Aerodynamic/stealth design of S-duct inlet based on discrete adjoint method

It is a major challenge for the airframe-inlet design of modern combat aircrafts,as the flow and electromagnetic wave propagation in the inlet of stealth aircraft are very complex.In this study,an aerodynamic/stealth optimization design method for an S-duct inlet is proposed.The upwind scheme is introduced to the aerodynamic adjoint equation to resolve the shock wave and flow separation.The multilevel fast multipole algorithm(MLFMA)is utilized for the stealth adjoint equation.A dorsal S-duct inlet of flying wing layout is optimized to improve the aerodynamic and stealth characteristics.Both the aerodynamic and stealth characteristics of the inlet are effectively improved.Finally,the optimization results are analyzed,and it shows that the main contradiction between aerodynamic characteristics and stealth characteristics is the centerline and crosssectional area.The S-duct is smoothed,and the cross-sectional area is increased to improve the aerodynamic characteristics,while it is completely opposite for the stealth design.The radar cross section(RCS)is reduced by phase cancelation for low frequency conditions.The method is suitable for the aerodynamic/stealth design of the aircraft airframe-inlet system.

Numerical simulation of inlet placement on sewage characteristics in the rounded square aquaculture tank with single inlet

To improve the self-cleaning ability of aquaculture tank and the efficiency of circulating water,physical and numerical experiments were conducted on the influence of inlet structure on sewage discharge in a rounded square aquaculture tank with a single inlet.Based on the physical model of the tank,analysis of how inlet structure adjustment affects sewage discharge efficiency and flow field characteristics was conducted to provide suitable flow field conditions for sinkable solid particle discharge.In addition,an internal flow field simulation was conducted using the RNG k-εturbulence model in hydraulic drive mode.Then a solid-fluid multiphase model was created to investigate how the inlet structure affects sewage collection in the rounded square aquaculture tank with single inlet and outlet.The finding revealed that the impact of inlet structure is considerably affecting sewage collection.The conditions of C/B=0.07-0.11(the ratio of horizontal distance between the center of the inlet pipe and the tank wall(C)to length of the tank(B))andα=25°(αis the angle between the direction of the jet and the tangential direction of the arc angle)resulted in optimal sewage collection,which is similar to the flow field experiment in the rounded square aquaculture tank with single inlet and outlet.An excellent correlation was revealed between sewage collection and fluid circulation stability in the aquaculture tank.The present study provided a reference for design and optimization of circulating aquaculture tanks in aquaculture industry.

Impact of the Inlet Flow Angle and Outlet Placement on the Indoor Air Quality

This study aims to optimize the influence of the inlet inclination angle on the Indoor Air Quality(IAQ),heat,and temperature distribution in mixed convection within a two-dimensional square cavityfilled with an air-CO_(2)mixture.The air-CO_(2)mixture enters the cavity through two inlet openings positioned at the top wall,which is set at the ambient temperature(TC).Three values of the Reynolds numbers,ranging from 1000 to 2000,are considered,while the Prandtl number is kept constant(Pr=0.71).The temperature distribution and streamlines are shown for Rayleigh number(Ra)equal to 104,three inlet inclination anglesϕ(0,π/6 andπ/4)and three CO_(2)concentrations values(1500,2500,3500 ppm)applied at both hot vertical walls(maintained at a constant temperature TH).Afinite volume method is used under the assumption of two-dimensional laminarflow to solve the NavierStokes and energy equations.The results indicate that inlet inclination angle has an impact on the indoor air quality(IAQ),which,in turn,affects the heat transfer distribution and thermal comfort within the cavity.

The Effect of Inlet Angle Structure of Concave and Convex Plate on Internal Flow Characteristics of Alkaline Electrolyzer

The structure of the concave-convex plates has proven to be crucial in optimizing the internal flow characteristics of the electrolyzer for hydrogen production.This paper investigates the impact of the gradual expansion angle of the inlet channel on the internal flow field of alkaline electrolyzers.The flow distribution characteristics of concave-convex plates with different inlet angle structures in the electrolytic cell is discussed.Besides,the system with internal heat source is studied.The results indicate that a moderate gradual expansion angle is beneficial for enhancing fluid uniformity.However,an excessively large gradual expansion angle may lead to adverse reflux phenomena,reducing the overall performance of the electrolytic cell.

A Ventral Diverterless High Offset S-shaped Inlet at Transonic Speeds

An investigation on the ventral diverterless high offset S-shaped inlet is carried out at Mach numbers from 0.600 to 1.534, angles of attack from -4° to 9.4°, and yaw angles from 0° to 8°. Results indicate： （1） a large region of low total pressure exists at the lower part of the inlet exit caused by the counter-rotating vortices in the S-shaped duct; （2） the performances of the inlet at Mach number 1.000 reach almost the highest, so the propulsion system could work efficiently in terms of aerodynamics; （3） the total pressure recovery increases slowly at first and then remains unvaried as the Mach number rises from 0.6 to 1.0, however, it does in an opposite manner in the conventional diverter-equipped S-shaped inlet; （4） the performances of the inlet are generally insensitive to angles of attack from -4° to 9.4° and yaw angles from 0° to 8° at Mach number 0.850, and angles of attack from -2° to 6° and yaw angles from 0° to 5° at Mach number 1.534.

ANALYSIS OF INTERNAL WAVERIDER INLET AND TYPICAL SIDEWALL COMPRESSION INLET PERFORMANCE

A new internal waverider inlet with a rectangular shape of entrance and exit in front view is designed at Ma=6.0.The design is based on a better basic flowfield ICFC than traditional one and derived with the technology of stream tracing and shock cutting.Comparison between the newly designed inlet and a typical sidewall compression inlet is given.The design Mach number and entrance shape of this new inlet are chosen according to the sidewall compression inlet.Numerical results show that most of the performance parameters of the internal waverider inlet are a bit higher than the sidewall inlet,such as the flow capture coefficient,total pressure recovery and the kinetic efficiency.The performances of these two inlets at off-design points are compared.The internal waverider inlet can capture more than 91% of incoming flow under all simulated conditions.Results show that internal waverider inlet using 3-D compression and high flow capture coefficient is a kind of fixed-geometry inlet with better performance.

CHARACTERISTICS OF FLOW IN A PARTIALLY DYNAMIC HELICOPTER INLET

An experimental study of the flow in a helicopter inlet with front output shaft and partial flow dynamic head is conducted in low speed wind tunnel. The flow characters of the inlet in the range of the yaw angle from 0~135°are presented in this paper. The static pressure distributions along the duct, distortions of the flow field at the outlet section and total pressure recovery coefficients are measured and analyzed. The results show that this type of inlet has high total pressure recovery coefficients at a wide range of yaw angle. The regions of local flow separation and distortion are closely related to the yaw angle. It′s also found that the outlet section has the best characteristics at sideslip, and sharply deteriorated characteristics at the yawed flight with a yaw angle of more than 90°

SCRAMJET INLET MULTI-OBJECTIVE OPTIMIZATION BASED ON RESPONSE SURFACE METHODOLOGY

The uniform design and response surface methodology （RSM） are applied to the multi-objective optimization of a 2-D mixed compression scramjet inlet. The set of experimental design points on the design space is selected by the uniform design, and the inlet performance is analyzed by computational fluid dynamics （CFD）. Then complete quadratic polynomial response surface approximation models are constructed based on the performance analysis results and then used to replace theoriginal complex inlet performance model. The optimization is conducted using a multi-objective genetic algorithm NSGA-Ⅱ, and the Pareto optimal solution set is obtained. Results show that the uniform design and RSM can reduce the computational complexity of numerical simulation and improve the optimization efficiency.

具有扰流结构的风冷型锂电池包热管理系统优化

基于常见新能源车结构设计了一种车载式风冷型锂电池包,利用有限元仿真对风冷型锂电池热管理系统进行模拟计算。结果表明:入口空气流速2 m/s的条件下,顺排和叉排两种结构的最大温差分别为6.96℃和6.29℃,叉排结构下最大温差有所降低;增加扰流板为空气流场创造扰流结构,最大温差为5.69℃,相比叉排结构最大温差降低了0.60℃;入口空气流速大于4 m/s时,最大温差低于5℃,满足锂电池最优放电效率;扰流板布置为对称结构时电池包具有最优的冷却性能,电池的最高温度和最大温差明显低于其他排布方式;入口空气流速与电池包冷却性能呈正相关,入口空气流速达到6 m/s时达到最优冷却效果,此后继续增大入口空气流速冷却性能变化幅值减小。所设计的18650锂电池包在隔板间距为对称排布下具有最优的扰流冷却性能,控制入口空气流速大于4 m/s时可以使电池在最优放电效率下运行。

浸没式喷水推进系统水动力特性分析

浸没式喷水推进是常规艉板式喷水推进的一种衍变型式,其流道与船体高度耦合,船泵耦合流场更复杂。针对浸没式喷水推进技术发展需求,首次构建浸没式喷水推进控制体与力学模型,并开展其与常规艉板式的差别分析。然后针对同一型船、同一型推进泵,在设计航速点开展两种推进形式的船泵一体化多自由度运动数值计算分析。对比结果表明:浸没式喷水推进获流区面积更大,流道效率更高,对船体姿态影响小,浸没式喷水推进推力减额分数较大且为正值。

入口流量及粉尘粒径对双级旋流管分离特性的影响

通过称重和离线采样的方法,研究了双级旋流管入口流量和不同平均粒径粉尘对双级旋流管的总分离效率和粉尘粒径分级效率的影响规律。结果表明:双级旋流管具有较高的总分离效率,在入口流量108 m^(3)/h下对平均粒径47.41μm粉尘的总分离效率可高达99.55%,且对粒径10~30μm范围内颗粒的分离效率最优;第一级旋流管中粉尘颗粒受弹跳、二次夹带的影响,分离时针对粉尘浓度高、平均粒径小的颗粒,可选择较低阻、排尘空间较大的结构设计,同时适当增加抽气率;第二级旋流管中粉尘颗粒受颗粒间作用力(破碎或磨损)的影响,分离时针对粉尘浓度小、平均粒径大的颗粒,可选择较高效的结构设计,并适当减少抽气率;双级旋流管存在对粉尘颗粒分级效率最优的粒径区间,区间内分级效率几乎不随粒径增大而变化。

旁路人工湿地系统进出水方式研究——以合肥市南淝河旁路湿地为例

二十埠河作为南淝河主要支流,其水质直接影响着南淝河及巢湖水生态安全。本研究拟通过旁路净化湿地净化二十埠河水质。在挖方量、填方量、水位影响范围、影响截流设施个数、工程投资及运行费用等方面,分别对旁路湿地自流进水自流出水、泵提进水自流出水(建坝、不建坝)和自流进水泵提出水4种进出水方式进行论证分析。结果表明,相较于泵提进水自流出水(建坝、不建坝)和自流进水泵提出水,自流进水自流出水方式具有年运行费用低、湿地运行维护方便、场地内部土方可实现土方平衡等优点,更适用于南淝河旁路人工湿地工程。

Design and Wind Tunnel Study of a Top-mounted Diverterless Inlet

Combined with a UAV of the shape like Global Hawk, a new inlet is advanced to obtain high performance in both Radar Cross Section(RCS) and aerodynamic drag. Efforts are made to achieve this goal such as adopting a top-mounted inlet configuration, utilizing the diverterless technique and putting forward a new shape of entrance. A design method is brought forward and verified by wind tunnel tests. Results indicate: (1) Despite the negative effect of the front fuselage and the absence of the conventional boundary diverter, the performance of the top-mounted diverterless inlet advanced here(Ma:0.50-0.70, α:-4°-6°,σ>0.975) is equivalent to that of conventional S shaped inlet with diverter; (2) The integration of the inlet with the fuselage is realized by the utilization of a special inlet section and the diverterless technique, which disposes the whole inlet in the shield of the head of UAV, improving the drag characteristics and the stealthy performance of the aircraft; (3) The bump which is equal to the local boundary layer thickness in height can divert the boundary layer effectively. As a result, no obvious low total pressure zone is found at the outlet of the inlet; (4) According to the experimental results, negative angle of attack is favorable to the total pressure recovery and positive angle of attack is favorable to the total pressure distortion, while yaw brings bad effects on both; (5) The design of cowl lip is of great importance to the inlet performance at yaw, therefore, further improvement of the inlet performance will rely on the lip shapes of the cowl chosen.

前置宽体竖井进水流道水泵装置特性

为解决水泵机组设备布置与泵装置性能优化之间的矛盾,提出宽体竖井设计方法.基于三维湍流数值计算方法和熵产理论,比较了宽体竖井进水流道与2个常见的尖锥形竖井进水流道的水力特性.设计制作宽体竖井进水流道水泵装置模型,并试验测试5个叶片角下泵装置的能量特性、空化特性和飞逸特性.结果表明:宽体竖井方案与其他2个方案的内流场相似,在设计流量工况下流速均匀度均为95%左右,加权平均角度均大于89°;不同流量工况下,3种方案水力损失均接近,竖井前段熵产仅占后段的7.470%,竖井前段宽体型线对流道能量耗散无影响;当叶片角为0°时,水泵装置效率最高达79.19%;5个叶片角的泵装置临界空化余量均小于6.0 m;当叶片角为-6°时,扬程为2.36 m的最大飞逸转速为278.6 r/min;宽体竖井的水力特性与常规竖井相近,具有可同时满足设备布置与泵装置性能需求的特点.

Inlet Recirculation Influence to the Flow Structure of Centrifugal Impeller

Inlet recirculation is proved as an effective way for centrifugal compressor surge margin extension,and is successively used in some engineering applications.Unfortunately its working mechanism is still not being well understood,which leads to redesigning of inlet recirculation mostly by experience.Also,most study about inlet recirculation is steady to date.It is necessary to study surge margin extension mechanism about inlet recirculation.To expose the mechanism in detail,steady and unsteady numerical simulations were performed on a centrifugal compressor with and without inlet recirculation.The results showed that,with inlet recirculation,the inlet axial velocity is augmented,relative Mach number around blade tip leading edge area is significantly reduced and so is the flow angle.As the flow angle decreased,the incidence angle reduced which greatly improves the flow field inside the impeller.Moreover,inlet recirculation changes the blade loading around blade tip and restrains the flow separation on the blade suction side at the leading edge area.The unsteady results of static pressure around blade surface,entropy at inlet crossflow section and vorticity distributions at near tip span surface indicated that,at near stall condition,strong fluctuation exists in the vicinity of tip area due to the interaction between tip leakage flow and core flow.By inlet recirculation these strong flow fluctuations are eliminated so the flow stability is greatly enhanced.All these improvements mentioned above are the reason for inlet recirculation delays compressor stall.This research reveals the surge margin extension reason of inlet recirculation from an unsteady flow viewpoint and provides important reference for inlet recirculation structure design.

一起WNS4-1.25-Q/Y型锅炉进水管套管与锅筒连接处泄漏原因分析

针对1台WNS4-1.25-Q/Y型锅炉进水管套管与锅筒连接处泄漏问题进行了详细分析,并提出针对性的解决方法。分析表明锅炉进水管为直管,当进水直冲匚型挡板,会造成冷水反冲锅筒表面并引发了局部热疲劳,进而导致套管焊缝处出现贯穿锅筒筒体的裂纹,最终引发了泄漏事故的发生。在针对该锅炉处理缺陷及改进措施中,建议除了消除裂纹、更换修理进水管外,还应对进水口进行改进。具体采用转弯式进水口,以避免类似问题再次发生。

Mean water level setup/setdown in the inlet-lagoon system induced by tidal action—a case study of Xincun Inlet,Hainan Island in China

With the tides propagating from the open sea to the lagoon, the mean water level （MWL） in the inlet and lagoon becomes different from that at the open sea, and a setup/setdown is generated. The change of MWL （setup/setdown） in the system imposes a great impact on regulating the development of tidal marshes, on determining the long-term water level for harbor maintenance, on the planning for the water front development with the flood control for the possible inundation, and on the interpretation of the historical sea level change when using tidal marsh peat deposits in the lagoon as the indicator for open sea＇ s sea level. In this case study on the mechanisms which control the setup/setdown in Xincun Inlet, Hainan in China, the 2-D barotropic mode of Eulerian - Lagrangian CIRCulation （ELCIRC） model was utilized. After model calibration and verification, a series of numerical experiments were conducted to examine the effects of bottom friction and advection terms, wetting and drying of intertidal areas, bathymetry and boundary conditions on the setup/setdown in the system. The modeling results show that setup occurs over the inlet and lagoon areas with an order of one tenth of the tide range at the entrance. The larger the bottom friction is, a larger setup is generated. Without the advection term, the setup is reduced clue to a decrease of water level gradient to compensate for the disappearance of the advection term. Even without overtides, a setup can still be developed in the system. Sea level rise and dredging in the inlet and tidal channel can cause a decrease of setup in the system, whereas shoaling of the system can increase the setup. The uniqueness of the Xincun Inlet with respect to MWL change is that there is no evident setdown in the inlet, which can be attributed to the complex geometry and bathymetry associated with the inlet system.

Serpentine Inlet Performance Enhancement Using Vortex Generator Based Flow Control

In order to provide the line-of-sight blockage of the engine face for an advanced Uninhabited Combat Air Vehicle（UCAV）, a highly curved serpentine inlet is proposed and experimentally studied. Based on the static pressure distribution measurement along the wall, the flow separation is found at the top wall of the second S duct for the baseline inlet design, which yields a high flow distortion at the exit plane. To improve the flow uniformity, a single array of vortex generators （VGs） is employed within the inlet. In this experimental study, the effects of mass flow ratio, free stream Mach number, angle of attack and yaw on the performance of a serpentine inlet instrumented with VGs are obtained. Results indicate： （1） Compared with the baseline serpentine design without flow control, the application of the VGs promotes the mixing of core flow and the low momentum flow in the boundary layer and thus prevents the flow separation. Under the design condition, the exit flow distortion （-↑△σ0） decreases from 11.7% to 2.3% by using the VGs. （2） With the descent of the free stream Mach number the total pressure loss decreases. However, the circular total pressure distortion increases. When the angle of attack rises from - 4° to 8°, the total pressure recovery and the circular total pressure distortion both go down. In addition, with the increase of yaw the total pressure recovery is fairly constant, while the circular total pressure distortion ascends gradually. （3） When Mao = 0.6-0.8, a = -4°-8° and β = 0°-6°, the total pressure recovery varies between 0.936 and 0. 961, the circular total pressure distortion coefficient varies between 1.4 % and 5.4 % and the synthesis distortion coefficient has a ranges from 3.8 % to 7.0 %. The experimental results confirm the excellent performance of the newly designed serpentine inlet incorporating VGs.

Is there an association between Helicobacter pylori in the inlet patch and globus sensation?

AIM:To determine the association between Helicobacter pylori(H.pylori)and globus sensation(GS)in the patients with cervical inlet patch. METHODS:Sixty-eight patients with esophageal inlet patches were identified from 6760 consecutive patients undergoing upper gastrointestinal endoscopy prospectively.In these 68 patients with cervical inlet patches, symptoms of globus sensation(lump in the throat), hoarseness,sore throat,frequent clearing of the throat,cough,dysphagia,odynophagia of at least 3 mo duration was questioned prior to endoscopy. RESULTS:Cervical heterotopic gastric mucosa(CHGM) was found in 68 of 6760 patients.The endoscopic prevalence of CHGM was determined to be 1%.H.pylori was identified in 16(23.5%)of 68 patients with inlet patch.53 patients were classified as CHGMⅡ.This group included 48 patients with globus sensation,4 patients with chronic cough and 1 patient with hoarseness.All the patients who were H.pylori(+)in cervical inlet patches had globus sensation.CONCLUSION:Often patients with CHGM have a long history of troublesome throat symptoms.We speculate that disturbances in globus sensation are like non-ulcer dyspepsia.

Experimental Investigation of a Fixed-geometry Two-dimensional Mixed-compression Supersonic Inlet with Sweep-forward High- light and Bleed Slot in an Inverted ＂X＂-type Layout

A fixed-geometry two-dimensional mixed-compression supersonic inlet with sweep-forward high-light and bleed slot in an inverted ＂X＂-form layout was tested in a wind tunnel. Results indicate： （1） with increases of the free stream Mach number, the total pressure recovery decreases, while the mass flow ratio increases to the maximum at the design point and then decreases; （2） when the angle of attack, a, is less than 6°, the total pressure recovery of both side inlets tends to decrease, but, on the lee side inlet, its values are higher than those on the windward side inlet, and the mass flow ratio on lee side inlet increases first and then falls, while on the windward side it keeps declining slowly with the sum of mass flow on both sides remaining almost constant; （3） with the attack angle, a, rising from 6° to 9°, both total pressure recovery and mass flow ratio on the lee side inlet fall quickly, but on the windward side inlet can be observed decreases in the total pressure recovery and increases in the mass flow ratio; （4） by comparing the velocity and back pressure characterristics of the inlet with a bleed slot to those of the inlet without, it stands to reason that the existence of a bleed slot has not only widened the steady working range of inlet, but also made an enormous improvement in its performance at high Mach numbers. Besides, this paper also presents an example to show how this type of inlet is designed.