Atomic layer deposition of copper thin film and feasibility of deposition on inner walls of waveguides

Copper thin films were deposited by plasma-enhanced atomic layer deposition at low temperature, using copper（I）-N,N′-di-sec-butylacetamidinate as a precursor and hydrogen as a reductive gas. The influence of temperature, plasma power, mode of plasma, and pulse time, on the deposition rate of copper thin film, the purity of the film and the step coverage were studied.The feasibility of copper film deposition on the inner wall of a carbon fibre reinforced plastic waveguide with high aspect ratio was also studied. The morphology and composition of the thin film were studied by atomic force microscopy and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy,respectively. The square resistance of the thin film was also tested by a four-probe technique. On the basis of on-line diagnosis, a growth mechanism of copper thin film was put forward, and it was considered that surface functional group played an important role in the process of nucleation and in determining the properties of thin films. A high density of plasma and high free-radical content were helpful for the deposition of copper thin films.

Influence of polymer dispersants on dispersion stability of nano-TiO_2 aqueous suspension and its application in inner wall latex paint

The effects of SN5040 and polyethylene glycol(PEG)individually and in combination on the dispersion stability of nano-TiO2 aqueous suspension were investigated by ultraviolet-visible absorption spectroscopy.The adsorption mechanism of these dispersants was detected by zeta potential,isothermal absorption and FTIR analysis.It is found that SN5040 is superior for stabilizing nano-TiO2 in aqueous suspension to PEG in basic region,and the optimum mass fraction of SN5040 addition is 3%.In the case of NaCl addition,the optimum value increases with the increase of NaCl concentration in the solution.When the mixture of SN5040 and PEG is employed,the antagonism appears preponderant.When SN5040 and PEG are added sequentially,the synergistic reaction takes place.The synergistic reaction can be attributed to the mechanism that PEG adsorption decreases the electronic repulsion between SN5040 molecules,which results in the increase of SN5040 adsorption density.PEG is adsorbed by the interaction with the pre-adsorbed SN5040 layer.Furthermore,the modified inner wall latex paint with well dispersed nano-TiO2 suspension is endowed with excellent ultraviolet absorption and antibacterial properties.

Calculation on inner wall temperature in oil-gas pipe flow

Based on the energy equation of gas-liquid flow in pipeline,the explicit temperature drop formula for gas-liquid steady state calculation was derived.This formula took into consideration the Joule-Thomson effect,impact of terrain undulation and heat transfer with the surroundings along the line.Elimination of temperature iteration loop and integration of the explicit temperature equation,instead of enthalpy energy equation,into the conjugated hydraulic and thermal computation have been found to improve the efficiency of algorithm.Then,the inner wall temperature of gas-liquid flow was calculated by using explicit temperature equation and inner wall convective heat transfer coefficient of mixed flow which can be obtained by liquid convective heat transfer coefficient and gas convective heat transfer coefficient on the basis of liquid holdup.The temperature results of gas-liquid flow and inner wall in the case example presented both agree well with those in professional multiphase computational software OLGA.

Evolution of inner wall wrinkle defects in the sinking zone of a thick-walled steel tube during radial forging

An axial wrinkle defect was observed in the inner wall of the sinking zone of a thick-wall steel tube processed by cold radial forging.Wrinkles can evolve into fissures.The present study focuses on the evolution of wrinkles and the effects of process parameters on them using a three-dimensional radial forging process finite element model,radial forging experiments,and surface morphology observations.The results indicated that the vertical section angle of the hammer die and the size of the tube blank significantly affect the evolution of wrinkles.The height-to-width ratioλwas introduced to describe the morphology of wrinkles.It had an approximately linear relationship with the radius reduction in the sinking zone.There was a linear correlation between the growth slope ofλand the axial to circumferential strain ratio|εr/εθ|,which can predict theλunder few process parameters.For the 30SiMn2MoVA steel,at the junction of the forging and sinking zones,the threshold ofλof the wrinkle that can evolve into a fissure is approximately 1.123.

Finite element modeling of power spinning of thin-walled shell with hoop inner rib

A 3D elasto-plastic finite element(FE)model of power spinning of thin-walled aluminum alloy shell with hoop inner rib was established under software ABAQUS.Key technologies were dealt with reasonably.The reliability of the FE model was verified theoretically and experimentally.The forming process was simulated and studied.The distribution of the thickness and stress,and the variations of spinning force were obtained.The workpiece springback was analyzed with ABAQUS/Standard.The results show that the FE model considering elastic deformation can not only be used to analyze the workpiece springback in the complex spinning process,but also serve as a significant guide to study the local deformation mechanism and choose the reasonable parameters.

Inner wall running state monitoring for the main pipe of nuclear power

The heat conduction equation is solved in this paper under specific boundary conditions.The coefficients of the obtained distribution equation are simplified with the piecewise integral method.Then the associated model for the cylindrical thermal equipment is established.The relationship of the surface temperatures,the material properties and the inner wall state of the cylindrical thermal equipment is described in the associated model.This model is applied to the inner wall running state monitoring of the main pipe.A multi-channel distributed optical fiber temperature measurement system is designed to acquire the external surface temperatures of the main pipe.Then the associated model can be used to analyze the surface temperature data of the main pipe.The location and the physical dimension of the inner wall defect can be got.Therefore,the inner wall defect monitoring of the main pipe can be realized.The feasibility of this method is verified by experiment.This method also provides a theoretical basis for the real-time monitoring of the main pipe’s internal state.

Research of precise pulse plasma arc powder welding technology of thin-walled inner hole parts

The inner hole parts played an oriented or supporting role in engineering machinery and equipment,which are prone to appear surface damages such as wear,strain and corrosion. The precise pulse plasma arc powder welding method is used for surface damage repairing of inner hole parts in this paper. The working principle and process of the technology are illustrated,and the microstructure and property of repairing layer by precise pulse plasma powder welding and CO2 gas shielded welding are tested and observed by microscope,micro hardness tester and X-ray residual stress tester etc. Results showed that the substrate deformation of thin-walled inner hole parts samples by precise pulse plasma powder welding is relatively small. The repair layer and substrate is metallurgical bonding,the transition zones( including fusion zone and heat affected zone) are relatively narrow and the welding quality is good. It showed that the thin-walled inner hole parts can be repaired by this technology and equipment.

Viscous Inner and Outer Pressure Forming Method of Thin-walled Tube and Its Application

Aiming at overcoming the difficulties in integral forming of thin-walled tubes with complex shapes, a novel forming method by inner and outer pressure through viscous was proposed. In this method, by dividing large deformation of the part into inner and outer pressure forming deformations, the limit deformation of tube part can be increased by several times. Meanwhile, the principle of viscous inner and outer pressure forming was provided, and key problems during the forming process such as reduction of the wall-thickness and instability wrinkling were analyzed. Thereby, the complex curved surface super-alloy GH3044 thin-walled tube with varying diameter ratio of 1.35（the ratio between the maximum and minimum diameters of the part） can be integrally formed by this method. The experimental surface of the formed part is superior in quality and the wall-thickness distribution is uniform. The results show that the viscous inner and outer pressure forming can provide a new approach for integral forming of thin-walled tubes with complex shapes.

A woman's Inner World in“the Mark on the Wall”

As is known to all, Virginia Woolf's concern with feminist thematics are dominant in A Room Of One's Own (1929), however, her another short story —— "the Mark on the wall"also best presents us a woman's world at the beginning of 20th Century.

Inner and outer pressure forming of nickel based super-alloy thin-walled part with variable diameter sections

A novel forming method of nickel based super-alloy thin-walled part with variable diameter sections was proposed by using inner and outer pressure with the visco-elasto-plastic pressure-carrying medium at room temperature,and the principle of the method was provided.Experiments and FE simulations were carried out to analyze the deformation characteristics for the part with larger variable diameter ratio(35%).The results show that visco-elasto-plastic pressure-carrying medium can meet the requirements of the room-temperature deformation condition for nickel based super-alloy sheet.The inner and outer pressure forming with the visco-elasto-plastic pressure-carrying medium can meet the requirements of dimensional accuracy for the thin-walled part with variable diameter sections.The thinning of wall-thickness is less than 4%.This method provides a new approach for near-net shape forming of nickel based super-alloy thin-walled parts with variable diameter sections.

PCCP管芯混凝土防裂控裂技术研究进展

预应力钢筒混凝土管(PCCP)在我国引调水工程中发挥着重要作用,PCCP运行的安全性对水资源的配置至关重要,关系国计民生。当管芯混凝土内表面产生有害裂缝后,在水压力的作用下会引起内管芯混凝土破坏,导致钢筒被锈蚀,形成安全隐患,因此,针对管芯内壁混凝土裂缝预防和控制的研究对水资源的合理利用具有重大意义。为了预防和减少PCCP内壁出现有害裂缝,根据国内外学者的研究成果,概述了PCCP管芯内壁混凝土裂缝的种类和形式,即纵向裂缝、螺旋裂缝和插口端裂缝;总结了干燥收缩、沉降收缩、温度收缩、焊缝、缠丝应力、吊装运输等因素与PCCP内壁混凝土裂缝的关系;分别从PCCP设计、原材料、配合比、养护制度、焊缝、钢筒、插口和裂缝自愈合、纤维增强材料等方面总结了PCCP管芯内壁裂缝的预防和控制方法。最后,对PCCP管芯混凝土内壁裂缝的控制和预防进行了展望,为继续研究提供思路。

基于蒙特卡洛方法的油田管道内腐蚀状态安全评价及预测

随着管道长时间运行,油气管道内壁会出现不同程度的腐蚀、凹点、裂纹、结垢及磨蚀等缺陷,需要及时维修或者更换。针对油田管道内壁腐蚀特点,提出了一种新的基于蒙特卡洛方法的管道安全评估模型。首先用管道内检测仪器对目标管道进行内检测,获取相关缺陷的具体数据,然后在分析数据的基础上预测腐蚀缺陷生长规律,最后基于安全预警模型对管道内腐蚀进行安全评价,预判管道失效年限。

基于YOLOv5算法的炮管内壁污渍识别与定位技术

为准确评估炮管内壁的清理情况,采用YOLOv5人工神经网络结合机器视觉对清理后的155mm口径炮管内壁的污渍进行实时检测。考虑到污渍主要分为油污与残留的铜渍2种,在检测任务中通过图像识别技术分别对污渍进行种类识别、定位以及对污渍面积判定;利用图像像素信息与外部环境信息,基于单目摄像头采集的视频图像,采用改进并训练后的YOLOv5人工神经网络模型作为识别工具对炮管内壁进行实时图像识别。实验结果表明:该检测系统能较好地完成目标检测任务,对目标定位误差控制在5 cm内,满足炮管内壁自动清理中的内壁污渍定位要求。

磁信号检测高温合金内外壁缺陷分类研究

为区分高温合金内外壁缺陷,采用高精度弱磁传感器对高温合金人工槽型缺陷进行检测。从有缺陷的一面检测为正面(即外壁缺陷),从另一面检测为反面(相当于内壁缺陷),发现单侧表面缺陷检测信号出现极性相反的情况,无法通过极性相反这一特征区分内外壁缺陷。针对这一现象,基于支持向量机中的分类功能,对采集到的弱磁信号进行特征提取获得面积、幅值和占宽3种特征量建立分类数据库,进行内外壁缺陷分类识别,并采用不同的核函数建立分类模型进行比较,最终发现径向基核函数分类模型正确率最高,为84.37%,且经过样本库外的试件验证后正确率仍有81.25%。结果表明该算法能够有效地对高温合金缺陷信号进行分析和辨识,具有一定的实用价值。

装配式再生细骨料混凝土内隔墙板性能研究

将废弃混凝土回收、破碎、筛分制得再生细骨料,采用再生细骨料替代天然砂制备装配式再生细骨料混凝土内隔墙板,对其抗压强度、干燥收缩、抗弯性能进行测试。结果表明:再生细骨料替代率为20%时,内隔墙板的抗压强度较基准组提高了10%;再生细骨料替代率为10%~20%时的干燥收缩值与基准组接近;再生细骨料替代率≤40%时制备的内墙隔板抗压强度、干燥收缩均符合JG/T 169—2016要求,且吊挂处无裂缝,抗弯破坏荷载为内隔墙板自重的1.5倍以上。采用再生细骨料替代天然砂可以降低内隔墙板的生产成本,也符合低碳的要求。

Multi-gait snake robot for inspecting inner wall of a pipeline

In the field of pipeline inner wall inspection,the snake robot demonstrates significant advantages over other inspection methods.While a simple traveling wave or meandering motion will suffice for inspecting the inner wall of small-diameter pipes,comprehensively and meticulously inspecting the inner wall of large-diameter pipes requires the snake robot to adopt a helical gait that closely adheres to the inner wall.Our review of existing literature indicates that most research and development on the helical gait of snake robots has focused on the outer surface of cylinders,with very few studies dedicated to developing a helical gait specifically for the inspection of the inner wall of pipes.Therefore,in this study,we propose a helical gait that is suitable for the inner wall of pipes and meets the requirements of gas pipeline engineering.The helical gait is designed using the backbone curve method.First,we create a mathematical model for a circular helix curve with constant curvature and torsion,ensuring it is applicable to a snake robot prototype in a laboratory environment.Subsequently.we calculate the joint angles required for two conical spiral curves with variable curvature and torsion,establish a new model,and define the physical significance of the specific parameters.To ensure the feasibility of the proposed gait,we conduct experiments involving meandering and traveling wave motions to verify the communication and control between the host computer and the snake robot.Building upon this foundation,we further validate the mathematical model of the complex helical motion gait through simulation experiments.Our findings provide a theoretical basis for realizing helical movement with a real snake robot.

基于内壁点云切片坐标的高速公路隧道整体变形监测方法

因高速公路隧道在使用过程中容易产生横向、纵向形变,易产生高速公路隧道安全问题,为此,提出一种基于内壁点云切片坐标的高速公路隧道整体变形监测方法。采用投影平面方式将内壁实现点云信息分层,令各段点云映射到中心位置的参考平面,提取内壁点云信息,运用最小二乘法拟合隧道平面,使用格网化内插值算出各点云内插值,通过各时间点网格内插值变化情况,判断出该隧道变形相关量,根据网格平面所在位置得出变形位置,完成隧道整体变形监测。结果表明:所提方法的监测信息数量和计算时间分别为9921个和6.21s,能够敏锐感知细微隧道变形,监测效率最高,具有较高实用性与有效性,该方法可有效提高高速公路隧道交通运行的安全性。

长时运行过热器12Cr1MoV钢管的内壁氧化层

采用扫描电镜分析、能谱分析、X射线衍射分析、透射电镜分析、X射线光电子能谱分析、力学性能测试等方法对长时运行过热器12Cr1MoV钢管的内壁氧化层进行研究。结果表明:高温服役条件下,12Cr1MoV钢管的晶界析出面心立方结构的Cr23C6碳化物,该碳化物呈弥散分布,使晶界得到强化;钢管基材与内壁氧化层界面未出现明显的分层现象;随着服役时间的延长,晶界Cr23C6碳化物呈链状聚集分布,碳化物逐渐增多,颗粒尺寸逐渐增大,氧化层组织疏松,且与金属基体之间存在明显的分界面。

炉内壁结焦对工业炉性能的影响研究

针对工业炉在工作过程中的结焦失效问题,研究炉内壁结焦对工业炉性能的影响。选取型号为DG1025/18.3-II5的工业炉作为研究对象,分析工业炉内壁的结焦机理,然后利用有限元软件ABAQUS构建有限元分析模型,设定模型内结焦层网格相对细密、工业炉金属网格相对稀疏,最后设定模型边界条件与工况负荷,开展炉内壁结焦对工业炉性能的测试。研究结果显示,煤粉粒径会对工业炉内壁结焦厚度造成影响,粒径越大,其结焦厚度越大;随着结焦厚度的提升,工业炉的屈服强度、抗拉强度及伸长率都呈下降趋势,说明炉内壁结焦会对工业炉的强度与塑性产生消极影响,即其结焦厚度与工业炉的力学性能呈反比例相关;随着结焦厚度的提升,工业炉金属基体同结焦层界面处的温度逐渐提升,工业炉内外壁温差逐渐提升,即工业炉内壁结焦会对其传热性能造成破坏;工业炉内壁产生结焦时,工业炉外壁径向变形量低于内壁,随着结焦厚度提升,内外壁的径向变形量均表现出提升趋势,当变形量达到一定值后,将造成工业炉局部胀裂,进而破坏其机械性能。综上,工业炉内壁结焦会对其力学性能、传热性能及机械性能造成破坏。

窄孔内壁激光金属沉积Stellite6合金耐磨层组织及性能研究

为解决窄孔内壁堆焊的可达性差和提高304L不锈钢的耐磨性能,采用激光金属沉积的方式在深30 mm、直径14 mm的304L窄孔内壁制备了一层约2.5 mm厚、致密度为99.9981%、无裂纹、未熔合等缺陷的stellite6耐磨层。通过微纳CT、XRD、金相、硬度测试和摩擦磨损试验等方法,系统研究了耐磨层的组织、相组成、硬度分布和耐磨性能。结果表明,Stellite6耐磨层致密无缺陷,其显微组织从底部到顶部依次为平面晶、胞状晶、树枝晶和等轴晶。相组成主要为γ-Co、M_(23)C_(6)、CoCx及(Cr,Fe)_(7)C_(3)等。熔合线附近各种元素均匀分布,未出现明显聚集。耐磨层的显微硬度平均值是基体304L的2.38倍,且窄孔不同高度位置的显微硬度值相对稳定。耐磨层的磨损率较304L基体降低了29.3%,显示出优异的耐磨性能。该研究为大深宽比内孔壁激光金属沉积耐磨层在核电、能源动力等行业的应用提供了依据。