Adaptive Optimal Output Regulation of Interconnected Singularly Perturbed Systems With Application to Power Systems

This article studies the adaptive optimal output regulation problem for a class of interconnected singularly perturbed systems(SPSs) with unknown dynamics based on reinforcement learning(RL).Taking into account the slow and fast characteristics among system states,the interconnected SPS is decomposed into the slow time-scale dynamics and the fast timescale dynamics through singular perturbation theory.For the fast time-scale dynamics with interconnections,we devise a decentralized optimal control strategy by selecting appropriate weight matrices in the cost function.For the slow time-scale dynamics with unknown system parameters,an off-policy RL algorithm with convergence guarantee is given to learn the optimal control strategy in terms of measurement data.By combining the slow and fast controllers,we establish the composite decentralized adaptive optimal output regulator,and rigorously analyze the stability and optimality of the closed-loop system.The proposed decomposition design not only bypasses the numerical stiffness but also alleviates the high-dimensionality.The efficacy of the proposed methodology is validated by a load-frequency control application of a two-area power system.

Computation of Peak Output for Inputs Restricted in L_2 and L_∞ Norms Using Finite Difference Schemes and Convex Optimization

Control systems designed by the principle of matching gives rise to problems of evaluating the peak output. This paper proposes a practical method for computing the peak output of linear time-invariant and non-anticipative systems for a class of possible sets that are characterized with many bounding conditions on the two- and/or the infinity-norms of the inputs and their derivatives. The original infinite-dimensional convex optimization problem is approximated as a large-scale convex programme defined in a Euclidean space, which are associated with sparse matrices and thus can be solved efficiently in practice. The numerical results show that the method performs satisfactorily, and that using a possible set with many bounding conditions can help to reduce the design conservatism and thereby yield a better match.

Defected Ground Structure Multiple Input-Output Antenna For Wireless Applications

In this paper,the investigation of a novel compact 2×2,2×1,and 1×1 Ultra-Wide Band(UWB)based Multiple-Input Multiple-Output(MIMO)antenna with Defected Ground Structure(DGS)is employed.The proposed Electromagnetic Radiation Structures(ERS)is composed of multiple radiating elements.These MIMO antennas are designed and analyzed with and without DGS.The feeding is introduced by a microstrip-fed line to significantly moderate the radiating structure’s overall size,which is 60×40×1 mm.The high directivity and divergence characteristics are attained by introducing the microstripfed lines perpendicular to each other.And the projected MIMO antenna structures are compared with others by using parameters like Return Loss(RL),Voltage Standing Wave Ratio(VSWR),Radiation Pattern(RP),radiation efficiency,and directivity.The same MIMO set-up is redesigned with DGS,and the resultant parameters are compared.Finally,the Multiple Input and Multiple Output Radiating Structures with and without DGS are compared for result considerations like RL,VSWR,RP,radiation efficiency,and directivity.This projected antenna displays an omnidirectional RP with moderate gain,which is highly recommended for human healthcare applications.By introducing the defected ground structure in bottom layer the lower cut-off frequencies of 2.3,4.5 and 6.0 GHz are achieved with few biological effects on radio propagation in human body communications.The proposed design covers numerous well-known wireless standards,along with dual-function DGS slots,and it can be easily integrated into Wireless Body Area Networks(WBAN)in medical applications.This WBAN links the autonomous nodes that may be situated either in the clothes,on-body or beneath the skin of a person.This system typically advances the complete human body and the inter-connected nodes through a wireless communication channel.

Research on Regulation Method of Energy Storage System Based on Multi-Stage Robust Optimization

To address the scheduling problem involving energy storage systems and uncertain energy,we propose a method based on multi-stage robust optimization.This approach aims to regulate the energy storage system by using a multi-stage robust optimal control method,which helps overcome the limitations of traditional methods in terms of time scale.The goal is to effectively utilize the energy storage power station system to address issues caused by unpredictable variations in environmental energy and fluctuating load throughout the day.To achieve this,a mathematical model is constructed to represent uncertain energy sources such as photovoltaic and wind power.The generalized Benders Decomposition method is then employed to solve the multi-stage objective optimization problem.By decomposing the problem into a series of sub-objectives,the system scale is effectively reduced,and the algorithm’s convergence ability is improved.Compared with other algorithms,the multi-stage robust optimization model has better economy and convergence ability and can be used to guide the power dispatching of uncertain energy and energy storage systems.

Analysis on Input-Output in Rice Cultivation Based on Cobb-Douglas Production Function

[Objective] To analyze the input and output in rice cultivation based on CD function. [Method] Based on the input factors, Cobb-Douglas production （CD） function was used to do the quantitative analysis on the input-output in rice production with rice growers as the objective. [Result] Considering the substitution effect of labor in- put and capital input, under the same technical conditions, the effect of increasing labor input on the rice production in per 667 m2 was negative, based on which 2 pieces of policy suggestions were put forward to promote the transfer of surplus la- bor force of rice growers and ensure the capital supply for rice production. [Conclusion] This study laid the foundation for the realization of reasonable allocation of rice production resources.

基于Input-Output模型的新疆水资源合理配置研究

根据2007和2012年新疆统计年鉴和投入产出表等相关资料,利用Input-output模型和水资源结构偏差系数对国民经济各产业的用水效率、用水效益指数等进行了分析。研究表明:2012年新疆各产业水资源利用效率和效益显著提高,但农业用水消耗量远高于其产出效益,第三产业和生态环境产业的水资源消耗呈现递减趋势。此外,工业和建筑业的水资源配置较为合理。最后,为促进新疆水资源优化配置提出了相应的对策建议。

An Efficient MMI SOI Splitter with Multimode Input/Output Waveguides

A 1×8 multimode interference power splitter with multimode input/output waveguides in SOI material is designed by the beam propagation method and fabricated by the inductive coupled plasma etching technology for use in fiber optics communication systems.The fabricated device exhibits low loss and good coupling uniformity.The excess loss is lower than 0 8dB,and the uniformity is 0 45dB at the wavelength of 1550nm.Moreover,the polarization dependent loss is lower than 0 7dB at 1550nm.The device size is only 2mm×10mm.

Agricultural Input and Output in Jiangsu Province with Case Analysis

[Objective] The aim was to explore interrelationship between agricultural input and output in Jiangsu and the influence degrees of input factors on agricultur-al output. [Method] Quantitative analysis and evaluation were made on agricultural input and output in Jiangsu during 1990-2012 as per factor analysis and regression analysis. [Result] The result of factor analysis showed that since the 1990s, the comprehensive efficiency of agricultural input/output in Jiangsu was growing and in-put/output of agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry and fishery, crop farming, and of food production were extracted, whose scores reflect the changes of input/output ef-ficiencies in terms of agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry, fishery, crop farming and food production in the two decades. The results of regression analysis indicated that the effects of the three indices on agricultural output tended to be volatile and the influence degrees were concluded also by regression parameters. [Conclusion] The research provides theoretical references for agricultural input/output structure in Jiangsu Province.

On the Balance Between “Input” and “Output” in College English Teaching

The current college English teaching is usually associated with two discouraging words—"time-consuming"and"inefficient", which badly demands some urgent solutions. On the basis of Krashen's Input Hypothesis and Swain's Output Hypothesis, this paper elaborates the indispensable and critical roles respectively of input and output in language learning, and proposes a concept of balanced input and output in college English teaching. The paper also presents some personal suggestions as to how to bring the balance into teaching.

Input and Output Balance to Assist in Language Competence

Second Language Acquisition(SLA) education in China suffers from an imbalance between language input and output.Reading and listening are the dominate methods used in the classroom,while speaking and writing are used far less.This paper examines the results that are caused by this imbalanced development of comprehensible output and input.Alternative solutions are examined.The results show the limitations in students' abilities that are commonly based on the current methods of teaching.The implications are that policy makers,curriculum developers and teachers should strive to balance the amount of comprehensible input and output through various means.

语言学习过程中的“Input”和“Output”类课程特点分析

"Input"和"Output"作为语言学习和运用的两个主要方式,历来备受语言研究者和学习者的关注。因此,有关它们的理论著述和观点也颇多。但主要是如何就二者能很好的在中国英语外语环境中得以有效地应用和实践,如在高校英语专业课程群中得以很好的实施则显得非常必要和实用。将所有英语外语课程按照"Input"和"Output"进行分类并按照课程建模的方式进行课程教学和人才培养是本文讨论的主要任务。

From Input to Output-Exploring the Role of Intake in English Learning

This paper aims to explore the role of intake in second language learning.Based on her literature review and the case of an English lesson in a Chinese secondary school,the author argues that L2 acquisition does not take place directly from input to output.In each sqecific part of L2 acquisition process,intake plays various important roles such as filtering,facilitating in comprehensible input and processing in pushed output.In the Chinese foreign language teaching context,it is also found that L2 acquisition is an arduous task for learners to extract information from the input,utilize it in forming a grammar and produce target language forms accurately and fluently.It is the same with L2 teachers who need to play their roles of a controller,a corrector,an organizer and a prompter in the learning process.

Input and Output in Second Language Acquisition

Input and output are two major terminal actions in second language acquisition.For these two actions scholars have carried out a great number of researches.Among them the most famous are Krashen’s Input Hypothesis and Output Hypothesis.

The Study of Strategies in College English Translation Teaching from the Perspective of Input and Output Theory

Research on SLA gives highlights to English translation teaching. The second language acquisition is a cognitive process of understanding and outputting the second language by making use of strategies, which contains language input, learners' linguistic knowledge, and language output. This paper analyzes language input and output theory and then proposes that we should stress language input by practice and interaction and at the same time focus on the role of language output in college English translation teaching.

A Pilot Study on Task Frequency Effects of Input-Output Cycles on EFL Learners’Oral Proficiency

This paper gives a report of the findings of a pilot study on task frequency effects of input-output cycles on EFL learners'oral proficiency.The results showed that the experimental group made greater progress in complexity and accuracy than control groups.We may come to the conclusion that circular input-out benefits learners most.The study may give some insights for foreign language teachers to give second language learners appropriate tasks in listening and speaking classes.

Input和Output理论在高职高专英语口语教学中的应用*

影响高职高专学生英语口语训练的因素有很多。从Input和Output(输入和输出)理论的角度,分析影响口语发展障碍的成因,并从教、学双重角度考虑,提出相应的教学对策。

Adaptive Control Based on Neural Networks for an Uncertain 2-DOF Helicopter System With Input Deadzone and Output Constraints

In this paper, a study of control for an uncertain2-degree of freedom(DOF) helicopter system is given. The2-DOF helicopter is subject to input deadzone and output constraints. In order to cope with system uncertainties and input deadzone, the neural network technique is introduced because of its capability in approximation. In order to update the weights of the neural network, an adaptive control method is utilized to improve the system adaptability. Furthermore, the integral barrier Lyapunov function(IBLF) is adopt in control design to guarantee the condition of output constraints and boundedness of the corresponding tracking errors. The Lyapunov direct method is applied in the control design to analyze system stability and convergence. Finally, numerical simulations are conducted to prove the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed control based on the model of Quanser's 2-DOF helicopter.

Robust Output Feedback Control for a Class of Nonlinear Systems with Input Unmodeled Dynamics

The robust global stabilization problem of a class of uncertain nonlinear systems with input unmodeled dynamics is considered using output feedback, where the uncertain nonlinear terms satisfy a far more relaxed condition than the existing triangulartype condition. Under the assumption that the input unmodeled dynamics is minimum-phase and of relative degree zero, a dynamic output compensator is explicitly constructed based on the nonseparation principle. An example illustrates the usefulness of the proposed method.

Optimal Neuro-Control Strategy for Nonlinear Systems With Asymmetric Input Constraints

In this paper,we present an optimal neuro-control scheme for continuous-time(CT)nonlinear systems with asymmetric input constraints.Initially,we introduce a discounted cost function for the CT nonlinear systems in order to handle the asymmetric input constraints.Then,we develop a Hamilton-Jacobi-Bellman equation(HJBE),which arises in the discounted cost optimal control problem.To obtain the optimal neurocontroller,we utilize a critic neural network(CNN)to solve the HJBE under the framework of reinforcement learning.The CNN's weight vector is tuned via the gradient descent approach.Based on the Lyapunov method,we prove that uniform ultimate boundedness of the CNN's weight vector and the closed-loop system is guaranteed.Finally,we verify the effectiveness of the present optimal neuro-control strategy through performing simulations of two examples.

Comparative and Empirical Study on Vegetable Input-Output Efficiency of Suburban and Rural Areas

On the basis of comparative analysis on the vegetable input-output efficiency of suburban and rural areas in 2011- 2012,this paper made co-integration test,impulse response and variance decomposition for the vegetable input-output relationship of suburban areas in 1998-2012. Comparative analysis indicated that the vegetable input-output benefit of suburban area declines,while that of rural area rises; empirical analysis indicated that there is a long-term stable relationship between labor cost of vegetable planting and vegetable income and between material cost of vegetable planting and vegetable income,but the vegetable income itself has certain lag effect,followed by material cost,and the labor cost has minimum influence. Finally,it came up with recommendations for improving suburban vegetable input-output relationship,including improving vegetable input security mechanism,improving farmers' quality and innovation ability,and increasing technological input.