Clinical Efficacy Analysis of Tiotropium Bromide Combined with Budesonide and Formoterol Inhalation in Treating COPD

Objective:To analyze the clinical efficacy of tiotropium bromide(TB)combined with budesonide formoterol(BUD/FM)inhalation in treating chronic obstructive pulmonary disease(COPD).Methods:62 COPD patients admitted to the hospital between June 2020 and December 2022 were selected as samples for this study.The patients were divided into a combination group and a conventional group using the random number table method,with 31 cases in each group.The patients in the combination group were treated with TB combined with BUD/FM inhalation,whereas the patients in the conventional group were treated with BUD/FM inhalation only.The treatment efficacy and changes in lung function indicators of both groups were compared.Results:The total efficacy of treatment in the combined group was higher than that in the conventional group,and the difference was statistically significant(P<0.05).Before treatment,there was no difference in pulmonary function indicators between the two groups(P>0.05).After three months of treatment,all lung function indicators of the combined group were higher than those of the conventional group,and the difference was statistically significant(P<0.05).Conclusion:Combining TB with BUD/FM inhalation therapy increases the efficacy of treatment for patients with COPD.Besides,it also improves lung function and leads to a better prognosis.

Recent progress of respiratory inhalation drug delivery systems

With the influence of many factors such as the aging of the population,the younger smokers,and the serious air pollution,the incidence of chronic respiratory diseases is increasing year by year.In the treatment of respiratory diseases,clinical intervention is still mainly based on drug control of pulmonary symptoms.However,systemic drugs have disadvantages such as many adverse reactions and severe systemic side effects.In recent years,the research and development of local drug delivery systems for the respiratory tract has brought new changes to the treatment of respiratory diseases.Locally delivered drugs can directly act on the airways and have the characteristics of fast onset,good curative effect and small side effects.It is a simple,efficient and safe treatment method,which has a very significant effect,and has become a hot topic of current research and promotion.This paper briefly reviews the development track and latest research progress of respiratory local drug delivery systems at home and abroad,in order to provide reference for clinical workers in drug selection and application.

Inhalation therapy for pulmonary fibrosis:chemical medicines and herbal medicines

Pulmonary fibrosis(PF)is a chronic,progressive,and irreversible pulmonary interstitial disease with unclear pathogenesis.Currently,there are few treatment options for managing PF.Inhalation therapy,as a routine treatment for respiratory diseases,is being used to study the treatment of PF.Some herbal medicines and their active ingredients have been reported to have anti-PF effects.This review aims to provide an overview of the latest developments in inhalation therapy,focusing on the utilization of chemical medicines and herbal medicines for the treatment of PF in both clinical practice and basic research.The inhalation of chemical drugs such as pirfenidone,nintedanib,N-acetylcysteine,and interferon-γhas been shown to demonstrate anti-PF effects.Additionally,the inhalation of various natural products derived from herbal medicines,encompassing polyphenols,alkaloids,flavonoids,saponins,terpenoids,and herbal extracts,contributes to the therapeutic management of PF through diverse mechanisms.The inhalation of both chemical and herbal medicines presents promising advantages in the treatment of PF.Further clinical trials are required to investigate the effectiveness,safety,and mechanism of action of inhalation therapy utilizing natural products derived from herbal medicines.

The Effect of Nebulized Budesonide Inhalation in Treating Children with Asthma and its Influence on Immune Indexes

Objective:To explore and analyze the effect of nebulized budesonide inhalation on children with asthma and its influence on immune indexes.Methods:300 children who were with asthma admitted to the Pediatric Respiratory Department of our hospital from January 2021 to January 2023 were selected as the research subjects.The patients were divided into a nebulization group(n=150)and a reference group(n=150)by drawing lots.The nebulization group received routine treatment along with budesonide nebulization inhalation therapy,while the reference group only received routine treatment.The treatment effect,the immune indicators,the time taken for the disappearance of symptoms,and the pulmonary function indicators of both groups were compared.Results:The total efficacy of treatment received in the nebulization group was significantly higher than that in the reference group(P<0.05).Before treatment,there was no statistically significant difference in the CD4^(+),CD8^(+),CD4^(+)/CD8^(+),between the two groups(P>0.05);after treatment,the nebulization group’s CD4^(+),CD8^(+),CD4^(+)/CD8^(+)and other immune indicators were significantly better than the reference group(P<0.05).The time taken for the disappearance of symptoms like wheezing,coughing,crackles,shortness of breath,and other symptoms in the nebulization group was significantly shorter than in the reference group(P<0.05).Before treatment,there was no statistically significant difference in the pulmonary function indexes such as FEV1,PEF,and FVC between the two groups(P>0.05);after treatment,the pulmonary function indexes of the patients in the nebulization group were significantly better than those in the reference group(P<0.05).Conclusion:Nebulized budesonide inhalation therapy has shown significant efficacy in the treatment of pediatric asthma,with notable improvements in immune indicators.Therefore,it is worthy of recommendation and further promotion.

Combined early fluid resuscitation and hydrogen inhalation attenuates lung and intestine injury

AIM:To study the effects of combined early fluid resuscitation and hydrogen inhalation on septic shockinduced lung and intestine injuries.METHODS:Wistar male rats were randomly divided into four groups:control group(Group A,n = 15);septic shock group(Group B,n = 15);early fluid resuscitation-treated septic shock group(Group C,n = 15);and early fluid resuscitation and inhalation of 2% hydrogentreated septic shock group(Group D,n = 15).The activity of hydroxyl radicals,myeloperoxidase(MPO),superoxide dismutase(SOD),diamine oxidase(DAO),and the concentration of malonaldehyde(MDA) in the lung and intestinal tissue were assessed according to the corresponding kits.Hematoxylin and eosin staining was carried out to detect the pathology of the lung and intestine.The expression levels of interleukin(IL)-6,IL-8,and tumor necrosis factor(TNF)-α in lung and intestine tissue were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay method.The expression levels of Fas and Bcl2 in lung tissues were determined by immunohistochemistry and Western blotting.RESULTS:Septic shock elicited a significant increase in the levels of MDA(10.17 ± 1.12 nmol/mg protein vs 2.98 ± 0.64 nmol/mg protein) and MPO(6.79 ± 1.02 U/g wet tissue vs 1.69 ± 0.14 U/g wet tissue) in lung tissues.These effects were not significantly decreased by Group C pretreatment,but were significantly reduced by Group D pretreatment(MDA:4.45 ± 1.13 nmol/mg protein vs 9.56 ± 1.37 nmol/mg protein;MPO:2.58 ± 0.21 U/g wet tissue vs 6.02 ± 1.16 U/g wet tissue).The activity of SOD(250.32 ± 8.56 U/mg protein vs 365.78 ± 10.26 U/mg protein) in lung tissues was decreased after septic shock,and was not significantly increased by Group C pretreatment,but was significantly enhanced by Group D pretreatment(331.15 ± 9.64 U/mg protein vs 262.98 ± 5.47 U/mg protein).Histological evidence of lung hemorrhage,neutrophil infiltration and overexpression of IL-6,IL-8,and TNF-α was observed in lung tissues,all of which were attenuated by Group C and further alleviated by Group D pretreatment.Septic shock also elicited a significant increase in the levels of MDA,MPO and DAO(6.54 ± 0.68 kU/L vs 4.32 ± 0.33 kU/L) in intestinal tissues,all of which were further increased by Group C,but significantly reduced by Group D pretreatment.Increased Chiu scoring and overexpression of IL-6,IL-8 and TNF-α were observed in intestinal tissues,all of which were attenuated by Group C and further attenuated by Group D pretreatment.CONCLUSION:Combined early fluid resuscitation and hydrogen inhalation may protect the lung and intestine of the septic shock rats from the damage induced by oxidative stress and the inflammatory reaction.

Inhalation of nanoparticle-based drug for lung cancer treatment:Advantages and challenges

Ever since the success of developing inhalable insulin,drug delivery via pulmonary administration has become an attractive route to treat chronic diseases.Pulmonary delivery system for nanotechnology is a relatively new concept especially when applicable to lung cancer therapy.Nano-based systems such as liposome,polymeric nanoparticles or micelles are strategically designed to enhance the therapeutic index of anti-cancer drugs through improvement of their bioavailability,stability and residency at targeted lung regions.Along with these benefits,nano-based systems also provide additional diagnostic advantages during lung cancer treatment,including imaging,screening and drug tracking.Nevertheless,delivery of nanobased drugs via pulmonary administration for lung cancer therapy is still in its infancy and numerous challenges are expected.Pharmacology,immunology,toxicology and largescale manufacturing(stability and activity of drugs)are some aspects in nanotechnology that should be taken into consideration for the development of inhalable nano-based chemotherapeutic drugs.This review will focus on the current inhalable nano-based drugs for lung cancer treatment.

Histomorphological and Histochemical Alterations Following Short-term Inhalation Exposure to Sulfur Mustard on Visceral Organs of Mice

Toxic effects of inhaled sulfur mustard (SM) on the histology of visceral organs was investigaed by exposing mice to 84. 6mg/m3 for 1h duration, using controlled single exposure conditions. A progressive fall in body weight from third day onwards was noticed. Light microscopic examination of the pulmonary tissue of these animals at 6 h post exposure revealed that the tracheobronchial epithelium remained intact, but was infiltrated by inflammatory cells. By 24 h post exposure, the mucosecretory cells were destroyed. The indanunatory reaction was maximum at 48 h. By 7th day post exposure there was swelling and vacuolation of lung parenchymal cells and thrombi formation. In addition SM caused congestion and hemorrhage at alveolar level. SM also caused granulovacuolar degeneration with perinuclear clumping of the cytopasm of hepatocytes and renal parenchymal cells. Renallesions were chazacterized by congestion and hemorrhage. Among visceral tissues, maximum atrophywas observed in spleen. Distribution of lesions increased with post exposure period. The maximum lesions were observed at 7th day post-exposure.

Potentially fatal electrolyte imbalance caused by severe hydrofluoric acid burns combined with inhalation injury: A case report

BACKGROUND Hydrofluoric acid(HF)is one of the most common causes of chemical burns.HF burns can cause wounds that deepen and progress aggressively.As a result,HF burns are often severe even if they involve a small area of the skin.Published cases of HF burns have mostly reported small HF burn areas.Few cases of HF inhalation injury have been reported to date.CASE SUMMARY A 24-year-old man suffered from extensive hydrofluoric acid burns covering 60%of the total body surface area(TBSA),including deep second degree burns on 47%and third degree burns on 13%of the TBSA,after he fell into a pickling pool containing 15%HF.Comprehensive treatments were carried out after the patient was admitted.Ventricular fibrillation occurred 9 times within the first 2 h,and the lowest serum Ca2+concentration was 0.192 mmol/L.A dose of calcium gluconate(37 g)was intravenously supplied during the first 24 h,and the total amount of calcium gluconate supplementation was 343 g.Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation(ECMO)was applied for 8 d to handle the acute respiratory distress syndrome(ARDS)induced by the HF inhalation injury.The patient was discharged after 99 d of comprehensive treatment,including skin grafting.CONCLUSION Extensive HF burns combined with an inhalation injury led to a potentially fatal electrolyte imbalance and ARDS.Adequate and timely calcium supplementation and ECMO application were the keys to successful treatment of the patient.

Pulmonary Toxicity of a Formulated Preparation of Fenvalerate in Rats Subchronically Exposed by Nose Only Inhalation for 90 Days

Objective The pulmonary toxicity of a commercially available formulated preparation of Fenvalerate (Fen), a synthetic pyrethroid has been studied in rats following subchronic nose only inhalation exposure route. Method Adult male rats were exposed to Fen for 4h/day, 5 days a week for 90 days by using Flow Past Dynamic Nose only Inhalation Chamber. Results Fen exposed rats showed a significant increase in enzymatic activities of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), acid phosphatase (ACP), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and γ-glutamyl transferase (γ-GT) which are considered as biochemical indicators of pulmonary damage. The concomitant histopathological examination of Fen exposed rats' lung revealed inflammatory changes viz., influx of mononuclear cells admixed with a few giant cells in alveolar lumen, hypetrophied bronchiolar and alveolar epithelial lining cells and presence of edematous fluid in alveolar lumen alongwith congested parenchymatous blood vessels. Conclusion These results for the first time indicate the pulmonary toxic effects of a commonly used formulated Fen preparation by using rat model and nose only inhalation as the route of exposure.

Critical physicochemical attributes of chitosan nanoparticles admixed lactose-PEG 3000 microparticles in pulmonary inhalation

Chitosan nanoparticles are exhalation prone and agglomerative to pulmonary inhalation.Blending nanoparticles with lactose microparticles(~5 μm) could mutually reduce their agglomeration through surface adsorption phenomenon. The chitosan nanoparticles of varying size, size distribution, zeta potential, crystallinity, shape and surface roughness were prepared by spray drying technique as a function of chitosan, surfactant and processing conditions. Lactose-polyethylene glycol 3000(PEG3000) microparticles were similarly prepared. The chitosan nanoparticles, physically blended with fine lactose-PEG3000 microparticles, exhibited a comparable inhalation performance with the commercial dry powder inhaler products(fine particle fraction between 20% and 30%). Cascade impactor analysis indicated that the aerosolization and inhalation performance of chitosan nanoparticles was promoted by their higher zeta potential and circularity, and larger size attributes of which led to reduced inter-nanoparticulate aggregation and favored nanoparticles interacting with lactose-PEG3000 micropaticles that aided their delivery into deep and peripheral lungs.

Effect of Inhalational Anesthetics on Cytotoxicity and Intracellular Calcium Differently in Rat Pheochromocytoma Cells (PC12)

Isoflurane, a commonly used inhaled anesthetic, induces apoptosis in rat pheochromocytoma cells （PC12） in a concentration- and time-dependent manner with unknown mechanism. We hypothesized that isoflurane induced apoptosis by causing abnormal calcium release from the endoplasmic reticulum （ER） via activation of inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate （IP3） receptors. Alzheimer＇s presenilin-1 （PS 1） mutation increased activity of IP3 receptors and therefore rendered cells vulnerable to isoflurane-induced cytotoxicity. Sevoflurane and desflurane had less ability to disrupt intracellular calcium homeostasis and thus being less potent pared the cytotoxic effects of various inhaled to cause cytotoxicity. This study examined and com-anesthetics on PC12 cells transfected with the Alzheimer＇s mutated PS 1 （L286V） and the disruption of intracellular calcium homeostasis. PC 12 cells transfected with wild type （WT） and mutated PS 1 （L286V） were treated with equivalent of 1 MAC of isoflurane, sevoflurane and desflurane for 12 h. MTT reduction and LDH release assays were performed to evaluate cell viability. Changes of calcium concentration in cytosolic space （[Ca^2＋]c） were determined after exposing different types of cells to various inhalational anesthetics. The effects of IP3 receptor antagonist xestospongin C on isoflurane-induced cytotoxicity and calcium release from the ER in L286V PC12 cells were also determined. The results showed that isoflurane at 1 MAC for 12 h induced cytoxicity in L286V but not WT PC12 cells, which was also associated with greater and faster elevation of peak [Ca^2＋]c in L286V than in the WT cells. Xestospongin C significantly ameliorated isoflurane cytotoxicity in L286V cells, as well as inhibited the calcium release from the ER in L286V cells. Sevoflurane and desflurane at equivalent exposure to isoflurane did not induce similar cytotoxicity or elevation of peak [Ca^2＋]c in L286V PC 12 cells. These results suggested that isoflurane induced cytoxicity by partially causing abnormal calcium release from the ER via activation of IP3 receptors in L286V PC12 cells. Sevoflurane and desflurane at equivalent exposure to isoflurane did not induce similar elevation of [Ca^2＋]c or neurotoxicity in PC 12 cells transfected with the Alzheimer＇s PS 1 mutation.

Pharmacological treatment of inhalation injury after nuclear or radiological incidents: The Chinese and German approach

Inhalation injury is often associated with burns and significantly increases morbidity and mortality. The main toxic components of fire smoke are carbon monoxide, hydrogen cyanide, and irritants. In the case of an incident at a nuclear power plant or recycling facility associated with fire, smoke may also contain radioactive material. Medical treatments may vary in different countries, and in this paper, we discuss the similarities and differences in the treatments between China and Germany. Carbon monoxide poisoning is treated by 100% oxygen administration and,if available, hyperbaric oxygenation in China as well as in Germany. In addition, antidotes binding the cyanide ions and relieving the respiratory chain are important. Methemoglobin-forming agents(e.g., nitrites, dimethylaminophenol)or hydroxocobalamin(Vitamin B12) are options. The metabolic elimination of cyanide may be enhanced by sodium thiosulfate. In China, sodium nitrite with sodium thiosulfate is the most common combination. The use of dimethylaminophenol instead of sodium nitrite is typical for Germany, and hydroxocobalamin is considered the antidote of choice if available in cases of cyanide intoxications by fire smoke inhalation as it does not further reduce oxygen transport capacity. Systematic prophylactic use of corticosteroids to prevent toxic pulmonary edema is not recommended in China or Germany. Stable iodine is indicated in the case of radioiodine exposure and must be administered within several hours to be effective. The decorporation of metal radionuclides is possible with Ca(DTPA)or Prussian blue that should be given as soon as possible. These medications are used in both countries, but it seems that Ca(DTPA) is administered at lower dosages in China. Although the details of the treatment of inhalation injury and radionuclide(s) decorporation may vary, the general therapeutic strategy is very similar in China and Germany.

Inhalation properties of water-soluble drug loaded liposomes atomized by nebulizer

The pulmonary route presents several advantages in designing drug delivery systems in both systemic and topical administration.The use of particulate carriers is an attractive method for designing pulmonary drug delivery systems,because such carriers could control drug release and selective drug targeting when the carriers reach the target site in the lung.The prevention of local irritation,reduced drug toxicity,and improved drug stability are also preferable results of utilizing such carrier systems.Among a number of particulate carriers,liposomes have an advantage in safety,because they consist of phospholipids,which are bio-components.

Nitrogen monoxide vector of ultrasonic atomizing inhalation improves vertebro-basilar artery insufficiency Hemodynamic changes are detected by transcranial Doppler test

BACKGROUND： Latest researches at home and abroad indicate that glycerol trinitrate plays its function because it can metabolize into nitrogen monoxide （NO） in vivo. OBJECTIVE： To study the therapeutic effects of NO vector of ultrasonic atomizing inhalation on vertebro-basilar artery insufficiency （VBI） through transcranial Doppler （TCD） detection and serum NO content and indirect effect of TCD on cerebral blood flow changes. DESIGN： Randomized grouping and controlled clinical study. SETTING： Department of Neurology, the Fourth People＇s Hospital of Jinan. PARTICIPANTS： A total of 130 patients who were diagnosed as VBI were selected from Department of Neurology, the Fourth People＇s Hospital of Jinan from December 2001 to December 2005. The involved inpatients were checked by CT and MRI, and met the VBI diagnostic standard enacted by the Fourth National Academic Meeting of Cerebrovascular Disease in 1995. All patients and their relatives provided the confumed consent. They were randomly divided into low-dose treatment group （n =60）, high-lose treatment group （n =30） and control group （n =40）. METHODS： Patients in the low-dose and high-dose treatment groups were given ultrasonic atomizing inhalation of 3 mg and 5 mg glycerol trinitrate, respectively, for 20 minutes, once a day. In addition, ligustrazine and energy mixture were used once a day for three days in a course. Cases in the control group were only given ligustrazine and energy mixture. All selected cases accepted TCD, blood NO content was checked at the time of beginning, after the first time and after a period of treatment. According to the TCD test, VBI patients were divided into two groups （high-low flow velocity）. The vertebral artery （VA） and basal artery （BA） of left or right sides were detected by 2 Hz detector via occipital window. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES： ①Blood flow velocity of systolic phase, blood flow velocity of diastole phase and vascular resistance in left and right VA and BA detected by using TCD before treatment, after treatment for one course; ②content of serum NO indirectly measured by using nitric acid disoxidation technique. RESULTS： All 130 VBI patients were involved in the final analysis. ①Changes of hemodynamic indexes： Systolic phase of VA and diastole phase of BA were higher in low-dose treatment group than that in the control group after first treatment, and there was significant difference （P 〈 0.05）; meanwhile, systolic phase and diastole phase of VA and systolic phase of BA were also higher in treatment group than that in the control group after one course （P 〈 0.05）. However, both systolic phase and diastole phase of VA and BA were lower in high-dose treatment group than that in the control group after first treatment and one course, and there was significant difference （P 〈 0.05）. ②Content of serum NO： After first treatment, there was no significant difference between low-dose treatment group and high-dose treatment group （P 〉 0.05）; but both groups were higher than control group, and there was significant difference （P 〈 0.05, 0.01）. CONCLUSION： NO vector of ultrasonic atomizing inhalation can improve VBI so as to improve cerebral blood-supply state.

The influence of amino acids on aztreonam spray-dried powders for inhalation

The dry powder inhalation of antibiotics for the treatment of lung infections has attracted drastically increasing attention as it offers rapid local therapy at lower doses and minimal side effects.In this study,aztreonam(AZT)was used as the model antibiotic and spraydried to prepare powders for inhalation.Amino acids of glycine(GLY),histidine(HIS)and leucine(LEU)were used as excipients to modify the spray-dried particles.It was demonstrated that the GLY-AZT spray-dried powders formed huge agglomerates with the size of 144.51μm,which made it very difficult to be delivered to the lungs(FPF:0.29%w/w only).In comparison with the AZT spray-dried powders,HIS-modified spray-dried powders showed increased compressibility,indicating larger distance and less cohesion between particles;while the LEU-modified spray-dried particles showed a hollow structure with significantly decreased densities.The fine particle fraction for HIS-and LEU-modified powders was 51.4%w/w and 61.7%w/w,respectively,and both were significantly increased(one-way ANOVA,Duncan’s test,P<0.05)compared to that of AZT spray-dried powders(45.4%w/w),showing a great potential to be applied in clinic.

Studies on the spray dried lactose as carrier for dry powder inhalation

The purpose of this study was to investigate the spray dried lactose as carrier for dry powder inhalation(DPI).The lactose particles were prepared by spray drying,then the particle size,shape and crystal form were characterized by laser diffraction,scanning electron microscopy(SEM),X-ray diffraction(XRD)and differential scanning calorimetry(DSC).The spray dried lactose particles were spherical and amorphous,but would transfer to crystal form when storage humidity was above 32%.Thus,the humidity of the storage environment should be controlled below 30%strictly in order to maintain the amorphous nature of spray dried lactose which is a great benefit to DPI development.

Drug delivery interfaces:A way to optimize inhalation therapy in spontaneously breathing children

There are several different types of drug delivery interfaces available on the market.Using the right interface for aerosol drug delivery to children is essential for effective inhalation therapy.However,clinicians usually focus on selecting the right drug-device combination and often overlook the importance of interface selection that lead to suboptimal drug delivery and therapeutic response in neonates and pediatrics.Therefore,it is necessary to critically assess each interface and understand its advantage and disadvantages in aerosol drug delivery to this patient population.The purpose of this paper is to provide a critical assessment of drug delivery interfaces used for the treatment of children with pulmonary diseases by emphasizing advantages and problems associated with their use during inhalation therapy.

The Effects of Ginsenosides on Smoke Inhalation Injury in Rats

A rat model was used to explore the therapeutic effects of ginsenosides (GS)on smoke inhalation long injury.It was found that GS could markedly alleviate the in-crease of pulmonary microvascular permeability (PMVP),reduction of protein and leu-cocyte content in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) of the smoke inhalation injur-ed rats.Histopathological studies of the lungs revealed that GS could distinctly reduceleucocyte accumulation in the vessels,interstitial infiltration of leucocytes,interstitial andintra-alveolar edema,hemorrhage and vascular congestion.Meanwhile,GS could inhibitthe elevation of malondialdehyde (MDA) in the lungs and serum and reverse the decrea-sed activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) in the lungs after smoke inhalation.In addi-tion experiments in vitro also showed the inhibition of lipid peroxidation in lung homo-genate and elimination of superoxide anions hydroxyl radicals effectively by GS in properdoses.These results imply that there is close interrelationship between the therapeuticefficiency of GS on smoke inhalation lung injury and its capability of antioxidation.

Acute Inhalation Toxicity Study of 2-Fluoroaceta mide in Rats

One of the most potent rodenticides is 2_fluoroacetamide (2_FA). Toxicity of this chemical is well documented. However, its inhalation toxicity data is not available in the literature. Hence, \{acute\} inhalation toxicity study was carried out by exposing male and female rats to aerosols of 2_FA at different concentrations for 4 h in a dynamically operated whole body inhalation exposure chamber. During and after the inhalation exposure the rats were less active, and showed mild tremors and convulsions. At higher concentrations the rats died after 2_3 days. The estimated 4_h LC 50 for male and female rats was 136.6 and 144.5 mg·m -3 respectively. Exposure to 0.7 LC 50 for 4 h duration showed an increase in the liver weight of male and female rats 7 days after exposure. Various haematological and biochemical variables determined were within the normal limits. However, histological findings showed injured lung as indicated by desquamation and necrosis of the epithelium of the respiratory tract. Marked hypertrophy of hepatocytes displaying strong acidophilic granulated cytoplasm was observed. Focal dilatation of renal proximal tubules in kidney with cytoplasmic vacuolation, and irregularly placed pyknotic nuclei were seen. The present study shows that 2_FA is a highly toxic chemical through the inhalation route based on the LC 50 value. Consequently necessary precautions should be taken during its handling.

OBSERVATION ON VACCINATING NEWCASTLE DISEASE VIRUS VACCINE WITH INHALATION AND PREVENTING RECURRENCE OF NASOPHARYNGEAL CANCER AFTER RADIOTHERAPY

Objective: To understand whether the Newcastle disease virus (NDV) vaccine can successfully vaccinate the rabbits and volunteers of cancer patients by inhalation and to observe the effects of NDV vaccine on nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NRC) patients after radiotherapy. Methods: The live NDV vaccine was vaccinated through nasal cavities of rabbits, NPC patients and other cancer patients who were treated by surgery or chemotherapy with larynx spray. The blood specimens of vein from the tested rabbits and volunteers of patients with cancer were collected before and after vaccination. The anti-NDV-antibody in serum was detected by conventional blood coagulation inhibiting method. The white blood cell (WBC) amount in blood samples was counted. In addition, the NPC patients after radiotherapy were divided into both test group and control group with random match. The both were followed-up by multiple kinds of way in order to understand effects of NDV immunotherapy for NPC. Results: The anti-NDV-antibody level of the rabbits and the patients with NPC rose significantly after vaccination. The WBC amount of cancer patients treated by surgery or chemotherapy also rose significantly after vaccination. The recurrence rate (3.23%) of NRC patients in test group who received immunotherapy of NDV vaccine for 4 to 10 treatment courses within 3 years after end of radiotherapy were significantly lower than that (25.81%) of the control group (P<0.025). Conclusion: The NDV vaccine La Sota strain can vaccinate the rabbits and the cancer patients in success by inhalation. And it has remarkable effect to decrease 3 year recurrence rate of NRC patients after radiotherapy.