Interconnected and high cycling stability polypyrrole supercapacitors using cellulose nanocrystals and commonly used inorganic salts as dopants

Polypyrrole(PPy)is wildly used as electrode material in supercapacitors due to its high conductivity,low cost,ease of handling,and ease of fabrication.However,limited capacitance and poor cycling stability hinder its practical application.After developing carboxylated cellulose nanocrystals(CNC-COO^(-))as immobile dopants for PPy to improve its cycling stability,we investigated the effect of different commonly used salts(KCl,NaCl,KBr,and NaClO_(4))as dopants during electrode fabrication by electropolymerization.The film’s capacitance increased from 160.6 to 183.4 F g^(-1)after adding a combination of KCl and NaClO_(4) into the electrodeposition electrolyte.More importantly,the porous and interconnected PPy/CNC-COO^(-)-Cl-(Cl O_(4)^(-))_0.5 electrode film exhibited an excellent capacitance of 125.0 F g^(-1)(0.78 F cm^(-2))at a high current density of 2.0 Ag^(-1)(20 m A cm^(-2),allowing charging in less than 1 min),increasing almost 204%over PPy/CNC-COO-films.A symmetric PPy/CNC-COO^(-)-Cl-(ClO_(4)^(-))_0.5 supercapacitor retained its full capacitance after 5000 cycles,and displayed a high energy density of 5.2 Wh kg^(-1)at a power density of 25.4 W kg^(-1)(34.5μWh cm^(-2) at 1752.3μW cm^(-2)).These results reveal that the porous structure formed by doping with CNC-COO-and inorganic salts opens up more active reaction areas to store charges in PPy-based films as the stiff and ribbon-like CNC-COO-as permanent dopants improve the strength and stability of PPy-based films.Our demonstration provides a simple and practical way to deposit PPy based supercapacitors with high capacitance,fast charging,and excellent cycling stability.

Effect of inorganic salt on the thermal degradation of nitrocellulose and reaction mechanism of its mixture

In this study,to better understand the reaction mechanism between inorganic salts and nitrocellulose,CaCO_(3) and Li_(2)CO_(3) were evaluated with respect to their effects on the thermal degradation of NC in nitrogen atmosphere using TG/DSC at three different heating rates(2,5,10 K/min).The numerical relationship between activation energy(E)and conversion rate was obtained by FWO and KAS method,and it was discovered that CaCO_(3) could improve the thermal stability of NC.Activation energy values were calculated by Kissinger method,and it was found that NC that contain Li2CO3had the highest activation energy while NC containing CaCO3had the lowest E value.By combining the thermal analysis data with Malek method,the most probable mechanism model of thermal degradation is obtained as Sesták-Berggren model,which expression is f(α)=α^(m)(1-α)^(n).As a result of this study,there are certain guiding principles that can be applied to the pyrolysis reaction model and to the actual production process of nitrocellulose.

Mechanism study of organic antioxidant and inorganic salt on suppressing coal oxidation

The advantages and disadvantages of organic antioxidant and inorganic salt on suppressing coal oxidation were analyzed on the basis of the theory that coal oxidation mechanisms can be attributed to the free radical chain-type reaction mechanism. The inhibition curves on suppressing coal oxidation of the different type and different concentration of organic antioxidant and inorganic salt were given through experimental study and data processing. Then some conclusions can be gained from the experimental study combining with theoretical analysis. First the inhibition mechanism of the organic antioxidant and inorganic salt is different. The former is that the chemical action is the dominant position. It can be called as the chain termination theory because the free radical is captured during coal oxidation. And the later is that the physical effect is the dominant position. It can be called as the decreasing-temperature theory because the liquid membrane which was formed by the inorganic salt can make coal body be the state of wetness and prevent oxygen from coal surface. Second the inhibition effect of the organic antioxidant is higher than the inorganic salt in the later period. But it is lower in the early period.

The effect of inorganic salt precipitation on oil recovery during CO2 flooding:A case study of Chang 8 block in Changqing oilfield,NW China

Static experiments and dynamic displacement experiments were conducted to quantitatively determine the amount of precipitate generated by the CO_(2)-formation water reaction at different temperatures,pressures,and scaling ion concentrations during CO_(2) flooding in the Chang 8 block of Changqing Oilfield,the influence of precipitate on the physical properties of reservoirs was investigated,and the corresponding mathematical characterization model was established.The mathematical characterization equation was used to correct the numerical simulation model of E300 module in Eclipse software.The distribution pattern of inorganic salt precipitates during continuous CO_(2) flooding in Chang 8 block was simulated,and the influence of inorganic salt precipitates on oil recovery was predicted.The inorganic salt precipitate generated during CO_(2)-formation water reaction was mainly CaCO_(3),and the pressure difference and scaling ion concentration were proportional to the amount of precipitate generated,while the temperature was inversely proportional to the amount of precipitate.The rate of core porosity change before and after CO_(2) flooding was positively correlated with temperature and flooding pressure difference.The core porosity increase in the CO_(2)-formation water-core reaction experiment was always lower than that of CO_(2)-distilled water-core reaction experiment because of precipitation.The area around the production wells had the most precipitates generated with the injection of CO_(2).The oil field became poor in development because of the widely distributed precipitate and the recovery decreased to 33.45% from 37.64% after 20-year-CO_(2) flooding when considering of precipitation.

Separation of Water from Extra-viscous Oil under Microwave Radiation in the Presence of Inorganic Salts

Removal of water contained in extra-viscous crude oil is quite difficult because of the high viscosity and high resins content of heavy oil.The microwave technology was introduced for the separation of water from high-viscosity crude oil in the presence of sodium acetate.The decrease in zeta-potential of interface and the viscosity of crude oil are responsible for the accelerated separation of water under microwave irradiation.The influences of the concentration of sodium acetate in sample,irradiation pressure,irradiation time and irradiation power on the separation efficiency were investigated.The optimum technological condition for the refining process was determined.Upon treating the sample 1 (with a water concentration of 50%),the water removal rate was 98.44%,when the optimum conditions were identified to be a sodium acetate concentration of 2%,an irradiation pressure of 0.1 MPa,an irradiation time of 2 min,and an irradiation power of 225 W,with the recovery of sodium acetate reaching 97.88%.Upon treating the sample 2 (the concentration of water was 20%),the water removal rate was 93.85%,when the optimum conditions were determined to be a sodium acetate concentration of 3%,an irradiation pressure of 0.1 MPa,an irradiation time of 4 min,and an irradiation power of 375 W,with the recovery of sodium acetate reaching 93.54%.By using this method,the dehydration efficiency was increased rapidly.

Influence of Inorganic Salts on the Adsorption of Cationically Modified Starch to Fibers

The article is focused on the influence of inorganic salts on the adsorption of cationically modified starch to fibers. Results show that low concentrations of inorganic salts usually affect the process of adsorption in a positive way. Adsorption efficiency at higher concentrations, however, depends on the type of inorganic salts as well as the sequence of adding inorganic salts and starch to paper suspension.

Pore Structure of Cement Pastes Mixed with Inorganic Salts

The influence of salts on concrete durability,pore structure of cement pastes with inorganic salts,including CaCl2,NaCl,Na2SO4,NaNO2,Ca(NO3)2 and Ca(NO2)2,was studied through mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP),and hydration degree of each paste was also tested.The results show that porosity of the paste with inorganic salt cured for 3 d or 28 d was related with its hydration degree.For the pore size distribution,the pores smaller than 50 nm in paste with salts cured for 3 d increased;the amount of pores larger than 100 nm increased because of the addition of Ca (NO3)2 at 3 d,but these coarse pores turned into fine pores and reduced significantly at 28 d;coarse pores lager than 1000 nm in cement pastes containing NaCl and Na2SO4 increased.

Some Inorganic Salts for Production of Sterile Adults of the Red Palm Weevil Rhynchophorus ferrugineus （Coleoptera： Curculionidae）

Fifteen inorganic salts were evaluated as possible sterilants against the Red Palm Weevil （RPW） Rhvachophorus ferrugineus, by applying the pupal dipping method in a screening program. Results showed that all tested salts adversely affected the adtflt emergence and reduced the egg laying capacity and egg hatchability. Among the tested salts Ca（OH）2. LiC1, CuCl2, ZnSO4, KBr and KI gave various 97%-100% percent sterility at the tested non toxic concentration under different pupal dipping periods. Percentage of sterility increased with the increase of the concentration and the dipping period. All other salts induced degrees oi sterility ranging from 63% to 96%.

Influence of Different Inorganic Salts on Crystallization-driven Morphological Transformation of PCL-b-PEO Micelles in Aqueous Solutions

Different inorganic salts, including NaSCN, NaCl, MgCl2 and Na2SO4, were added into the aqueous solution containing poly（ε-caprolactone）-b-poly（ethylene oxide） （PCL-b-PEO） semicrystalline mieelles. The effects of inorganic salt on the micellar size and morphology were investigated with TEM and DLS. It is found that addition of NaSCN leads to increase of the micellar size, but the micelles remain to be spherical. By contrast, the other three inorganic salts can induce sphere-to-cylinder or sphere-to-lamella transformations of the PCL-b-PEO semicrystalline mieelles. The alteration rate of the micellar size with the time after addition of the inorganic salts decreases in the following order： NazSO4 〉 NaCl ≈ MgCl2〉 NaSCN. These results were interpreted in terms of the ＂salting-out＂ ability of the cations and anions. The anions SO42- and Cl- have a stronger ＂salting-out＂ ability, driving the morphological transformations of the micelles and leading to a rapid change in micellar size. By contrast, SCN- has a weaker salting-out＂ ability. The cations Na＋ and Mg2＋ may associate with the PEO blocks, leading to a ＂salting-out＂ effect as well. However, the ＂salting-out＂ ability of cations is weaker than that of SO42- and Cl- anions, and the ＂salting-out＂ abilities ofNa＋ and Mg2＋ are similar.

Water uptake of multicomponent organic mixtures and their influence on hygroscopicity of inorganic salts

The hygroscopic behaviors of atmospherically relevant multicomponent water soluble organic compounds（WSOCs） and their effects on ammonium sulfate（AS） and sodium chloride were investigated using a hygroscopicity tandem differential mobility analyzer（HTDMA） in the relative humidity（RH） range of 5%–90%. The measured hygroscopic growth was compared with predictions from the Extended-Aerosol Inorganics Model（E-AIM） and Zdanovskii–Stokes–Robinson（ZSR） method. The equal mass multicomponent WSOCs mixture containing levoglucosan, succinic acid, phthalic acid and humic acid showed gradual water uptake without obvious phase change over the whole RH range. It was found that the organic content played an important role in the water uptake of mixed particles.When organic content was dominant in the mixture（75%）, the measured hygroscopic growth was higher than predictions from the E-AIM or ZSR relation, especially under high RH conditions. For mass fractions of organics not larger than 50%, the hygroscopic growth of mixtures was in good agreement with model predictions. The influence of interactions between inorganic and organic components on the hygroscopicity of mixed particles was related to the salt type and organic content. These results could contribute to understanding of the hygroscopic behaviors of multicomponent aerosol particles.

Determination of Triazine Herbicides in Environmental Water Samples by Acetonitrile Inorganic Salt Aqueous Two-Phase Microextraction System

Acetonitrile inorganic salt aqueous two-phase extraction method was established for the determination of triazine herbicides(simeton,cyanazine,desmetryn,terbumeton,terbuthylazine and dimethametryn)in environmental water samples by high-performance liquid chromatography(HPLC).The extraction solvents types and volume of acetonitrile,the inorganic salt types and amount of(NH_(4))_(2)SO_(4),extraction time and pH of sample solution were optimized by single-factor experiment and central composite design.Under the optimum extraction conditions,all linear ranges were obtained with coefficients of determination(r)≥0.9993.The limits of detection for this proposed method were in the range of 0.16-0.28μg/L for six triazine herbicides.The developed method has been successfully applied to the analysis of target triazine herbicides from lake,canal and moat in real-world water samples.The recoveries of target analytes were in the range from 87.0 to 110.9%and the relative standard deviation was lower than 7.3%.

Effects of Inorganic Sodium Salt in Soil on Concentration of Zinc Ion in Different Patterns

[Objective] The aim was to study on effects of inorganic sodium salt in soil on concentration of zinc ion in different patterns. [Method] Tessier sequential extraction was used to study on effects of inorganic sodium salts （in different species and different concentrations） on concentration of zinc ion in different patterns. [Result] Different inorganic sodium salts had different effects on zinc form. Content of ex- changeable Zn would reduce if Na2CO3 or Na2SO4 was added and the content would increase if NaCI was added. Content of carbonate zinc, which was significantly influ- enced by Na2SO4, would increase if NaCI or Na2SO4 was added, and would decrease if Na2CO3 was added. For Zn bound to Fe-Mn oxides and organic matters, and residual Zn, the contents would decrease if NaCI or Na2SO4 was added and the decrease showed much more significantly if high concentration sodium salts were added. In addition, content of Zn bound to Fe-Mn oxides decreased if Na2CO3 was added. If low concentration Na2CO3 was added, Zn bound to organic matters and residual would increase in content but would lower if high concentration one was added. [Conclusion] The research provided references for measurement of heavy metal ion content in soil in different places.

ZrOCl_2·8H_2O: An Efficient and Cheap Catalyst for Esterification of Free Fatty Acids to Methyl Esters

The esterification of lauric acid with methanol could be efficiently catalyzed by ZrOCl2·8H2O, and this reaction was studied to develop a green method for biodiesel production. The influencing factors, such as amount of catalyst, reaction time and molar ratio of acid to methanol, were investigated. The results indicated that the ZrOCl2·8H2O catalyst showed high catalytic activity, and gave a 97.0% methyl laurate conversion rate under the following optimized conditions, viz.: a lauric acid/methanol molar ratio of 1:10, a catalyst dosage of 4%, and a reaction duration of 2 h at methanol refluxing temperature. The catalyst could be easily recovered while its activity could be well retained after three cycles. The ZrOCl2·8H2O catalyst also exhibited excellent catalytic activity for the esterification of different free long-chain fatty acids(including nonedible oils with high acid value) with different short carbon chain alcohols. Therefore, the ZrOCl2·8H2O catalyst has good potential for the synthesis of biodiesel from low-cost feedstocks such as waste vegetable oils and non-edible oils.

Effect of different additives on the phase separation behavior and thermodynamics of p-tert-alkylphenoxy poly (oxyethylene) ether in absence and presence of drug

Cloud point （CP） determinations of 4-（1,1,3,3-tetramethylbutyl）phenyl-polyethylene glycol （TX-100 （nonionic surfactant）） was carried out in aqueous as well as in the attendance of drug （ceftriaxone sodium trihydrate （CFT））/（CFT ＋ different inorganic salts） and discussed thoroughly. Nonionic surfactants are employed exten- sively in different formulations. In aqueous solution, the values of CP of TX-100 are obtained to increase by means of enhancing of their concentration in the solution. The CP values of TX-100 solutions were found to de- crease in the presence of drug and their values decrease more with rising concentrations of the drug. The values of CP of CFT and TX-100 mixtures were found to further decrease in the attendance of inorganic salts in compar- ison to their absence. The effect of different sodium salts in decreasing CP values of TX-100 was achieved in the following order： NaCO3 〉 Na2SO4 〉 NaCl. However, in the case of potassium and ammonium salts, the decreasing order obtained is K2SO4 〉 KCO3 〉 KCI and （NH4）2SO4 〉 Na2CO3 〉 NH4Cl respectively. Various thermodynamic pa- rameters for example standard free energy （△G c）, standard enthalpy （△H c） as well as standard entropy （△S c） changes of phase separation were also evaluated and discussed in detail on the basis of their behavior.

Preparation and performance analysis of a coking coal dust suppressant spray

Coking coal dust is extremely hydrophobic;therefore,combination with droplets in the air is difficult and dust suppression is challenging.Here,a dust suppressant spray for coking coal dust was studied in order to improve of the combination of droplets and coking coal dust.Based on monomer optimization and compounding analysis,two surfactant monomers,fatty alcohol ether sodium sulfate(AES)and sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate(SDBS)were selected as the surfactant components of the dust suppressant.The surfactant monomers were combined with four inorganic salts and the reverse osmosis moisture absorption of each solution was determined.By combining the reverse osmosis moisture absorption values with the water retention experimental results,CaCl_(2)was identified as the optimal inorganic salt additive for the dust suppressant.Finally,the optimal concentration of each component was obtained using orthogonal experimental design i.e.,AES(0.03%),SDBS(0.05%),and CaCl_(2)(0.4%).The dust suppressant solution formulated using this method had a high moisture absorption capacity and excellent performance.

Charge-discharge Behavior of Surface-coated LiMn_2O_(3.95)F_(0.05) Cathode Materials at High Temperature

With inorganic salts such as LiNO3, Li2CO3, surface-coated LiMn2O3.95F0.05 were prepared by melt-impregnation method. When these surface-coated LiMn2O3.95F0.05 were used as cathode materials, their charge-discharge characters were carefully compared. As a result, they exhibited good charge-discharge properties at 50oC high temperature. Especially, LiNO3 surface-coated LiMn2O3.95F0.05 retained nearly 80% initial reversible capacity after 130 cycles at 50oC.

Effects of salinity and ionic composition of smart water on mineral scaling in carbonate reservoirs during water flooding

This work was conducted to study the risk of formation damage as the result of mineral scales deposition during smart waterflooding into carbonate core sample,as well as the influence of injected water salinity and ionic composition on mineral scaling and precipitation.The reservoir flowing conditions were simulated by a new laboratory core-flooding procedure,which took into count of the effect of in-situ contact time(CT)of injected water and formation water on scaling.After the optimum CT was determined,extent of permeability decline was studied by the change in the salinity and ionic composition of injection seawater.The scaled core sample was analyzed visually by scanning electron microscopy(SEM)to study the crystal morphology of the scale.Under the experimental conditions,extent of permeability decline caused by CaSO_(4) and CaSO_(3) composite scales ranged from 61% to 79.1% of the initial permeability.The salinity and the ionic composition of injected smart water,and CT of the mixing waters had significant effects on the co-precipitation of CaSO_(4) and CaSO_(3) scales.The SEM images reveal that the loss of permeability is mainly caused by the accumulation and growth perpendicular to the pore wall of scale crystals.

Preparation of jarosite by Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans oxidation

The formation ofjarosite in the presence of Acidithiobacillusferrooxidans （A. ferrooxidans） was researched to ascertain the conditions of producing minimum precipitation. The effects of salt concentration and pH on the characteristics ofjarosite formed in K2SO4/（NHa）2SOa-FeSO4 inorganic salt solution and 9K medium were studied by using the measurements of scanning electron microscope, X-ray diffraction, Fourierism transform infrared analysis, thermogravity/differential thermogravity analysis and particle size analysis to evaluate the product. The results indicate that the formation of jarosite begins when A. ferrooxidans reaches logarithmic growth phase in 9K medium, and a higher pH value is beneficial to the formation of jarosite. The jarosite formed in 9K medium has smaller and more concentrative particle size and smoother surface than that formed in inorganic salt solution.

Research on Properties of Metasilicate Bonded Carbon-free Basic Dry Vibration Mix

Carbon-free basic dry vibration mix was prepared using middle grade magnesia and fused magnesia as main starting materials,metasilicate replacing phenolic resin as binder,adding a certain amount of medium and low temperature intensifiers. Effects of binder,grain composition,and additives on basic dry vibration mix for tundish were studied,and the bonding mechanism was also analyzed. The results show that：（1） when using metasilicate as binder,the higher strength can be acquired; （2） the suitable grain composition is q=0.48,the critical granularity is 5 or 3 mm,the fines addition is 10%-20% （mass percent）; （3） the strength and corrosion resistance of the basic dry vibration mix can be improved by the melting compound of metasilicate and additives; （4） with temperature rising,the bonding type in dry vibration mix changes from cohere bonding to reaction bonding,and then to ceramic bonding at last.

Effect of Zinc Sulfate against the Red Palm Weevil Rhynchophorus ferrugineus with Reference to Their Histological Changes on the Larval Midgut and Adult Reproductive System

The red palm weevil Rhynchophorusferrugineus is the most important insect pest for the date palm trees in the Middle East and Gulf states. Zinc sulfate （ZnSOa＇H20） was toxicologically, biologically and physiologically evaluated as insect development disruptors against the RPW. LCs0 of Zinc sulfate against 10 days old larvae was 0.566%, 3% concentration inhibited the larvae from feeding. LCs0 concentration of zinc sulfate solution was capable to disrupting growth, development and reproduction of R. ferrugineus. Growth and development disruptions are resulted from larval feeding on the treated diet that causing percentage of mortality rate, retardation in larval and pupal duration, percentage of pupation, adults emergence, reduction in deposited eggs that laid by the resulting adults and in the egg fertility. The study further reveals that Zinc sulfate effects on histological structure of epithelial cells of the larval midgut including separation and elongation of their cells, rupture in the peritrophic membrane and in some microvilli and some degeneration of the surrounding muscles. Histological changes also was observed on the adults ovary, in this way, disrupt female gamete production through their action on the accumulation of yolk granules （vitellogenesis） and follicular epithelial cells. Disruption of male gamete production was detected by disorganized of testicular cysts and depopulation of these cysts in addition to degeneration in germ cells. Zinc sulfate may be used among other control methods by injection into the tree trunk or as fertilizer around the tree roots which in turn may have an indirect effect for controlling the RPW.