出萤石、磷灰石、岩盐、重晶石、氯化锌等矿物。研究还发现 ,硫化现象可以发生在不同矿物颗粒表面 ,且这种现象主要发生在夏季 。

TSP-PM_(10)-PM_(2.5)-2型中流量大气颗粒物采集系统的开发和应用

自行开发并研制了 TSP-PM1 0 -PM2 .5-2型中流量 TSP、PM1 0 、PM2 .5大气颗粒物采集系统 ,是目前中国唯一可以采集 TSP、PM1 0 、PM2 .5样品并提供足够的样品量进行大气颗粒物化学成分分析的中流量大气颗粒物采集器。该系统精心设计和加工的限流孔可以保持完全固定的流量 ,保证切割粒径的稳定 ,减小采样的误差并方便操作。该系统已经成功地应用于 2 0多个城市和地区大气颗粒物的监测和研究中 ,为研究大气颗粒物的污染状况和来源提供了有效的技术手段和支持。

澳门地区PM_(10)粒度分布的分形特征研究

采集澳门地区不同区域大气PM10样品,根据单颗粒图像分析方法分析了PM10的粒径分布,计算了各采样点PM10粒度分布的分形维数,分析讨论了PM10粒度分布分形维数的变化与粒度分布的关系,分析了粒度分布分形维数表征的澳门大气PM10不同采样点、不同季节的粒度整体分布及其影响因素之间的关系。结果表明,澳门地区PM10粒度分布的分形维数在2.05-3.95之间,夏季PM10的粒度分布分形维数（2.88）大于冬季（2.63）,表明夏季PM10的粒度普遍较冬季的细。同一季节不同区域大气PM10的粒度也有较大变化,夏季时,澳门岛的总体颗粒物、矿物颗粒和烟尘颗粒物的分形维数较氹仔岛的偏大,即澳门岛的颗粒物比氹仔岛偏细,而冬季则相反,冬季时,澳门岛的总体颗粒物、矿物颗粒和烟尘颗粒物的分形维数较氹仔岛的偏小。

可吸入颗粒物(PM_(10))空间特点与城市热岛格局的关系分析

采用成都市可吸入颗粒物(PM10)小时浓度的空间分布实例,结合NOAA/AVHRR(National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration/Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer)遥感数据所获的城市热岛温度场格局图,结果发现:下午环形热岛出现时城市中心区的PM10浓度较低,二、三环路附近的浓度相对较高,城区西南部尤其明显。分析认为,环形热岛改变了城市近地层的温度场和流场结构,在城郊结合部造成"双重循环",容易导致污染物在这些地方聚集。

柳州市公共场所室内PM_(2.5)和PM_(10)污染及其与室外污染的关系

目的了解柳州市公共场所室内PM_(2.5)与PM_(10)污染状况,分析其室内外PM_(2.5)与PM_(10)污染的相关性。方法于2020年夏季、冬季采用分层随机抽样方法抽取18家住宿场所、8家沐浴场所、6家游泳场所、16家美容美发场所、2家候车场所进行监测.采用光散射法同时测定室内、外PM_(2.5)与PM_(10)质量浓度,同时记录现场采样时监测点的通风状态及特殊情况。结果柳州市公共场所室内PM_(2.5)质量浓度中位数M(P_(25),P_(75))为25(18,37)μg/m^(3),范围为(5~168)μg/m^(3),合格率为92.9%;PM_(10)质量浓度中位数M(P_(25),P_(75))为51(36~79)μg/m^(3),范围为(10~374)μg/m^(3),合格率为92.9%。公共场所冬季室内PM_(2.5)和PM_(10)质量浓度明显高于夏季,差异有统计学意义。不同类型的公共场所室内PM_(2.5)、PM_(10)的质量浓度存在差异。室内PM_(2.5)质量浓度与PM_(10)存在线性相关,回归方程:y=2.083x-0.985,R=0.997;室内PM_(2.5)浓度低于同时期室外实测水平,呈高度正相关(R=0.821)。室内PM_(10)质量浓度与室外水平呈正相关(R=0.790)。PM_(2.5)和PM_(10)室内、外的I/O比值分别为1.02和1.01。结论柳州市公共场所室内空气PM_(2.5)与PM_(10)状况良好。公共场所室内具有良好的通风换气,室内PM_(2.5)、PM_(10)污染主要受室外污染的影响。

Chemical compositions and source apportionment of atmospheric PM_(10) in suburban area of Changsha, China

Source apportionment of particulate matters with aerodynamic diameter less than 10 μm （PM10） was conducted in the suburban area of Changsha, China. PM10 samples for 24 h collected with TEOM 1400a and ACCU system in July and October 2008 were chemically analyzed by the wavelength dispersive X-ray fluorescence （WD-XRF）. Source appointment was implemented by the principal component analysis/absolute principal component analysis （PCA/APCA） to identify the possible sources and to quantify the contributions of the sources to PM10. Results show that as the PM10 concentration is increased from （85.6±43.7） μg/m3 in July 2008 to （107.6±35.7） μg/m^3 in October 2008, the concentrations of the anthropogenic elements （P, S, C1, K, Mn, Ni, Cu, Zn, and Pb） are basically increased but concentrations of the natural elements （Na, Mg, Al, Si, Ca, Ti, and Fe） are essentially decreased. Six main sources of PM10 are identified in the suburban of Changsha, China： soil dust, secondary aerosols, domestic oil combustion, waste incineration, traffic emission, and industrial emission contribute 57.7%, 24.0%, 9.8%, 5.0%, 2.0%, and 1.5%, respectively. Soil dust and secondary aerosols are the two major sources of particulate air pollution in suburban area of Changsha, China, so effective measures should be taken to control these two particulate pollutants.

Improved source assessment of Si,Al and related mineral components to PM_(10) based on a daily sampling procedure

Samples obtained from an industrialized valley in the East Alpine region were collected daily for a half year and analyzed using X-ray fluorescence to examine the elements Si, Al, Fe, Ca, Mg, Na, K, Zn, P, S and Cl. Some factors affecting the changes of these elements were considered, including time, elemental correlations, weekday, weekend and seasonal changes. Diagnostic analysis provided an insight into a decoupling behavior that occursin siliceous and carbonates minerals. A decrease in Si and Al and an increase in carbonates, Na, K, Zn and P were observed during the cold season. However, a consistently high correlation of Si and Al was observed in all seasons. It was established that such high levels originated from street surface abrasion. The increase in variability and absolute levels of carbonates during the cold season was demonstrated by adding carbonates to the street surface as gritting material to increase the grip on snowy surfaces. A marked increase in Na and Cl was observed in winter which may have been caused by thaw salt that is widely used in winter in Austria. This was associated with a significant increase in K, Zn, and P in the cold season that was the result of domestic space heating with wood. PM10 levels in December were 12 μ/m^3 and were higher than levels detected in July. It was established that such high levels originated from mineral oxides, wood smoke, and inorganic ionic material（s）.

Human Health Risks from Exposure to Heavy Metals of Suspended Particulate Matter around the Tongon Gold Mine, Côte d’Ivoire

The Tongon mine, the largest gold mine in C?te d’Ivoire, has been in operation since April 2010. However, to our knowledge to date, no study has been conducted on metallic contamination in suspended particulate matter (PM10 and PM2.5) where there is a lack of information on the carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risk to human health associated with the exposure of populations in the Tongon area to these pollutants. The general objective of this study is to evaluate the level of contamination of PM10;PM2.5 by heavy metals and their impact on the health of populations exposed to these pollutants in the Tongon gold mine area. The sampling and measurement of suspended particulate matter (PM10 and PM2.5) were done using a MiniVol TAS passive air sampler. Heavy metal concentrations were determined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy (Nex ION 2000 ICP-MS, USA). The results indicate that the average concentrations of suspended particles (PM2.5 and PM10) obtained are all above the recommended exposure limits. In addition, among the heavy metals contained in the suspended particles, the concentrations of arsenic and nickel are high and all above the standard limit values. The assessment of the health risks related to the inhalation of PM10 particles reveals that their inhalation over a long period could cause a carcinogenic risk.

基于主曲线的空气悬浮颗粒物质PM10的预测

对空气中有害物质(例如PM10)的浓度进行预测具有重要的现实意义,但绝大多数情况下,这类数据具有不均衡、在线贯序到达的特点,利用传统监督学习方法较难以实现快速、有效的预测。为解决该问题,提出了一种基于主曲线的PM10预测方法,建立在2010年到2012年PM10的模型,拟合得到相应的参数,最终得到主曲线预测模型,并通过大量实验分别设定不同浓度PM10相应的阈值。研究表明,基于主曲线的PM10预测模型预测速度快、误差低,同时网络结构更加紧凑。

南宁市大气颗粒物PM_(l0)、PM_(2.5)污染水平

为了初步调查南宁市大气中颗粒物PMl0、PM2.5的污染水平 ,于2002年春、夏、秋、冬4季在南宁市的5个典型城市功能区 ,采集了85个样品.结果表明 ,南宁市PMl0、PM2.5 的污染很严重 ,超标率为82.5 %、92.5% ,而且对人体健康危害更大的PM2.5 占PM10 的大部分 ,约为63.5 % ,且重污染区PM2.5 浓度超过轻污染区近一倍 ,应引起公众和相关职能部门的高度重视.

PM_(2.5)测试方法对比及其燃煤电厂的排放特征分析

遵循电力行业标准DL/T 1520—2016,采用PM-10撞击器(30 L/min)、质量法撞击器(DGI,70 L/min)、静电低压撞击器(ELPI,10 L/min)对燃煤电厂的PM_(2.5)进行现场对比测试;并对燃煤电厂PM_(2.5)排放特征进行总结。结果表明,同一仪器不同时段的数据及不同仪器相同时间的数据重复性均较好。

A toxicological study of inhalable particulates by plasmid DNA assay:A case study from Macao

Oxidative damage to plasmid DNA induced by airborne PM10 （particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter of 10 μm or less） is caused by the bioavailable （i.e., soluble） heavy metals on the particle surface. However, quantitative analyses of the links between PM10 and oxidative damage are limited. In this study, plasmid DNA assay and ICP-MS were applied to study oxidative capacity and trace element compositions, respectively, of summer and winter PM10 samples collected at several sites （Sun Yat Sen Municipal Park （SYSP） and Av. de Horta e Costa （AHC） on the Macao peninsula and Macao University on Tai- pa Island （TI）） in Macao. At AHC and TI, the oxidative capacity of PM10 collected in winter was higher than that collected in summer, for both the whole sample and the water-soluble fraction. In contrast, no seasonal variation was noted at SYSP. PMI0 exhibited the highest oxidative capacity at SYSP and lowest oxidative capacity at TI in both seasons, demonstrating that the PMl0 collected on the Macao peninsula had a higher toxicity than that from Taipa Island. ICP-MS analyses revealed that the concentrations of total analyzed trace elements and their water-soluble components in PMI0 from TI and AHC were higher in winter than in summer, whereas SYSP displayed the opposite trend. The extents of oxidative damage induced by the wa- ter-soluble fractions and intact whole particles were generally similar, implying that the oxidative damage caused by particles in Macao resulted mainly from the water-soluble fraction. The oxidative capacities of PM10 were positively correlated with both whole and soluble Zn at the 95% confidence level, indicating that Zn was the major element responsible for the oxidative damage caused by particles in Macao. Other heavy metals, such as Cr, Cu, Cd, Ni, As, and Pb, also exhibited elevated concen- trations, and the potential health impacts of these metals should be considered.

Cancer Risk of Inhalation Exposure to Cd, Cr, As, Be and Ni in Ambient Air

Particulate matter may comprise toxic trace elements with carcinogenic effects. Of these trace elements, Cadmium (Cd), Chromium (Cr), Arsenic (As), Beryllium (Be) and Nickel (Ni) are classified as probable human carcinogens. During the annual Hajj pilgrimage, 2.3 million pilgrims stay in Makkah, Saudi Arabia;the increased vehicle traffic contributes to elevated concentrations of particulate matter. We aimed to determine the excess cancer risk (ECR) associated with inhalation exposure in the Makkah population. This study was conducted in the Arafat area, which is a highly-crowded area during Hajj. Inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) was used for trace element analysis. ECR resulting from inhalation exposure to each metal was calculated in accordance with the unit risk suggested by the Integrated Risk Information System. In summer, including Hajj, mean Cd, Cr, As, Be, and Ni atmospheric concentrations were 0.098, 0.008, 0.26, 0.03, and 0.012 μg/m3, respectively;in autumn, values were 0.06, 0.006, 0.16, 0.002, and 0.01 μg/m3, respectively. ECRs were 1.08 × 10&#87224, 7.21 × 10&#87224, 4.0 × 10&#87226, 4.6 × 10&#87226, and 2.4 × 10&#87226, respectively, exceeding the acceptable inhalation risk level (1.0 × 10&#87226) set by the US Environmental Protection Agency for each element. Higher atmospheric trace element concentrations in summer were due to high temperatures that increased atmospheric turbulence, leading to a greater amount of re-suspended dust from roads and blowing sand particles. These findings can be used by relevant authorities while developing regulations and strategies for developing air quality management to improve the health of pilgrims;however, larger prospective studies are required to estimate ECR in different seasons.

恩施市空气质量变化特征及污染成因分析

空气质量对人类健康有着重要影响,本文以2015—2022年恩施市大气自动监测站监测数据为依据,利用每日AQI,即PM_(2.5)、PM_(10)、SO_(2)、NO_(2)、O_(3)(8 h)和CO的质量浓度,分析恩施市的空气污染变化特征。结果发现,恩施市年均AQI值呈下降趋势,2015—2022年恩施市AQI平均值为58.4,属于空气质量二级标准;PM_(2.5)、PM_(10)、O_(3)是影响空气质量的主要污染物;冬季污染最严重,夏季空气质量最好。总体来看,恩施市环境空气质量逐年变好,环境空气优良率不断提高。

北京市西北城区大气可吸入颗粒物中饱和烃的分布特征

利用气相色谱、气相色谱 -质谱分析法从北京市西北城区四个季节大气可吸入颗粒物 (PM10 )中检测出种类丰富的饱和烃 ,主要包括正构烷烃、萜烷及甾烷等系列化合物。利用饱和烃的多项参数 (如主峰碳数、碳优势指数CPI、藿烷 2 2S/(2 2S +2 2R)比值等 )对大气PM10 中可溶有机物的来源及分布作了探讨。北京市西北城区PM10 中正构烷烃的主峰碳数均介于 2 3和 2 7之间 ,而CPI值介于 1和 3之间 ,表明北京市西北城区PM10 中的饱和烃均不同程度地受到了高等植物等现代生物和化石燃料 (石油、煤等 )不完全燃烧产物两种来源的影响 ,其中在春、夏季以高等植物、花粉、微生物等生物来源占比重较大 ,而在秋、冬季 ,尤其在冬季 ,化石燃料的不完全燃烧造成的污染比较明显。萜烷类物质的检出 ,表明北京市西北城区四个季节PM10 中部分饱和烃来自于石油等化石燃料的不完全燃烧。甾烷类物质的检出 ,表明北京市西北城区四个季节PM10 中部分饱和烃是来自于车辆释放的机油等。