Effect of inoculating addition on machinability of gray cast iron

Gray cast irons were inoculated with FeSi75＋RE and FeSi75＋Sr inoculants. The changes of apex angle of the drills before and after being used were used to evaluate machinability of gray cast irons. Effect of FeSi75＋RE and FeSi75＋Sr inoculants on mechanical properties, machinability and sensibility of gray cast iron used in cylinder block were investigated. Experimental results showed that gray cast iron treated with 60%FeSi75＋40% RE inoculants exhibited tensile strength consistently at about 295 MPa along with good hardness and improved metallurgical quality. While gray cast iron inoculated with 20%FeSi75＋80% Sr inoculants exhibited the best machinability, the lowest cross-section sensibility and the least microhardness difference. The tool flank wear of the drill increased correspondingly with the increase of the microhardness difference of the matrix, indicating the great effect of homogeneity of the matrix on the machinability of gray cast iron.

Fluorescence spectroscopy characteristics of humic acid by inoculating white-rot fungus during different phases of agricultural waste composting

The white-rot fungus, Phanerochaete chrysosporium (P. chrysosporium), was inoculated during different phases of agricultural waste composting, and its effect on the fluorescence spectroscopy characteristics of humic acid (HA) was studied. The results show that the emission spectra have a sharp peak at 400 nm and a broad shoulder with the maximum centered at 460 nm. The excitation spectra have two peaks and exhibit red shift (shift to longer wavelengths) at 470 nm. The synchronous scan spectra present a number of peaks and shoulders, and the peaks at shorter wavelengths disappear gradually and form a shoulder. At the final stage of composting, the fluorescence spectra have similar shapes, but the fluorescence intensities decrease. P. chrysosporium increases the degree of aromatization and polymerization of HA when it is inoculated during the second fermentation phase, while it does not produce an obvious change on the humification degree of HA when it is inoculated during the first fermentation phase. Compared with the fluorescence spectroscopy characteristics of HA from soil, the structure of HA from compost is simpler and the activity is higher.

Biological soil crusts and their potential applications in the sand land over Qinghai-Tibet Plateau

The Qinghai-Tibet Plateau is now experiencing ecological degradation risks as a result of climate change and human activities.The alpine grassland ecology in permafrost zones is fragile and susceptible to deterioration due to its high altitude,low temperature,and limited oxygen,which complicates the repair of damaged land.Biological soil crusts(BSCs)are crucial for land restoration in plateau regions because they can thrive in harsh conditions and have environmentally beneficial traits.Inoculated biological soil crust(IBSC)has shown success in low-altitude desert regions,but may not be easily duplicated to the plateau environment.Therefore,it is essential to do a comprehensive and multifaceted analysis of the basic theoretical comprehension and practical application of BSCs on the Tibetan Plateau.This review article aims to provide a brief summary of the ecological significance and the mechanisms related to the creation,growth,and progression of BSCs.It discusses the techniques used for cultivating BSCs in laboratories and using them in the field,focusing on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau circumstance.We thoroughly discussed the potential and the required paths for further studies.This study may be used as a basis for selecting suitable microbial strains and accompanying supplemental actions for implementing IBSCs in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.

Improving Performance of Inoculating Alloy Wires by Coating a Boron Nitride Layer

The paper reports the deposition（by magnetron sputtering） and properties of polycrystalline boron nitride （BN） layers on commercial inoculating alloy wires. As is characterized by means of Fourier transform infrared（FTIR） spectroscopy, electron energy dispersive X-ray（EDX） spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy（SEM）, the thin BN layers consist of hexagonal and orthorhombic BN phases and are smooth without cracks. Organism transfer- ring-circles experiments reveal that the adhesion between the BN layer and alloy wire is very good after tens of cycles. It is demonstrated that the BN layers covered wires are biomaterial lubricious and self-cleaning. As a result, BN layer would effectively enhance the function and efficiency of inoculating alloy wires, which could be widely ap- plied to bio-experimentation and biomedicine apparatuses.

Seedling Petri-dish inoculation method:A robust,easy-to-use and reliable assay for studying plant-Ralstonia solanacearum interactions

Ralstonia solanacearum causes a lethal bacterial wilt disease in many crops,leading to huge losses in crop production every year.Understanding of plant-R.solanacearum interactions will aid to develop efficient strategies to control the disease.As a soilborne pathogen,R.solanacearum naturally infects plants via roots.A huge limitation in studying plant-R.solanacearum interactions is the large variation of R.solanacearum infection assay due to the variable soil conditions and uneven inoculum exposure.Here,we developed a robust and reliable Petri-dish inoculation method which allows consistent and stable infection in young plant seedlings.This method is easy to use,takes about only 10 days from seed germination to the completion of inoculation assay,and requires less inoculum of bacteria as well as growth chamber space.We proved the efficacy of the seedling Petri-dish inoculation method by analyzing plant defense primed by molecular patterns,resistance of defense-related plant mutants,and virulence of R.solanacearum mutants.Furthermore,we demonstrated that the seedling Petri-dish inoculation method can be applied to other host plants such as tobacco and has great potential for high-throughput screening of resistant plant germplasms to bacterial wilt in the future.

Biotransformation of Shrimp Wastes by Bacillus subtilis OKF04 and Evaluation of Growth Promoting Effect in Crop Planting

In this study,we proposed a reliable and sustainable technique for the clean utilization of shrimp wastes,which can yield a solid inoculant of Bacillus subtilis OKF04 containing micronutrients at low cost without the risk of contamination.Study of the culture conditions revealed that the head of shrimp Litopenaus vannamei and the wheat bran acted as suitable substrates for the growth of B.subtilis OKF04.With 60%initial moisture content,30℃culture temperature,and 5%inoculation amount,followed by 48 hours of fermentation and 0.5%soluble starch added during the drying process(50℃for 6h),a solid B.subtilis OKF04 inoculant with a spore amount of 2.4×10^(10)CFU g^(-1)and a high amino acid content was obtained.The solid B.subtilis OKF04 inoculant was applied to cultivate pakchoi under pot experiment.As the result,of adding to,the size of stems and leaves,nutritional composition,and physiological activity of pakchoi were significantly(P<0.05)enhanced by solid B.subtilis OKF04 inoculant.B.subtilis OKF04 also significantly(P<0.05)increased the soil’s nutrient content and improved its microbial composition.Furthermore,pakchoi cultivated with a low dose of solid B.subtilis OKF04 inoculant(0.05 g kg^(-1)soil)resulted in the best results.This study provides a new method for the preparation of microbial inoculants with solid waste shrimp heads.

Drought adaptation of Bauhinia faberi var.Microphylla seedlings with dual inoculation of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi

Bauhinia faberi via.Microphylla(BFM)is an important tree species for vegetation restoration in the dry valley of southwestern China.However,there were few studies on the application of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi(AMF)in improving the drought adaptation of BFM.In order to investigate the response of BFM to water stress(WS),we tested four inoculation treatments((no AMF,Control),Glomus mosseae(GM),Glomus intraradices(GI),Glomus mosseae+Glomus intraradices(GMI))in pots,experimented under three field water holding capacity(WHC)of 70%,50%and 30%.The changes of seedling survival rate(SR),AMF relative root length colonization rate(Col),growth,photosynthetic parameters,water status and leaf nutrients were examined.The results showed that under 30%WHC drought conditions,SR with dual inoculation of AMF was not higher than with single inoculation of GM,suggesting that increasing the diversity of AMF did not definitely improve plant SR,and that the species of inoculated AMF might have an important impact on SR.The sensitivity of dual inoculated Col to water stress was lower than that of single inoculation,which was more favorable for dual inoculated BFM seedlings adapting to drought environment.The overall drought resistance ability(D)also showed that dual inoculation of AMF improved plant drought adaptation compared with single inoculation,which was related to the higher Col of dual inoculated AMF.This study is of practical importance to promote vegetation restoration in arid areas in a cost-effective and environmentally friendly manner.

Establishment and Application of Identification Methods for Resistance to Sugarcane White Leaf Disease(SCWL)

[Objectives]This study was conducted to establish simple, efficient, stable, standardized and practical identification methods for sugarcane resistance to white leaf disease(SCWL), and promote the breeding for sugarcane resistance to SCWL. [Methods]The identification technology of sugarcane resistance to SCWL was systematically studied and explored from the aspects of sugarcane material treatment and planting, inoculation liquid preparation, inoculation method, disease investigation, grading standard formulation, etc., and two sets of simple, efficient, stable, standardized and practical accurate identification methods for sugarcane resistance to SCWL were created for the first time, namely, the seed cane coating inoculation method and the stem-cutting inoculation method at the growth stage. The seed cane coating inoculation method includes the steps of directly screening SCWL phytoplasma, extracting juice from cane and adding 10 times of sterile water to prepare an inoculation liquid, spraying seed cane on plastic film to keep moisture, planting the inoculated materials in barrels in an insect-proof greenhouse for cultivation, investigating the incidence rate 30 d after inoculation, and evaluating the disease resistance according to the 1-5 level standard. The method of stem-cutting inoculation includes the steps of directly screening sugarcane stems carrying SCWL phytoplasma and adding 10 times of sterile water to prepare an inoculation liquid, cultivating the identification materials in an insect-proof greenhouse, dropping 100 μl of the inoculation liquid into each root incision with a pipette gun at the age of 6 months, investigating the incidence rate 20 d after planting, and evaluating the disease resistance according to the 1-5 level standard. [Results] The two methods are similar to the natural transmission method. After inoculation, SCML occurred significantly, with high sensitivity and good reproducibility. The results of resistance identification were consistent with those of natural disease in the field. Through the two inoculation methods and field natural disease investigation, the resistance of 10 main cultivars to SCML was identified, which was true and reliable. [Conclusions] This study can provide standard varieties for identification of SCML resistance in the future.

Recurred forehead osteoma disseminated after previous osteoma excision:A case report

BACKGROUND Forehead osteoma is a commonly encountered benign facial bone tumor.Endoscopic excision of benign forehead masses is widely performed.Here,we report a rare case of recurrent forehead osteoma that disseminated after a previous osteoma excision.CASE SUMMARY A 54-year-old female patient had previously undergone endoscopic removal of a single forehead osteoma at 30 years of age.However,she had a recurrent osteoma around the same site and underwent another endoscopic resection at 40 years of age.During her first visit to our outpatient clinic,she presented with a cobblestone-like irregular surface on the forehead and a 3D facial bone computed tomography scan revealed a widely ragged surface of the inoculated osteoma on the outer table of the frontal bone.Under general anesthesia,we performed a radical complete excision of the disseminated osteoma through a bicoronal incision using an osteotome,chisel,mallet,and rasping.We hypothesized that the recurrence may have been caused by the inoculation of residual osteoma remnants from the previous procedure.Craniofacial surgeons should be cautious when removing osteoma particles,particularly when using an endoscopic approach.CONCLUSION To prevent recurrence,it is essential to conduct additional meticulous burring and a thorough inspection of the surface after copious irrigation.

Tissue Culture Application of Maranta arundinacea

The reproductive methods of ornamental arrowroot(Maranta arundinacea)mainly include plant division,cutting propagation,truncation and sprout promotion propagation,and tissue culture.Large-scale seedling production mainly relies on tissue culture.In the process of tissue culture,the culture conditions can be artificially controlled,and the plant materials used for tissue culture grow completely in artificially-provided culture media and microclimate environment,free from the adverse effects of catastrophic climate,seasonal and diurnal changes.Because the conditions are relatively uniform,tissue culture is very beneficial for plant growth and more convenient for stable long-term cultivation and production.In the process of tissue culture,the inoculation process is more important.How can we achieve standardized operation and reduce pollution during the inoculation process is worth exploring.

Culture Media Options for Growth and Morphological Characterisation of Cercospora coffeicola Affecting Coffee in Zimbabwe

Cercospora leaf spot is fast turning into a critically important disease in Zimbabwe.The disease is caused by Cercospora coffeicola which significantly reduces productivity and quality of coffee.Disturbingly,optimum sporulation of Cercospora coffeicola in culture remains a limiting factor for microbial analysis and quantitative studies of Cercospora leaf spot.Faced with this challenge,an in-vitro study was conducted at Coffee Research Institute,Manicaland,Zimbabwe to examine growth of Cercospora coffeicola in different nutrient media and to determine the best media for Cercospora coffeicola analysis.Six nutrient media were assessed(corn meal agar,oat meal agar,Czapek Dox agar,malt extract agar,yeast extract agar and potato dextrose agar)for the growth of Cercospora coffeicola.The laboratory-based experiment was duplicated,laid out in a Completely Randomized Design,replicated three times and based on Cercospora coffeicola nutrient inoculation.Data were collected on radial growth,colour and texture of mycelium at 3 and 6 days after inoculation.There were significant differences(p<0.05)in the growth of Cercospora coffeicola in media after 3 and 6 days.Malt extract agar had the greatest radial growth(34 mm and 32 mm)of Cercospora coffeicola for trials 1 and 2 respectively,whilst the least growth was in the oat meal agar(14.2 mm and 15.7 mm)for trials 1 and 2 respectively.There were variations in colour and texture of mycelium with malt extract agar,potato dextrose agar and oat meal agar associated with darker colours and rough texture while smooth white mycelia were found in corn meal agar.After considering all nutrient media,malt extract agar was found to be the best media for the growth of Cercospora coffeicola in-vitro.On the basis of our findings,the authors recommend the use of malt extract agar as the primary media for identification and characterisation of Cercospora coffeicola.

Inoculation Effects of Dendrobium officinale Mycorrhizal Fungi on Their Plantlets

[Objective] This study aimed to explore the inoculation effects of Dendrobium officinale mycorrhizal fungi on their plantlets. [Method] Endophytic strains Tj1, Tj2 and Tj3 were obtained by isolation and purification from mycorrhiza of wild Dendrobium officinale and inoculated on the root system of Dendrobium officinale for inoculation test. [Result] Under tissue-culture conditions, at early stage, Tj1 strain hadn＇t shown promotion effect on Dendrobium officinale, Tj2 strain had shown relatively strong promotion effects, and Tj3 strain had promoted the growth of roots; at late stage, Tj1 strain had shown relatively strong promotion effects, Tj2 strain had shown the best inoculation effects and the strongest promotion effects, while Tj3 strain had caused root and seedling rot problems of the plantlets; under outdoor conditions, after inoculation with Tj2 strain, the number of leaves and lateral buds were increased, the growth of lateral root and the increase of plant height were significant, the leaves of Dendrobium officinale plantlets were large and dark green and an obvious root enlargement phenomenon was observed. [Conclusion] The two inoculation methods both indicate that Tj2 strain has relatively strong promotion effects on the growth of Dendrobium officinale roots and shoots, the increase of plant number and plant height, and the germination of new shoots and roots, which proved the effective establishment of symbiotic relationship between Tj2 strain and Dendrobium officinale. Therefore, T2 strain has practical application values on the successful cultivation of Dendrobium officinale plantlets.

Transient Expression of BYDV-MP in Nicotiana benthamiana

[Objective]The aim of this study was to identify transient expression of movement protein （MP） gene in Nicotinana benthaminana rapidly and further investigate the function of this exogenous gene. [Method]The movement protein gene of barley yellow dwarf virus （BYDV） was cloned into potato virus X （PVX） viral vector of pGR107,and PVX-recombinant vector was obtained. After electroporation of Agrobacterium tumefaciens,PVX was inoculated into the lower leaves of tobacco by Agrobacterium infiltration assay to observe the infection of virus on tobacco. [Result]After infection for 7 days,upper non-inoculated leaves of tobacco infected by the PVX-recombinant vector showed the virus infection symptoms,while the control group had no viral infection phenomenon. Daily follow-up observations for two groups revealed that tobacco infected by PVX-recombinant vector had severe symptoms of virus infection and curling leaves,or even led to necrosis both in infiltrated and systemic leaves in late period. However,tobacco infected by PVX vector had only slight symptoms of virus infection and could recover from infection. RT-PCR of the infected tobacco indicated that exogenous gene BYDV-MP had a normal transcription and expression in tobacco. [Conclusion]As a determinant factor for viral disease,BYDV-MP promotes the systemic infection rate of PVX and its symptom. In addition,it is feasible to express exogenous MP gene in Nicotiana benthaminan via PVX expression vector.

Poisoning-free effect of calcium on grain refinement of Mg-3%Al alloy containing trace Fe by carbon inoculation

Mg-3%Al alloy was modified by combining Ca addition with carbon inoculation. The effects of Fe addition and addition sequence on the grain refinement were investigated. A higher grain refining efficiency could be obtained for the Mg-Al alloy modified by combining Ca addition with carbon inoculation. Fe addition and addition sequence had no obvious effect on the grain refinement. Ca addition could effectively avoid grain-coarsening resulting from Fe in the carbon-inoculated Mg-Al alloy. The Al-C-O particles, actually being Al4C3, should act as potent substrates for a-Mg grains in the sample treated by combining Ca addition with carbon inoculation. However, the duplex-phase particles of AI4C3 coated on Al-Fe or Al-C-Fe should be the potent substrates for a-Mg grains if Fe existed in the Mg-Al melt. Ca addition can contribute to the formation of the particles of Al4C3 coated on Al-Fe or Al-C-Fe, regardless of the Fe addition sequence. The poisoning effect of Fe was effectively inhibited in the carbon-inoculated of Mg-Al alloy due to Ca addition, namely, Ca has a poisoning-free effect.

Comparison Study on Clinical and Neuropathological Characteristics of Hamsters Inoculated With Scrapie Strain 263K in Different Challenging Pathways

Objective To understand the infectious characteristics of a hamster-adapted scrapie strain 263K with five different routes of infection including intracerebral (i.e.), intraperitoneal (i.p.), intragastrical (i.g.), intracardiac and intramuscular (i.m.) approaches. Methods Hamsters were infected with crude- or fine-prepared brain extracts. The neuropathological changes, PrPSc deposits, and patterns of PK-resistant PrP were analyzed by HE stain, immunohistochemistry (IHC) assay and Western blot. Reactive gliosis and neuron loss were evaluated by glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and neuron specific enolase (NSE) specific IHC. Results The animals inoculated in i.m. and Lp. ways with crude PrPSc extracts showed clinical signs at the average incubation of 69.212.8 and 65.5±3.9 days. Inoculation in i.c. and intracardiac ways with fine PrPSc extracts (0.00035 g) caused similar, but relative long incubation of around 90 days. Only one out of eight hamsters challenged in i.g way with low dosage (0.01 g) became ill after a much longer incubation (185 d), while all animals (4/4) with high dosage (0.04 g) developed clinical signs 105 days postinfection. The most remarkable spongiform degeneration and PrPSc deposits were found in brain stem among the five challenge groups generally. The number of GFAP-positive astrocytes increased distinctly in brain stems in all infection groups, while the number of NSE-positive cells decreased significantly in cerebrum, except i.c. group. The patterns of PK-resistant PrP in brains were basically identical among the five infection routes. Conclusion Typical TSE could be induced in hamsters by inoculating strain 263K in the five infection ways. The incubation periods in bioassays depend on infective dosage, administrating pathway and preparation of PrPSc. The neuropathological changes and PrPSc deposits seem to be related with regions and inoculating pathways.

Fluorescence characteristic changes of dissolved organic matter during municipal solid waste composting

Dissolved organic matter（DOM） of municipal solid waste（MSW） consists of minerals, water, ash and humic substances, and is known to enhance plant growth. In this study, inoculating microbes（Z J, MS） were used in municipal solid wastes composting, and composting implemented a industrialized technology. During composting, dissolved organic matter was extracted from the compost and purified. The spectral characteristics of dissolved organic matter was determined by fluorescence emission, excitation, and synchronous spectroscopy. Fluorescence emission, excitation, and synchronous spectra characterized by different relative fluorescent intensities and peaks over time. Fluorescence spectra were similar to that of fulvic acid in sewage sludge, indicating the presence of dissolved organic matter with aromatic structures and a high degree of molecular polymerization. Compared with the controls with no microbial inoculation, the microbe-inoculated treatments exhibited the increase of aromatic polycondensation, in the following order： MS ＋ ZJ 〉 ZJ 〉 MS 〉 CK.

Research of Synthetic Rules with Mechanical Properties vs Inoculation Degree on Gray Cast Iron

To fit the special needs of gray cast iron as a new engineering material,i.e.,higher σ b and lower HB,or lower σ b and higher HB,using the method of heat analyzing and polyparameters analytic figures,the synthetic rules of carbon saturation degree,inoculation degree and mechanical properties can be exposed.The result shows that,according to the needs of the part′s mechanical properties,referring to the synthetic rules of gray cast iron,the corresponding technological measure and composition proportion can be defined,by which we will get the exact mechanical properties that could achieve the result expected completely.Thus,the casting for gray cast iron might be 'designed'from'selected'.

骨诱导天然煅烧骨无菌检查方法学验证

目的:建立骨诱导天然煅烧骨无菌检查方法,保证检验结果的准确性和可靠性。方法:按《中国药典》2010年版三部(附录ⅦA)无菌检查法中的直接接种法进行。结果:样品管无菌生长,六株阳性对照菌生长良好。结论:方法学验证采用直接接种法进行的无菌检查,可行。

Grain refinement of pure aluminum by direct current pulsed magnetic field and inoculation

The combined effects of direct current pulsed magnetic field （DC-PMF） and inoculation on pure aluminum were investigated, the grain refinement behavior of DC-PMF and inoculation was discussed. The experimental results indicate that the solidification micro structure of pure aluminum can be greatly refined under DC-PMF. Refinement of pure aluminum is attributed to electromagnetic undercooling and forced convection caused by DC-PMF. With single DC-PMF, the grain size in the equiaxed zone is uneven. However, under DC-PMF, by adding 0.05% （mass fraction） Al5Ti-B, the grain size of the sample is smaller, and the size distribution is more uniform than that of single DC-PMF. Furthermore, under the combination of DC-PMF and inoculation, with the increase of output current, the grain size is further reduced. When the output current increases to 100 A, the average grain size can decrease to 113 μn.

Development of a vivo rabbit ligated intestinal Loop Model for HCMV infection

Background： Human Cytomegalovirus（HCMV） infections can be found throughout the body, especially in epithelial tissue. Animal model was established by inoculation of HCMV（strain AD-169） or coinoculation with Hepatitis E virus（HEV） into the ligated sacculus rotundus and vermiform appendix in living rabbits. The specimens were collected from animals sacrificed 1 and a half hours after infection.Results： The virus was found to be capable of reproducing in these specimens through RT-PCR and Western-blot.Severe inflammation damage was found in HCMV-infected tissue. The viral protein could be detected in high amounts in the mucosal epithelium and lamina propria by immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescense.Moreover, there are strong positive signals in lymphocytes, macrophages, and lymphoid follicles. Quantitative statistics indicate that lymphocytes among epithlium cells increased significantly in viral infection groups.Conclusions： The results showed that HCMV or HEV ＋ HCMV can efficiently infect in rabbits by vivo ligated intestine loop inoculation. The present study successfully developed an infective model in vivo rabbit ligated intestinal Loop for HCMV pathogenesis study. This rabbit model can be helpful for understanding modulation of the gut immune system with HCMV infection.