Effects of Seed Dressing with Microbial Inoculum on Nutrient Composition and Biological Yield of Silage Corn

[Objectives]This study was conducted to understand the effects of microbial inocula on the biological yield and nutritional components of corn.[Methods]Silage corn varieties suitable for planting in Hebei Province were selected,and set with an experimental group and a control check group each.Meanwhile,at the late stage of milk ripening of silage corn growth cycle,the nutritional components and indexes of silage corn were determined and analyzed by a near-infrared analyzer and the NIRS technique.Meanwhile,the biological yield of silage corn was determined at the maturation stage of its growth period,aiming at comprehensively evaluating the regulation effects of the microbial inoculum tested on silage corn from the aspects of basic nutritional components,mineral element contents,energy and related indexes of corn,combined with agronomic characters and biological yield.[Results]The microbial inoculum improved the biological yield and nutritional indexes of silage corn,and had a positive regulation effect on the growth of silage corn.[Conclusions]The results of this study provide a theoretical basis for popularizing the planting methods and cultivation methods of silage corn with high yield and high quality.

Effects of Microbial Inoculums on Soil Enzyme Activity and Microbial Diversity in a Reclaimed Mining Area

Through a pot experiment, effects of various microbial inoculums on soil microbial diversity and enzyme activity in a typical reclaimed mining area in Shanxi Province were discussed based on quantitative analysis of PLFA, soil urease, phosphatase and sucrase activity. The results showed that the application of microbial inoculums increased microorganism quantity in rhizosphere of rape by 2.3% -66.4%, and quantities of bac- teria, gram-positive bacteria, gram-negative bacteria, fungi and actinomycetes in the treatments with microbial inoculums were significantly higher than the contrast （P 〈0.05）, while there was no obvious change in protist quantity. In comparison with the contrast, the application of various mi- crobial inoculums also improved soil urease, sucrase and phosphatase activity by 4.2% - 61.4%, 18.0% - 32.5% and 64.2% - 199.0% respec- tively. It indicated that the application of microbial inoculums can improve soil microbial diversity and enzyme activity, so it is an effective way to sl^eed UP ecoloQical restoration of soil.

The effect of particle size and amount of inoculum on fungal treatment of wheat straw and wood chips

Background： The aim of this study was to optimize the fungal treatment of lignocellulosic biomass by stimulating the colonization. Wheat straw and wood chips were treated with Ceriporiopsis subvermispora and Lentinula edodes with various amounts of colonized millet grains（0.5, 1.5 or 3.0 % per g of wet weight of substrate） added to the substrates. Also, wheat straw and wood chips were chopped to either 0.5 or 2 cm.Effectiveness of the fungal treatment after 0, 2, 4, 6, or 8 wk of incubation was determined by changes in chemical composition, in vitro gas production（IVGP） as a measure for rumen degradability, and ergosterol content as a measure of fungal biomass.Results： Incomplete colonization was observed for C. subvermispora treated wheat straw and L. edodes treated wood chips. The different particle sizes and amounts of inoculum tested, had no significant effects on the chemical composition and the IVGP of C. subvermispora treated wood chips. Particle size did influence L.edodes treatment of wheat straw. The L. edodes treatment of 2 cm wheat straw resulted in a more selective delignification and a higher IVGP than the smaller particles. Addition of 1.5 % or 3 % L. edodes inoculum to wheat straw resulted in more selective delignification and a higher IVGP than addition of 0.5 % inoculum.Conclusion： Particle size and amount of inoculum did not have an effect on C. subvermispora treatment of wood chips. At least 1.5 % L. edodes colonized millet grains should be added to 2 cm wheat straw to result in an increased IVGP and acid detergent lignin（ADL） degradation.

Source of mycorrhizal inoculum influences growth of Faidherbia albida seedlings

Poor land use management and practice inhibit the growth and establishment of tree seedlings in dryland areas.We assessed arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi(AM)status of Faidherbia albida(Del.)A.Chev.trees grown on different land uses.We quantified the growth and nutrient uptake of F.albida seedlings inoculated with AM from different sources.These efforts were based on soil and fine root samples from the rhizosphere soils of F.albida trees.AM root colonization was determined using the gridline intersect method.Spores were extracted by the wet sieving and decanting method and identified to genus level.The seedling experiment had a completely randomized onefactorial design with four treatments and five replications.Faidherbida albida seedlings were grown in a greenhouse.All in situ F.albida trees were colonized by AM fungi.AM root colonization of F.albida trees was significantly higher(P<0.0086)in area exclosures than on lands used for grazing or cultivation.Spore abundance was significantly higher(P<0.0014)in area exclosures followed by cultivated land and grazing land.Glomus was the dominant genus in all land-uses.AM-inoculated F.albida seedlings grew better(P<0.05)than non-inoculated controls.Seedlings inoculated with AM from area exclosure had significantly(P<0.05)higher growth and nutrient uptake than those inoculated with AM from grazing and cultivated land.This emphasizes the importance of the native soil AM potential for better establishment of seedlings to achieve optimum plant growth improvement and assist in rehabilitation of degraded arid lands.

Integrated Effects of Rhizobial Inoculum and Inorganic Fertilizers on Wheat Yield and Yield Components

An experiment was conducted in pots under natural condition with two factor factorial completely randomized design (CRD) (CRD) to investigate the integrated effect of rhizobia inoculums and inorganic fertilizers on growth and yield of wheat crop at The University of Agriculture Peshawar, during 2012-2013. The experiment was comprised of four inoculums (no, lentil, peas and chickpeas) and two NPK levels (recommended 120:90:60 kg·ha-1 & 20% less of recommended). It was observed that inoculation of wheat by rhizobia significantly increased tillers per plant by a maximum of 42%, plant height by 13%, grain per spike by 16%, 100 grain weight by 10%, biological and grain yield by 10% over un-inoculated (control) treatment. Among inoculums, peas inoculum was found to be the most efficient for all traits except plant height where chickpea inoculum performed better. Similarly recommended NPK significantly increased tillers per plant by 33%, plant height by 19%, grain per spike by 9%, 100 grain weight by 10%, biological yield by 8% and grain yield by 10% compared with 20% less of recommended NPK. Interactive effect of inoculum x NPK was significant for tillers per plant, grain per spike, grain yield and non-significant for plant height, 100 grain weight and biological yield. However, it was evident from the results that inoculation improved all traits both under recommended and 20% less of recommended NPK. The persistent good performance of peas and lentil rhizobial inoculation in wheat growth exhibited that this could be used as a plant growth promoting rhizobacteria for wheat and other cereal crops in prevailing soil and climatic conditions.

Influence of Traditional Inoculum and Fermentation Time on the Organoleptic Quality of "Attiéké”

To improve the process of “Attiéké” production by the standardization of the traditional inoculums, the effects of inoculums amount (6%, 8%, 10% and 12%) and fermentation time (6, 12 and 18 h) were studied and analyzed for their microbiological and sensory qualities using standard analytical procedures. The microbial analysis showed that Lactobacillus species (9.14 Log cfu/g) as the most important popular microorganism in the paste, followed by enterococci (7.64 Log ufc/g) species, yeasts and moulds (7.30 Log cfu/g) respectively. Sensory analysis revealed significant effects (p < 0.05), of inoculums quantity and fermentation time on the “Attiéké” quality. “Attiéké” obtained with 10% inoculums and after 12 hours of fermentation was identified as the optical inoculums amount and time for “Attiéké” production. The importance of traditional starter inoculums in “Attiéké” processing could be necessary to standardization at small and industrial scale the process of production.

Effect of Lactate and Starter Inoculum on Biogas Production from Fresh Maize and Maize Silage

Lactate is a key intermediate during anaerobic digestion of carbohydrates;however, it fails to receive significant consideration in biogas plants. We examined the influence of lactic acid on biogas production. Two commonly used feeds, fresh maize and maize silage, were selected as substrates due to their difference in lactic acid contents. Additionally, inocula from an agriculture-based biogas plant, a waste water treatment plant and a standardised laboratory reactor were selected to investigate the impact of starter culture on the process. Experiments demonstrated increased total biogas yield of up to 45% in the lactate-rich maize silage over the lactate-devoid fresh maize, but only in cases where the starting inocula had been previously exposed to lactic acid. Our findings suggest lactic acid is a significant intermediate in biogas production and merits consideration. Additionally, the ability of the starter inoculum to utilize lactic acid is an important factor in process optimization and enhanced biogas production.

Effects of Inoculum Size of Afifella marina in the Bioprocessing of Sargassum spp. Meal

Brown seaweed, Sargassum spp. is also used as an alternative feed ingredient for aquaculture in the form of seaweed meal. Nutritional values seaweed meal with bioprocess technology using microbes such as Lactobacillus, Bacillus or Streptococcus, are improved with different inoculum sizes. Purple non-sulphur bacterium, Afifella marina could be one of the alternative and potential candidates. This study aims to determine the optimum inoculum level and period for the improvement of nutritional values in Sargassum polycystum meal. Sargassum polycystum was collected from the Sepanggar Bay. Dried seaweed was grinded into fine particles (A. marina were used with 20 g Sargassum polycystum powder in one liter bottle with autoclaved 112 synthetic media. Bottles were incubated at 2500 lux light intensity at 30˚C ± 1˚C for 8 days. Every two days destructive samples were taken for the determination of nutritional values of bioprocessed seaweed meal. The measured analytical parameters were crude protein (%), crude ash (%), crude fiber (%) and crude lipids (%). Nutritional value of processed seaweed meal powder with A. marina has improved with the increase of inoculum size. The crude protein percentage of 14.70% + 0.40% was significantly high (p 0.05) were observed among the values of crude protein, ash, lipids and fiber within 6th and 8th day. A. mariana with 30% (v/v) inoculum sizes on 6th of day has capability in improving the nutritional values of Sargassum polycystum seaweed meal during bioprocessing.

“菌剂+分子膜”发酵工艺改善秸秆与畜粪共堆肥效率

为更好地对农业废弃物进行合理利用,提高堆肥产品营养效率,采用新型“菌剂+分子膜”发酵工艺对改善秸秆与畜粪共堆肥过程中的理化性质、腐熟度、腐殖化和磷组分动态进行研究。结果表明,土壤总有机碳(TOC)、含水率(MC)、C/N和黄腐酸(FA)均呈下降趋势,总氮(TN)、腐殖酸(HA)、总磷(TP)和有效磷(AP)含量明显增加(p<0.05),这说明共堆肥产品的腐熟度和营养水平都得到了改善。此外,腐殖化指数分析和液相磷31核磁共振波普(^(31)P-NMR)测定分别表明了共堆肥腐殖化程度的提高和磷组分的变化。根据NY/T 525—2021,除水分外,最终堆肥产品的性能符合法规要求。研究结果可为“菌剂+分子膜”发酵工艺在提高堆肥效率方面提供全面的认识,为实现农业废弃物资源化提供科学可行的策略。

霉菌对优质籼稻黄变的影响

优质籼稻在储藏期间品质容易发生改变,色泽的变化更是明显,而发生黄变的两个主要因素是微生物和环境条件。通过设置不同的水分含量和储藏温度,考察灰绿曲霉、黄曲霉、白曲霉和黑曲霉4种主要霉菌对优质籼稻黄变的影响。研究结果表明:在不同水分含量和储藏温度条件下,优质籼稻的黄度指数发生了不同程度的改变,其中单一接种灰绿曲霉水分含量为17%的优质籼稻在30℃储藏温度下,黄度指数增加最快;由带菌量和黄度指数的相关性分析得出4种霉菌分别在适宜的生长环境中,对黄变影响程度最大的为灰绿曲霉,最弱的为白曲霉。研究结果为储藏过程中稻谷黄变及预防提供了理论依据。

尖孢镰刀菌苜蓿专化型厚垣孢子的诱导形成方法及萌发特性

厚垣孢子是尖孢镰刀菌在土壤中的主要存活结构,土壤中厚垣孢子的数量及萌发状况,直接影响着病害的发生及其严重度。首先通过研究合成低营养琼脂(SNA)和SNA加滤纸片(SNAF)培养基以及不同浓度葡萄糖和碳酸镁的双盐溶液(KH_(2)PO_(4)和MgSO_(4)·7H_(2)O)中厚垣孢子的形成,建立苜蓿专化型菌株厚垣孢子的诱导形成方法并进行验证,然后研究不同碳源和氮源对厚垣孢子萌发的影响。菌株T6和T9在2 mg·L^(-1)葡萄糖的双盐溶液中静置培养7 d时形成大量的厚垣孢子,分别为4.2×10^(5)和5.1×10^(5)个·mL^(-1);且静置培养时的厚垣孢子数量均高于振荡培养时的数量,分别为4.2和2.8倍。不同苜蓿专化型菌株经双盐溶液诱导后,都在培养7 d时形成大量厚垣孢子,且培养前7 d时数量都快速增加,7 d时的均值为3 d时的2.3倍;而培养14和21 d时数量增加较慢,21 d时的均值仅为7 d时的1.2倍。对厚垣孢子萌发及芽管生长促进作用较大的碳源和氮源分别为葡萄糖和氯化铵,促进作用较小的碳源和氮源分别为乳糖和尿素。结果表明尖孢镰刀菌苜蓿专化型菌株厚垣孢子的形成需要微量的碳源和低氧环境,且厚垣孢子的萌发及生长需要适宜的碳源和氮源,可从控制病原菌初侵染源角度为苜蓿土传病害的绿色防控提供新思路。

Observation on the initial inoculum source and dissemination of Entomophthorales-caused epizootics in populations of cereal aphids

A total number of 1092 migratory alates were trapped from air in wheat grown area of Yuanyang County, Henan Province from early April through May 2002 in order to confirm the source and dissemination of entomophthoralean inocula to cause epizootics of cereal aphids. Those included 415 Sitobion avenae, 642 Rhopalosiphum padi, 22 Metopolophium dirhodum, and 13 Schizaphis graminum. The trapped alates were daily collected and individually reared for 7 days on wheat plants in laboratory. Of those 341 alates died of fungal infection, taking 31.2% in the trapped alates. These included 224 S. avenae, 106 R. padi, 8 M. dirhodum, and 3 S. graminum. Deaths of all infected alates occurred during the first 5 days and 78.9% of the deaths occurred within the first 3 days. Individual examination under microscope proved that all deaths were attributed to entomophthoralean fungi. Of those Pandora neoaphidis accounted for 84.6%, Conidiobolus obscurus for 9.9%, and Entomophthora planchoniana for 5.5%. Four alate deaths died of cross infection of P. neoaphidis and C. conidiobolus. Based on the high infection rate of the migratory alates trapped from air and the field occurrence of epizootics in populations of cereal aphids during the trapping period, Entomophthorales-caused epizootics were likely disseminated by infected alates through their flight and colonization. This makes it reasonable to interpret worldwide distribution of aphid epizootics, particularly caused by P. neoaphidis that has no resting spores discovered.

好氧脱氮菌剂的制备及其强化餐厨废水脱氮研究

针对餐厨废水高有机物、高氨氮的问题,采用计算机辅助菌种选择技术从餐厨垃圾中分离得到了好氧脱氮菌株。试验结果:在培养温度为35℃、间歇震荡和培养时间108 h的条件下,好氧脱氮菌株在培养液中的活菌数达到8.83×10^(7) cfu/mL。在SBR反应器中加入自制的含有菌剂的污泥,反应器出水氨氮去除率达到82.10%~87.92%,与未加菌剂时的氨氮去除率62.37%~68.65%相比脱氮率提升了19.5%,表明本研究的好氧脱氮菌剂对废水脱氮具有强化效果。

Effects of strain,nutrients concentration and inoculum size on microalgae culture for bioenergy from post hydrothermal liquefaction wastewater

Cultivating microalgae in post hydrothermal liquefaction wastewater(PHWW)offers many benefits,including nutrients recovery and reuse,wastewater purification and biomass production.However,the high nutrients concentration and toxic substances in PHWW undermine the efficiency of biomass production and nutrient recovery.This study aimed to investigate the effects of the microalgae strains,initial nutrients concentrations and inoculum sizes on biomass production and nutrient recovery using PHWW as the cultivation medium.Results indicated that both biomass production and nutrients recovery were successfully improved by using the screened microalgae strain at the desirable initial nutrient concentration with the suggested algae inoculum size.Chlorella vulgaris 1067 probably demonstrated the strongest tolerance ability among the five microalgae strains screened,and performed well in the diluted PHWW,of which initial TN concentration was approximately 500 mg/L.The desirable inoculum size was determined to be 0.103-0.135 g/L.The biomass daily productivity was increased by 15.67-fold(reached 0.13 g/(L·d)).With the above optimal conditions,high biomass production and nutrient recovery from the PHWW to produce microalgae biomass for bioenergy production were achieved.

蒙脱石与复合菌剂配施提高田菁改良盐渍土的效果

【目的】田菁具有较强的固氮和耐盐能力,因此已经成为改良盐碱地的先锋植物。通过蒙脱石与复合菌剂配施提升田菁的耐盐能力,为其更好地改良盐碱土壤提供技术支撑。【方法】采用盆栽试验方法进行研究。将供试土壤与蛭石、珍珠岩按照3∶1∶1的体积混匀并灭菌后,用于制备NaCl浓度为0、100、200 mmol/L的3组土壤,每组土壤中设置空白对照(CK)、加蒙脱石(M)、加复合菌剂(J)、加蒙脱石和复合菌剂(M+J)4个处理,田菁生长60天后收获,测量田菁生物量和土壤理化性质变化。【结果】复合菌剂中的假单胞菌Pseudomonadaceae sp.ST3和大肠杆菌Escherichia coli ND2B相比于其他内生菌有较强的促生能力。在盐浓度0、100、200 mmol/L土壤上,田菁植株高度、地上部干重及叶片叶绿素含量、净光合效率、酶活均表现为CK<M<J<M+J,M+J处理的以上几个指标值均显著高于CK、M处理,多数指标与J处理间差异显著(P<0.5),表明M+J的改良效果最为显著。在盐浓度为100和200 mmol/L的土壤上,M+J处理田菁生长及抗逆指标相较于CK的增加幅度分别为:株高157.2%和187.6%,茎秆重307.6%和286.9%,根长46.9%和40.7%,根表面积31.2%和25.0%,根干重60.7%和72.8%,叶绿素含量100.28%和138.00%,叶片净光合速率43.72%和40.81%,超氧化物歧化酶活性118.26%和192.11%,过氧化物酶活性138.24%和137.50%,过氧化氢酶活性222.96%和151.50%;M+J处理田菁叶片丙二醛含量分别显著降低了39.93%和38.41%;M+J处理土壤pH分别较CK显著降低3.82%和3.82%,土壤盐含量分别显著降低36.39%和39.04%,而土壤全氮含量分别显著增加92.83%和87.56%,速效磷含量分别显著增加35.40%和37.28%,速效钾含量分别显著增加27.53%和30.59%,有机碳含量分别显著增加17.95%和21.85%。【结论】蒙脱石、复合菌剂单独施用可不同程度地改善土壤理化性质,促进田菁生长和抗盐能力,降低土壤含盐量,增加土壤有机质和氮磷钾养分含量。而两者配施的效果更加显著且稳定,是提高田菁改良盐渍土效果的高效措施。

不同接种量下不同浓度虾壳粉对红曲霉发酵产红曲色素对比研究

目的:小龙虾虾壳废弃物排放造成环境污染和资源浪费,红曲霉可以转化利用虾壳蛋白质,达到对红曲色素生产的工艺优化。方法:以小龙虾虾壳废弃物蛋白质为唯一氮源,利用红曲霉菌种MonascusGN01进行液态发酵,探究不同接种量对红曲霉液态发酵产红曲色素和桔霉素的影响,得到低桔霉素高红曲色素生产工艺。结果:在5%接种量下,虾壳粉添加量为0.5%的发酵液红曲红色素的色价最高,为10U/mL,其桔霉素含量为0.004mg/L;在10%接种量下,虾壳粉添加量在1.1%时的发酵液红曲红色素色价最高,为49.75 U/mL,其桔霉素含量为0.032mg/L。结论:在实际生产中应根据不同的目的选用合适的接种量,为红曲霉发酵虾壳确定初步的工艺参数。

我国小麦秋苗条锈病发生规律及其区间菌源传播关系

全国冬小麦秋苗均可遭受来自西北和西南越夏区条锈菌的侵染与危害,条锈菌在寄主上进一步繁殖和发展,引起本地或者外地小麦条锈病流行。不同麦区秋苗条锈病发生时间、发生程度及其菌源传播规律各不相同,年度间亦存在差异。根据小麦条锈病发生流行频率、病菌越冬和越夏情况、秋季菌源和春季菌源的有无与多少、提供时间及其影响范围与作用,结合地理生态条件、气候特点、小麦种植区划与栽培模式等,将中国小麦条锈病发生流行区域划分为8个明显不同的生态区系,即关中、华北春季流行区;成都平原、江汉流域冬季繁殖区;西北、川西北越夏易变区;云贵高原越夏冬繁区;新疆冬春麦常发区;西藏高原青稞、小麦常发区;南方晚播冬麦偶发区;内蒙古、东北春麦偶发区。通过病害实地调查、病菌群体遗传多样性和高空气流轨迹分析,进一步揭示了区间菌源传播关系。陇南、陇中、陇东、宁南、海东、陕西宝鸡以及川西北和云贵高原等地区离越夏区较近,冬小麦播种较早,秋苗条锈病发生早、发病重,秋季随西北气流传播到平原冬麦区和海拔较低的冬麦区侵染危害秋播麦苗,其菌源数量对全国小麦条锈病发生流行程度起着至关重要的作用,是中国小麦条锈病的秋季菌源基地,面积约67万hm 2;成都平原、江汉流域、陕南、豫南、云贵坝区等麦区,离条锈菌越夏区相对较远,小麦播种期也较晚,秋苗发病较晚较轻,但冬季气候温和,雨露条件充沛,条锈菌在冬季可以不断侵染和繁殖,在早春可积累大量菌源,然后向北部和西部广大麦区扩散传播,引起小麦条锈菌春季侵染,是中国小麦条锈病的春季菌源基地,面积约200万hm 2。云贵高原越夏冬繁区可为我国广大麦区特别是长江中下游麦区提供部分菌源,荆州等鄂东南地区是云贵菌源向长江下游麦区传播的中转站。云南与甘肃之间存在大量的基因流,推测云南可能是中国小麦条锈菌重要的起源中心。西南和西北秋季菌源对长江流域麦区的相对重要性有待进一步研究明确。