The environmentally friendly and resourceful utilization of organic waste liquid is one of the frontiers of environmental engineering. With the increasing demand for chemicals, the problem of organic waste liq- uid wi...The environmentally friendly and resourceful utilization of organic waste liquid is one of the frontiers of environmental engineering. With the increasing demand for chemicals, the problem of organic waste liq- uid with a high concentration of inorganic pollutants in the processing of petroleum, coal, and natural gas is becoming more serious. In this study, the high-speed self-rotation and flipping of particles in a three- dimensional cyclonic turbulent field was examined using a synchronous high-speed camera technique; the self-rotation speed was found to reach 2000-6000 rad.s 1. Based on these findings, a cyclonic gas- stripping method for the removal of organic matter from the pores of particles was invented. A techno- logical process was developed to recover organic matter from waste liquid by cyclonic gas stripping and classifying inorganic particles by means of airflow acceleration classification. A demonstration device was built in Sinopec＇s first ebullated-bed hydro-treatment unit for residual oil. Compared with the T-STAR fixed-bed gas-stripping technology designed in the United States, the maximum liquid-removal effi- ciency of the catalyst particles in this new process is 44.9% greater at the same temperature, and the time required to realize 95% liquid-removal efficiency is decreased from 1956.5 to 8.4 s. In addition, we achieved the classification and reuse of the catalyst particles contained in waste liquid according to their activity. A proposal to use this new technology was put forward regarding the control of organic waste liquid and the classification recovery of inorganic particles in an ebullated-bed hydro-treatment process for residual oil with a processing capacity of 2×106 t.a^1. It is estimated that the use of this new tech- nology will lead to the recovery of 3100 t.a 1 of diesel fuel and 647 t.a^1 of high-activity catalyst; in addi- tion, it will reduce the consumption of fresh catalyst by 518 t.a^1. The direct economic benefits of this process will be as high as 37.28 million CNY per year.展开更多
Instead of finishing the fabrics with inorganic particles by a binder, in this study the fine aluminium oxide powder were added during the polymerization system of a monomer with functional hydroxyl groups HPMA. The h...Instead of finishing the fabrics with inorganic particles by a binder, in this study the fine aluminium oxide powder were added during the polymerization system of a monomer with functional hydroxyl groups HPMA. The hot alkaline testing showed that the Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> particles had reacted with the polymer latex. The absorbability and wash durability of the fabric treated with such a latex with Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> were measured.展开更多
Size effects and compositions constitute new properties for inorganic particles in different application fields.The physical method has recently attracted more attention in the preparation of inorganic materials.Herei...Size effects and compositions constitute new properties for inorganic particles in different application fields.The physical method has recently attracted more attention in the preparation of inorganic materials.Herein,a low-cost,eco-friendly,simple-operating,and time-saving technique,named electrical discharge,is reviewed in relation to developments from the nature of this technique in different dielectric media to the practical experience in controlling the main processing parameters,apparatuses,types of discharge,from the various structures and components to the wide applications.The development of the electrical discharge technique will play an important role in improving the technology to prepare superfine inorganic particles with high purity.Meanwhile,electrical discharge contributes to easily mixing solid materials from the atomic scale to several micrometers with different structures.Moreover,metal oxides or doping materials are accessible as the dielectric medium is changed.Considering some excellent advantages,new inorganic particles exploited through the electrical discharge method will promise to be the most rewarding in some potential applications.展开更多
Nature has the ingenious capability to design spiky topological features at the macro-and nanoscales,which exhibits fascinating interface adhesive properties by means of multivalent interactions.Following a biomimetic...Nature has the ingenious capability to design spiky topological features at the macro-and nanoscales,which exhibits fascinating interface adhesive properties by means of multivalent interactions.Following a biomimetic approach,such as nanoscale virus particles are highly infectious toward host cells,a range of organic and inorganic spiky particles(virus-like nanostructures)have been precisely engineered for diverse biomedical applications.Generally,organic virus-like particles(VLPs)derived from viral capsids(often termed as virosomes)have been extensively studied and reviewed,but concomitant concerns regarding immunogenicity and risks of mutagenesis limit clinical potential of organic VLPs.In contrast,inorganic VLPs(viral-mimicking topography)possess fascinating physicochemical characteristics,such as excellent electrical,optical,magnetic,mechanical and catalytic properties,which make them particularly suitable for biomedical applications.Alternatively,there is no comprehensive review related to inorganic VLPs engineered with non-viral shell for biomedical applications.Hence,in this review,we present a brief overview on inorganic VLPs,followed by summarizing the construction and properties of virus-like nanostructures,as well as the mechanisms of nano-bio interface interactions initiated by spiky topography.Furthermore,we focus on the recent advances of VLPs for biomedical applications(including biosensing,antibacterial therapy and cancer treatment).Finally,the future outlook and emerging challenges will be presented.This review aims to provide future scope of the rational design of inorganic non-viral vectors,especially with respect to gene-based therapy platforms.展开更多
Background: Rapid economic development in China has resulted in an increase in severe air pollution in city groups such as the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Metropolitan Region. PM2.5(fine particles with an aerodynamic equiva...Background: Rapid economic development in China has resulted in an increase in severe air pollution in city groups such as the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Metropolitan Region. PM2.5(fine particles with an aerodynamic equivalent diameter of 2.5 μm or less) is one of the most important pollutants. The deposition process is an important way of removing particles from the air. To evaluate the effect of an urban forest on atmospheric particle removal, a concentration gradient method was used to measure the deposition velocities of water-soluble inorganics in PM2.5 in two national forest parks in Beijing, China. The following eight water-soluble inorganic ions in PM2.5 were investigated: sodium, ammonium, potassium, magnesium, calcium, chloride, nitrate, and sulfate.Methods: Samples were taken from two sites in Beijing from the 7 th to the 15 th May, 2013. The concentrations of water-soluble inorganic ions were analyzed with ion chromatography. We used the concentration gradient technique to estimate the deposition flux and velocity. To determine the relationships between leaf traits and particle accumulation, typical leaf samples from each selected species were studied using scanning electron microscopy.Results: The total deposition flux and total deposition velocity during the daytime were higher than those at night.Sulfate showed the biggest deposition flux and velocity at both study sites, whereas the other ions showed different trends at each site. Result from higher proportion of coniferous to broadleaved trees, the total deposition flux of the eight ions measured in Jiufeng National Forest Park was greater than that in Olympic Forest Park.Conclusions: The deposition velocity was affected by meteorological conditions such as wind speed, temperature,and humidity. The deposition velocity was also influenced by tree species. The surface of plants is an important factor influencing particle deposition. The results of this study may help in assessing the effects of forestry systems on particle removal and provide evidence for urban air pollution control and afforestation of urban areas.展开更多
A polystyrene（PS）/nanosilica organic-inorganic hybrid material was prepared from styrene monomer and commercial aqueous silica sol containing large amounts of Si-OH by means of emulsion polymerization. The nanosilic...A polystyrene（PS）/nanosilica organic-inorganic hybrid material was prepared from styrene monomer and commercial aqueous silica sol containing large amounts of Si-OH by means of emulsion polymerization. The nanosilica sol was modified by the addition of the reactive coupling agent methacrylexy propyltrimethoxysilane （ MPS）, and the resulting latex particles were protected by surfactants such as sodium dodecyl sulphonate（ SDS）, hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose （ HMPC）, and poly （vinylpyrrolidone） （PVP）. The effects of the type of surfactant, the amount of surfactant, and the coupling agent on the shape and stability of the resulting latex particles were investigated. The TEM observation indicates that among SDS, HMPC, and PVP, SDS is the best surfactant. When the content of SDS is 0. 5% and the amount of MPS is 7% in the system, the latex with obvious core-shell structure could be obtained. The average diameters of the monodispersed particles range from 182 to 278 nm, and the average number of silica beads for each composite are 1325 and 4409, respectively. The FrIR analysis shows that PS was chemically linked to silica through MPS. The thermal gravimetric analysis shows that when there is a higher silica content, the hybrid composites have a better heat resistance.展开更多
基金This work was supported by the sponsorship of the National Science Foundation for Distinguished Young Scholars of China （51125032）, the sponsorship of the National Key Research and Development Program of China （2016YFC0204500）, and the National Natural Science Foundation of China （51608203）.
文摘The environmentally friendly and resourceful utilization of organic waste liquid is one of the frontiers of environmental engineering. With the increasing demand for chemicals, the problem of organic waste liq- uid with a high concentration of inorganic pollutants in the processing of petroleum, coal, and natural gas is becoming more serious. In this study, the high-speed self-rotation and flipping of particles in a three- dimensional cyclonic turbulent field was examined using a synchronous high-speed camera technique; the self-rotation speed was found to reach 2000-6000 rad.s 1. Based on these findings, a cyclonic gas- stripping method for the removal of organic matter from the pores of particles was invented. A techno- logical process was developed to recover organic matter from waste liquid by cyclonic gas stripping and classifying inorganic particles by means of airflow acceleration classification. A demonstration device was built in Sinopec＇s first ebullated-bed hydro-treatment unit for residual oil. Compared with the T-STAR fixed-bed gas-stripping technology designed in the United States, the maximum liquid-removal effi- ciency of the catalyst particles in this new process is 44.9% greater at the same temperature, and the time required to realize 95% liquid-removal efficiency is decreased from 1956.5 to 8.4 s. In addition, we achieved the classification and reuse of the catalyst particles contained in waste liquid according to their activity. A proposal to use this new technology was put forward regarding the control of organic waste liquid and the classification recovery of inorganic particles in an ebullated-bed hydro-treatment process for residual oil with a processing capacity of 2×106 t.a^1. It is estimated that the use of this new tech- nology will lead to the recovery of 3100 t.a 1 of diesel fuel and 647 t.a^1 of high-activity catalyst; in addi- tion, it will reduce the consumption of fresh catalyst by 518 t.a^1. The direct economic benefits of this process will be as high as 37.28 million CNY per year.
文摘Instead of finishing the fabrics with inorganic particles by a binder, in this study the fine aluminium oxide powder were added during the polymerization system of a monomer with functional hydroxyl groups HPMA. The hot alkaline testing showed that the Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> particles had reacted with the polymer latex. The absorbability and wash durability of the fabric treated with such a latex with Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> were measured.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.51972045)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Chinese Central Universities,China(Grant No.ZYGX2019J025)the Sichuan Science and Technology Program(Grant Nos.2020JDRC0015 and 2020JDRC0045).
文摘Size effects and compositions constitute new properties for inorganic particles in different application fields.The physical method has recently attracted more attention in the preparation of inorganic materials.Herein,a low-cost,eco-friendly,simple-operating,and time-saving technique,named electrical discharge,is reviewed in relation to developments from the nature of this technique in different dielectric media to the practical experience in controlling the main processing parameters,apparatuses,types of discharge,from the various structures and components to the wide applications.The development of the electrical discharge technique will play an important role in improving the technology to prepare superfine inorganic particles with high purity.Meanwhile,electrical discharge contributes to easily mixing solid materials from the atomic scale to several micrometers with different structures.Moreover,metal oxides or doping materials are accessible as the dielectric medium is changed.Considering some excellent advantages,new inorganic particles exploited through the electrical discharge method will promise to be the most rewarding in some potential applications.
基金This work was financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(82172085)the“Double First-Class”University project(CPU2022QZ14)the Jiangsu Provincial Natural Science Fund for Distinguished Young Scholars(BK20190028).
文摘Nature has the ingenious capability to design spiky topological features at the macro-and nanoscales,which exhibits fascinating interface adhesive properties by means of multivalent interactions.Following a biomimetic approach,such as nanoscale virus particles are highly infectious toward host cells,a range of organic and inorganic spiky particles(virus-like nanostructures)have been precisely engineered for diverse biomedical applications.Generally,organic virus-like particles(VLPs)derived from viral capsids(often termed as virosomes)have been extensively studied and reviewed,but concomitant concerns regarding immunogenicity and risks of mutagenesis limit clinical potential of organic VLPs.In contrast,inorganic VLPs(viral-mimicking topography)possess fascinating physicochemical characteristics,such as excellent electrical,optical,magnetic,mechanical and catalytic properties,which make them particularly suitable for biomedical applications.Alternatively,there is no comprehensive review related to inorganic VLPs engineered with non-viral shell for biomedical applications.Hence,in this review,we present a brief overview on inorganic VLPs,followed by summarizing the construction and properties of virus-like nanostructures,as well as the mechanisms of nano-bio interface interactions initiated by spiky topography.Furthermore,we focus on the recent advances of VLPs for biomedical applications(including biosensing,antibacterial therapy and cancer treatment).Finally,the future outlook and emerging challenges will be presented.This review aims to provide future scope of the rational design of inorganic non-viral vectors,especially with respect to gene-based therapy platforms.
基金supported by the grants from the Beijing Collaborative Innovation Center for eco-environmental improvement with forestry and fruit trees(PXM2017_014207_000024)the Special Found for Beijing Common Construction Project for Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment,Beijing Municipal Education Commission
文摘Background: Rapid economic development in China has resulted in an increase in severe air pollution in city groups such as the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Metropolitan Region. PM2.5(fine particles with an aerodynamic equivalent diameter of 2.5 μm or less) is one of the most important pollutants. The deposition process is an important way of removing particles from the air. To evaluate the effect of an urban forest on atmospheric particle removal, a concentration gradient method was used to measure the deposition velocities of water-soluble inorganics in PM2.5 in two national forest parks in Beijing, China. The following eight water-soluble inorganic ions in PM2.5 were investigated: sodium, ammonium, potassium, magnesium, calcium, chloride, nitrate, and sulfate.Methods: Samples were taken from two sites in Beijing from the 7 th to the 15 th May, 2013. The concentrations of water-soluble inorganic ions were analyzed with ion chromatography. We used the concentration gradient technique to estimate the deposition flux and velocity. To determine the relationships between leaf traits and particle accumulation, typical leaf samples from each selected species were studied using scanning electron microscopy.Results: The total deposition flux and total deposition velocity during the daytime were higher than those at night.Sulfate showed the biggest deposition flux and velocity at both study sites, whereas the other ions showed different trends at each site. Result from higher proportion of coniferous to broadleaved trees, the total deposition flux of the eight ions measured in Jiufeng National Forest Park was greater than that in Olympic Forest Park.Conclusions: The deposition velocity was affected by meteorological conditions such as wind speed, temperature,and humidity. The deposition velocity was also influenced by tree species. The surface of plants is an important factor influencing particle deposition. The results of this study may help in assessing the effects of forestry systems on particle removal and provide evidence for urban air pollution control and afforestation of urban areas.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No. 50373037)the Special Funds for Major State BasicResearch Projects ( No. 2005CB623802) Specialized Research Fund for the Doctoral Program of Higher Education ( No.20040335077).
文摘A polystyrene（PS）/nanosilica organic-inorganic hybrid material was prepared from styrene monomer and commercial aqueous silica sol containing large amounts of Si-OH by means of emulsion polymerization. The nanosilica sol was modified by the addition of the reactive coupling agent methacrylexy propyltrimethoxysilane （ MPS）, and the resulting latex particles were protected by surfactants such as sodium dodecyl sulphonate（ SDS）, hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose （ HMPC）, and poly （vinylpyrrolidone） （PVP）. The effects of the type of surfactant, the amount of surfactant, and the coupling agent on the shape and stability of the resulting latex particles were investigated. The TEM observation indicates that among SDS, HMPC, and PVP, SDS is the best surfactant. When the content of SDS is 0. 5% and the amount of MPS is 7% in the system, the latex with obvious core-shell structure could be obtained. The average diameters of the monodispersed particles range from 182 to 278 nm, and the average number of silica beads for each composite are 1325 and 4409, respectively. The FrIR analysis shows that PS was chemically linked to silica through MPS. The thermal gravimetric analysis shows that when there is a higher silica content, the hybrid composites have a better heat resistance.
