Advising on Preferred Reporting Items for Patient-Reported Outcome Instrument Development:the PRIPROID

Objective： The reporting of patient-reported outcomes （PRO） instrument development is vital for both researchers and clinicians to determine its validity, thus, we propose the Preferred Reporting Items for PRO Instrument Development （PRIPROID） to improve the quality of reports. Methods： Abiding by the guidance published by the Enhancing the QUAlity and Transparency Of health Research （EQUATOR） Network, we had performed 6 steps for items development： identified the need for a guideline, performed a literature review, obtained funding for the guideline initiative, identified participants, conducted a Delphi exercise and generated a list of PRIPROID items for consideration at the face-to-face meeting. Results： Twenty three items subheadings under 7 topics were included： title and structured abstract, rationale, objectives, intention, eligibility criteria, conceptual framework, items generation, response options, scoring, times, administrative modes,burden assessment, properties assessment, statistical methods, participants, main results, and additional analysis, summary of evidence, limitations, clinical attentions, and conclusions, item pools or final form, and funding. Conclusions： The PRIPROID contains many elements of the PRO research, and this assists researchers to report their results more accurately and to a certain degree use this instrument to evaluate the quality of the research methods.

Development of Knowledge,Attitude and Practice Questionnaire for age-related macular degeneration patients

AIM:To develop and validate a questionnaire to evaluate knowledge,attitude and practice of patients diagnosed with age-related macular degeneration(AMD)who have undergone intravitreal injection treatment.METHODS:This study was conducted among patients diagnosed with AMD in Kuala Lumpur.The generation of the instrument included four phases which included item and domains development,content,face validity and exploratory factor analysis.Content validity and modified Kappa was used for validation of knowledge domain.Exploratory factor analysis was used for validation of both attitude and practice domains.Face validity was conducted in 12 patients,content validity was ascertained in 120 patients and test-retest reliability was determined in 39 patients with AMD.RESULTS:Content validity index(CVI)and modified kappa showed excellent values for most items in the knowledge domain with CVI for item(I-CVI)values between 0.78-1.0 and Kappa values of>0.74.The Kaiser-MeyerOlkin(KMO)sampling adequacy showed acceptable scores of 0.70 and 0.75 for both attitude and practice domains respectively and Bartlett’s Test of sphericity were significant(χ^(2)=0.00,P<0.001).Factor analysis resulted in five factors with thirty items for attitude domain and four factors with twenty items for practice domain.The Cronbach’s alpha showed acceptable values for all items in knowledge,attitude and practice domain with values>0.70 and good test-retest reliability.The final version of the questionnaire consisted of 93 items from four sections consisting of demographic details,knowledge,attitude and practice.CONCLUSION:The findings of this validation and reliability study show that the developed questionnaire has a satisfactory psychometric property for measuring KAP of patients diagnosed with AMD undergoing intravitreal injection treatment.

The Development of Literary Appreciation Instrument in Building Students＇ Character

Reading literary works does not only function at entertaining, but also gives moral values to influence students＇ behavior and to strengthen the establishment of character and personality, l,iterature is an important subject in learning and becomes a compulsory subject in several faculties. The problem posed in this inquiry is how to develop literary appreciation instrument to establish students＇ character. Employing development research, this investigation implemented at the Teachers＇ Training and Education Faculty of Sriwijaya University with 89 students as the respondents is airaed at producing a literary appreciation instrument arranged by collaborating reader response strategy, the theou1 of psycho-literature, Pavlov conditioning theory, and character building theory The findings of this study are： A valid and effective instrument to build students＇ character by reading and responding literary works in Personality Development course, the developed literary appreciation instrument is significantly effective to increase students＇ literary appreciation which achiew^s very good category by the emerge of two up to three very good indicators through a test and the result from questionnaire indicates that 95.3% of the students can identify the values in the appreciation instrument when they replied the questions concerning with the story read, and the students＇ perception toward the importance of appreciating literary works to establish their character is positively perceived （97%）. If it is viewed from the strength of the instrument, it is recommended that literary appreciation be important to teach and to disseminate the appreciation instrumem either at the level of language faculty or non-language students and all the levels of education

Development and validation of a screening instrument for cognitive fluctuation in patientswith neurocognitive disorder with Lewy bodies(NCDLB):the Mayo Fluctuations Scale-Thai version

Background Prevalence of neurocognitive disorder with Lewy bodies （NCDLB） is low in Asian populations, which may partially refect its diagnostic diffculty. The Mayo Fluctuations Scale, a short questionnaire that evaluates cognitive fuctuation, has been shown to signifcantly differentiate NCDLB from Alzheimer＇s disease.Aim This study aimed to develop the Mayo Fluctuations Scale-Thai version and assess its validity to screen NCDLB in an elderly population.Methods The Mayo Fluctuations Scale was translated into Thai. The process involved back-translation, cross-cultural adaptation, feld testing of the prefnal version, as well as fnal adjustments. From all patients attending the Psychiatric and Memory Clinic at Ramathibodi Hospital, 135 patients accompanied by their primary caregivers were included. Caregivers were interviewed by research assistants using a four-item scale, and psychiatrists determined patients＇ diagnosis based on the diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders （DSM）-5 criteria. Evaluations performed by psychiatrists and research assistants were blinded.Results Seventeen participants had been diagnosed with major NCDLB. At a cut-off score of 2 or over, the Mayo Fluctuations Scale exhibited excellent performance to differentiate major NCDLB from other major neurocognitive disorders （NCDs）, with a sensitivity of 94.1% and a specifcity of 71.4%, and acceptable performance to differentiate mild NCDLB from other mild NCDs, with a sensitivity of 60% and a specifcity of 93.1%.Conclusion The Mayo Fluctuations Scale-Thai version is an excellent screening tool for major NCDLB and an acceptable tool that may be used with other additional tests for mild NCDLB. The tool is practical for use in memory and psychiatric clinics. Further validation studies in participants with other specifc clinical conditions are required.

The Nursee-Nurse Collaboration Behavior Scale:Development and psychometric testing

Objective:To develop and test the reliability and validity of a new instrument,the Nurse eNurse Collaboration Behavior Scale(NNCBS).Background:The importance of cooperation among nurses is widely acknowledged,but is a lack of scientific studies regarding the behaviorial interactions associated with nurse enurse relationships throughout the process of patient-centered care.Therefore,there is a great need to develop a reliable scale to measure nurseenurse collaboration behavior,which is what we have generated in this study.Methods:The 46-item Nursee-Nurse Collaboration Scale was developed using a process of item design,refinement,and testing for both reliability and validity.In 2014,the 202 nurses from the International Department of Services participated in this pilot study.Cronbach's a coefficients and testeretest reliability coefficients were calculated in order to evaluate this new scale's internal consistency and stability.Exploratory factor analysis was calculated using a principal factor method with promax rotation to evaluate the scale's validity.Results:Exploratory factor analysis yielded four factors and 23 items.The overall Cronbach's a coefficient of the scale was 0.929.The item-total correlation values were overall high,ranging from 0.427 to 0.751.For the entire scale,the r values of the testeretest reliability correlations were 0.764.Conclusion:The NNCB Scale developed in this study demonstrates acceptable reliability and validity for measuring the level of NNCB.Its implementration on a broader scale would at the very least guide and promote collaborative relationships between nurses involved in patient care.It should be noted that the scale requires further psychometric testing using a larger sample size of nurses who also represent a wider diversity of backgrounds,as well as researchers who are encouraged to improve the instrument.

Development and psychometric evaluation of the radiographers’ competence scale

Assessing the competence of registered radiographers’ clinical work is of great importance because of the recent change in nursing focus and rapid technological development. Self-assessment assists radiographers to validate and improve clinical practice by identifying their strengths as well as areas that may need to be developed. The aim of the study was to develop and psychometrically test a specially designed instrument, the Radiographers Competence Scale (RCS). A cross sectional survey was conducted comprising 406 randomly selected radiographers all over Sweden. The study consisted of two phases;the development of the instrument and evaluation of its psychometric properties. The first phase included three steps: 1) construction of the RCS;2) pilot testing of face and content validity;and 3) creation of a web-based 54-item questionnaire for testing the instrument. The second phase comprised psychometric evaluation of construct validity, internal consistency reliability and item reduction. The analysis reduced the initial 54 items of the RCS to 28 items. A logical two-factor solution was identified explaining 53.8% of the total variance. The first factor labelled “Nurse initiated care” explained 31.7% of the total variance. Factor 2 labelled “Technical and radiographic processes” explained 22.1% of the total variance. The scale had good internal consistency reliability, with a Cronbach’s alpha of 0.87. The RCS is a short, easy to administer scale for capturing radiographers’ competence levels and the frequency of using their competence. The scale was found to be valid and reliable. The self-assessment RCS can be used in management, patient safety and quality improvement to enhance the radiographic process.

Development and psychometric evaluation of the Hospital Nurse Interpersonal Empathy Questionnaire

Objective:This study aimed to develop the Hospital Nurse Interpersonal Empathy Questionnaire(HNIEQ)and evaluate its psychometric properties.Methods:The primary version of HNIEQ was deductively developed through reviewing the literature,and then,its face and content validity were assessed.For construct validity assessment,250 hospital nurses were randomly selected from hospitals of Kashan,Iran.Their data were used for exploratory factor analysis.Internal consistency was assessed through Cronbach's α coefficient and questionnaire stability was assessed through test-retest intraclass correlation coefficient.Ceiling and floor effects were also assessed.Data analysis was done via the SPSS program(v.16.0).Results:The final version of HNIEQ contained 45 items.Exploratory factor analysis revealed a six-factor structure(empathetic and ethical attention,perspective adoption,emotional affectability,altruism,emotion identification and responsivity,and reflection forecasting)for the questionnaire which explained 52.7%of the total variance of its total score.The Cronbach's α coefficient and the intraclass correlation coefficient of HNIEQ were 0.953 and 0.972,respectively.Conclusion:HNIEQ is a valid and reliable instrument for empathy assessment among nurses.

旧传统与新文明:民国时期儿童玩具观念的现代变迁

玩具与工具都不是新概念,但把玩具认同为儿童学习与发展的工具则是较为现代的观念。在民国时期,伴随着儿童观的革新,玩具观念也迅速地由旧传统的嬉闹观转向新文明的工具观,传统的自然玩具与乡土玩具被抛弃,为教育与政治服务的现代玩具备受欢迎。曾用于发现儿童的复演论未能为旧传统的玩具提供理论辩护,由进化学说带来的以本能和天性为生物学基础的发展主义促成了玩具的教育化和工具化,儿童与民族国家命运同构观则促使玩具成为救亡图存的政治工具。玩具观念的现代化过程同时是一个以“传统的他者”为桎梏,而以“现代的他者”为资源来建构“现代的自我”身份认同的过程。儿童对玩具的享用所构成的“传统的我们”被遗失在民国学人的视野之外,未能成为时人建立现代玩具观的童年资源。玩具工具化有其积极的历史意义,但若忽视儿童作为定义玩具的真正主体,那么再现代的新文明也依旧会成为束缚儿童享用与发展的旧传统。

Flexible Developing System for Modern Instrument Manufacturing

The modern instrument manufacturing has many features, such as high technologies, multiple varieties and small quantities. Aiming at those features, an instrumentation flexible developing system （IFDS） is presented. It constitutes a kind of opening, compatible, extensible and upgradeable flexible developing system, and it will offer a kind of technology equipment for the research and development of new modern instrument products. Its flexible mechanism is able to be suited for different and special requirements of many instrument systems, and its system integrated mechanism is able to adapt to common technological features of most instrument systems. It is IFDS that makes it easy to accomplish a quick system integration of instrument products. IFDS solves key technological problems related to modern instruments development, develops multiple systems for modern instrument development and accomplishes rapid development of series of new products.

Development and evaluation of an online monitoring single-particle optical particle counter with polarization detection

We developed a single-particle optical particle counter with polarization detection(SOPC)for the real-time measurement of the optical size and depolarization ratio(defined as the ratio of the vertical component to the parallel component of backward scattering)of atmospheric particles,the polarization ratio(DR)value can reflect the irregularity of the particles.The SOPC can detect aerosol particles with size larger than 500 nm and the maximum particle count rate reaches~1.8×10^(5)particles per liter.The SOPC uses a modulated polarization laser to measure the optical size of particles according to forward scattering signal and the DR value of the particles by backward S and P signal components.The sampling rate of the SOPC was 106#/(sec·channel),and all the raw data were processed online.The calibration curve was obtained by polystyrene latex spheres with sizes of 0.5-10μm,and the average relative deviation of measurement was 3.96% for sub 3μm particles.T-matrix method calculations showed that the DR value of backscatter light at 120°could describe the variations in the aspect ratio of particles in the above size range.We performed insitu observations for the evaluation of the SOPC,the mass concentration constructed by the SOPC showed good agreement with the PM_(2.5)measurements in a nearby state-controlled monitoring site.This instrument could provide useful data for source appointment and regulations against air pollution.

平衡仪训练联合家庭康复训练在发育性运动协调障碍患儿中的应用效果

目的:观察平衡仪训练联合家庭康复训练在发育性运动协调障碍(DCD)患儿中的应用效果。方法:选取2018年9月至2021年8月该院收治的88例DCD患儿进行前瞻性研究,采用随机数字表法将其分为对照组和观察组各44例。对照组采用家庭康复训练,观察组在对照组基础上联合平衡仪训练,比较两组康复效果、训练前后平衡能力[跌倒指数、功能性Berg平衡量表(BBS)、儿童运动协调能力评估量表第二版(MABC-2)]评分和运动功能[粗大运动功能测试量表(GMFM)]评分、日常生活能力[日常生活活动能力(ADL)]评分。结果:观察组康复总有效率为95.45%(42/44),高于对照组的81.82%(36/44),差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);训练后,两组跌倒指数均低于训练前,且观察组低于对照组,两组BBS、MABC-2评分均高于训练前,且观察组高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);两组A、B、C、D、E区等GMFM评分均高于训练前,且观察组高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);两组ADL评分均高于训练前,且观察组高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论:平衡仪训练联合家庭康复训练应用于DCD患儿可提高康复总有效率及运动功能和日常生活能力评分,改善平衡能力评分,其效果优于单纯家庭康复训练。

Measurement of professional identity in Chinese nursing students

Objectives:Chinese nurses continue to display low professional identity.It is becoming an emergent issue in China how to help nurse students develop their positive professional identity.This paper is to develop the Professional Identity Scale for Nursing Students(PISNS).Methods:Literature review,and interviews with students and experts were adopted to develop initial item.Reliability and validity of the scale were respectively examined by computing internal consistency coefficient alpha and split-half Spearman Brown for equal length,and Exploratory Principle Component Factor Analysis.Results:Five factors with 17-item were obtained explaining 58.9%of the total variance.Cronbach’s alpha,and split-half reliability was 0.83 and 0.84 respectively.Conclusions:Given its high reliability and validity,PISNS could be used as a measurement tool for educators to evaluate the developing level of professional identity in nursing students and assess the effectiveness of corresponding interventions and strategies.

表演式学习──表演理论对“最近发展区”的发展

美国当代心理学家、剧作家、表演理论的创始人弗雷德·纽曼（FredNewman）及其同事致力于在实践中发展维果茨基的理论，从表演的维度探讨了zpd的概念，并以此为核心提出了表演式学习的概念，以区别于在当今社会大行其道的工具性学习，即以获取知识和技能为目的的学习。表演理论通过对工具性学习的消极影响的批判及对表演式学习的倡导，在人的教育和发展方面提出了独到见解。

中国扬琴音乐现状及未来发展空间的思考

本文通过对扬琴音乐现状及乐器特性的分析,指出了扬琴音乐在织体、节奏、音色、形式四个方面有着巨大的潜能与发展空间,冀望未来的扬琴音乐创作有着更多、更广、更丰富的优秀作品。

Development and Validation of an Instrument to Measure STEM Undergraduate Students’ Comprehensive Educational Process

This study reports the development and validation of an instrument,“Undergraduate STEM Educational Process Questionnaire”(USEPQ)to assess the learning experiences of STEM(science,technology,engineering and mathematics)-major undergraduates from the perspective of a conceptualized comprehensive STEM educational process framework that consists of key essentials such as course learning and instruction,educational environment,assessment methods,and unique STEM attributes.Exploration Factor Analysis and Confirmatory Factor Analysis performed on independent samples indicate that the finalized 9-factor,41-item USEPQ possesses a stable factor structure and sound psychometric properties.The factors of the validated scale are Classroom Instruction of Courses,Support from Faculty Members,Alternative Assessment Methods,Cooperative Learning,Resources and Service,Academic Competition,Cross-discipline Features of Program Courses,Connectedness of Program Courses,and Examination Difficulty.

Reliability and Validity of the Norwegian Family Sense of Coherence Scale

Aims and Objectives: To investigate reliability and validity of the translated Norwegian version of the Family Sense of Coherence scale. Background: The Family Sense of Coherence scale measures the global sense of coherence in families and might help health professionals to identify vulnerable families and to facilitate the strengthening of coping strategies in families. Design: Cross-sectional. Methods: In total, 264 parents of children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and 157 parents of children in secondary schools in three municipalities responded to a questionnaire regarding the characteristics of the parent and the child, with four scales: Family Sense of Coherence, Sense of Coherence, Family Assessment Device and Well-being. Statistics with Cronbach alpha, intra-class correlation coefficient, independent sample t-test and Pearson’s correlation coefficient were used to establish the reliability and validity of the scale. Results: Internal consistency with Cronbach’s alpha was acceptable and test-retest reliability with intra-class correlation coefficient was sufficient. Known-groups test revealed statistical differences between the two groups of parents as pre-considered and significant correlations between Family Sense of Coherence and Sense of Coherence, Family Assessment Device and Well-being were found. Conclusion: The Norwegian version of Family Sense of Coherence scale can be considered as reliable and valid for the studied population. Relevance to Clinical Practice: The Family Sense of Coherence scale appears to be an appropriate instrument for evaluating and assessing to find vulnerable families who are in need of interventions strengthening the family’s resources.

Psychometric validation of satisfaction with simulated clinical learning experience evaluation e corrections(SSCLEE-C)

Purpose:This study sought to modify a 19-item instrument designed to measure nursing students'satisfaction with a simulated learning experience for use in a correctional system to measure nurse satisfaction with simulated learning experiences;and to establish validity for the modified instrument.No measures were available for use in a correctional setting,and few instruments were available to measure nurse satisfaction with simulation experiences.Design/methodology:One hundred and ninety-eight correctional nurses responded to the original 19-item five-point Likert scale instrument.These data were used for an exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis.Findings:A 3-factor solution accounting for 62%of the variance.The 3 factors:Fidelity,Objectives,and Problem solving were supported by simulationtheory.The 9-itemCFA exhibited desirable psychometric properties:Rootmeansquare error of approximation(RMSEA)=.046;Akaike Information Criterion(AIC)=76.95;Comparative Fit Index(CFI)=984.The model χ^(2)=30.95(ns).Alpha reliability estimates of the three factors were 0.70,0.70 and 0.81.Originality/value:The Satisfaction with Simulated Clinical Learning Experience Evaluation-Corrections(SSCLEE-C)is the only instrument available for ongoing assessment of correctional nurse satisfaction with simulated clinical learning experiences.

The Patient Satisfaction Scale： Validation of a Portuguese Version in Women Receiving Obstetric Care

Satisfaction of the obstetric patient is an indicator taken in account in health reports. Previous studies point towards several dimensions. In order to better evaluate health care services, it is curtail to have Portuguese language tools of easy appliance. The aim of the study is to validate the PSS in Portuguese. This is a descriptive study using a convenience sample of ninety one mothers. Participants were primary healthcare clients with children aged of I or less. The analysis regarded sensitivity, reliability, as well as concurrent, discriminant, converging and factorial validity. After Promax rotation, three factors were extracted explaining 82.13% of the variance. Reliability analysis was observed by split-half method showing a Spearman-Brown correlation coefficient of 0.91. Cronbach＇s alpha of the Portuguese PSS total scale and subscales were satisfactory with coefficients between 0.829 and 0.941. Concurrent validity was supported by a continuous variable of support from nurses. Discriminant validity showed in women with a normal vaginal delivery, a higher satisfaction both globally and on the three dimensions. The properties observed at the PSS have shown to be satisfactory. PSS reveals itself as a valid measure of the obstetric client＇s satisfaction.

Reliability and Validity of the Chinese Version of the Survey of Family Environment (SFE)

This study, in which 519 child-rearing families in Hong Kong participated, examined the reliability and validity of Chinese-language version of the Survey of Family Environment (SFE-C). The SFE-C is a self-administered questionnaire containing 30 items that examines family functioning and family support needs. It is designed to yield an instrument satisfaction score (SS score: family functioning score). Internal consistency was estimated at 0.92 (Cronbach’s alpha for SS scores). In a test-retest study of 33 families, the correlation coefficient for families’ mean SS score over a two-week period was 0.93, indicating high test-retest reliability. Confirmatory and exploratory factor analysis using the Concentric Sphere Family Environment Theory indicated that the SFE-C’s structure included seven factors, thereby supporting the SFE-C’s construct validity. The SFE-C demonstrates good reliability and validity and may be used to evaluate Chinese families’ functioning.

路面无损检测技术应用与发展探讨

针对传统路面检测方法的局限性,介绍了几种路面无损检测技术的基本原理和优点,包括频谱分析技术、图像技术、超声波技术、激光技术,对无损检测方法的主要仪器设备作了简要说明,阐述了路面无损检测技术的发展前景,以期进一步推广该技术的应用。