Detection of Phaeocystis globosa using sandwich hybridization integrated with nuclease protection assay(NPA-SH)

Phaeocystis globosa Scherffel is one of the common harmful algae species in coastal waters of the southeastern China.In this study,sandwich hybridization integrated with nuclease protection assay(NPA-SH)was used to qualitatively and quantitatively detect P. globosa.Results showed that this method had good applicability and validity in analyzing the samples from laboratory cultures and from fields.The linear regression equation for P.globosa was obtained,and the lowest detection number of cells was 1.8×104 c...

Detection of Prorocentrum donghaiense using sandwich hybridization integrated with nuclease protection assay

Prorocentrum donghaiense is an important harmful algae bloom （HAB） causing creature in China＇s seas, and the conventional visual detection can not cope with long-term monitoring and highthroughput sampling projects. An assay for P. donghaiense with sandwich hybridization integrated with nuclease protection assay （NPA-SH） was established. Tests with mixed samples and spiked field ones confirmed its good specificity and sensitivity. The cell number of P. donghaiense correlated well with the optical density, and the regression equation is y=4× 10^- 6x＋ 0.694 9, in which x is the cell number, and y is the optical density, with r2=0.953 5. These results show that the NPA-SH method has good feasibility in the detection of P. donghaiense. Results of NPA-SH and microscopy are excellent for each sample. The NPA-SH method was a simple way in quantitative detection of P. donghaiense, and the whole process could be finished in about six hours, which provided a new approach in high-throughput sampling and long-term monitoring of P. donghaiense.

Simulation Studies of an Integrated Overcurrent Relay Protection Scheme for Distribution Systems

This paper presents an integrated protection technique for power distribution systems. A novel integrated protection scheme based on overcurrent protection technique for distribution system is described, in which a specially designed protection relay is installed at each substation of a network and responsible for the protection of every line sections connected to the substation busbar The conventional directional overcurrent and the new adaptive accelerated protection algorithms with multiple settings are implemented into the relay to cover all the protected line sections. The paper includes studies of a typical multi section distribution network to demonstrate the principle of the scheme. Studies show that the new scheme not only offer the new protection features for individual power line section, but also provide the characteristics of integrated protection.

Advanced Communication System in Substation for Integrated Protection

This paper proposes an advanced substation integrated protection communication system based on the latest development in power system.The integrated protection communication system within a substation comprises a number of major components such as the merging unit, communication network and integrated protection unit.The design and capability evaluation of the communication network based on IEC61850 are focused on.Results show that huge information from 4 merging units can be transmitted real-time via adopting 100 Mbit/s optical fiber in a substation,and the proposed communication network is able to achieve required performance.

Integrated Protection Scheme for Power Line

This paper presents an integrated relay and its associated protection scheme for power transmission lines.The concept of integrated protection is firstly introduced,in which a centralized protection system or relay provides the protection for multiple power plants or a substation.A novel integrated protection relay based on the combination of a number of protection principles is described.In the proposed scheme,the specially designed protection relays are installed at each substation of a network and are responsible for the protection of every line section connected to the substation busbar.The combined algorithms with multiple settings are implemented into the relay to cover all the protected line sections.Simulation studies show that the proposed protection scheme is able to produce desirable performance and may offer many advantages over the existing one and great potential for future applications.

Comparison of Thermo-Structural Responses for Integrated Thermal Protection Panels with Different Corrugated Core Configurations

To explore new light-weight integrated thermal protection system panel configuration and gain good insight into the responses mechanism,heat transfer and structural field analysis for one single-layer and four double-layer corrugated core panels were performed. The obtained the temperature,buckling,stress and deflection responses were compared,and the deflection and stress distributions as well as thermal buckling mode at the time were discussed for the considered configurations when the temperature difference between the top and bottom face sheet was maximum. The results demonstrated that the non-orthogonal and hat-stiffened double-layer structures provide superior performance to resist thermal buckling deformation in comparison with other configurations. The useful information is provided for the forthcoming optimization in which thermal buckling is considered as critical design driver.

Study on the Characteristics and Protection of Famous Historical and Cultural Cities, Towns and Villages in River Basins from the Perspective of Cultural Ecology: A Case Study on Sanggan River

With the continuous progress of the comprehensive implementation of the rural revitalization strategy, the protection of famous historical and cultural cities, towns and villages has received great attention from the state and society. With the continuous improvement of the level of economic development and the further advancement of industrialization and urbanization, the current historical and cultural environment and ecological environment are increasingly eroded and destroyed. From the perspective of cultural ecology, based on exploring the cultural ecological characteristics of Sanggan River Basin, this paper classified and analyzed the historical and cultural cities, towns and villages in the basin according to three levels: natural ecological elements, historical functions of towns and historical function forms of villages, and further explored their overall protection methods, hoping to provide some reference for the protection of other famous historical and cultural cities, towns and villages in China.

Solutions to Right Conflicts and Integrated Protection of Diverse Interests in Real EstateDevelopment and Operation

In the development and operation of real estate, real estate development enterprises as the principal subject would often establish contractual relationships with subjects of diverse interests including removed households, banks, construction project contractors, and buyers. At times, conflicts of interests might occur among these contractual subjects requesting civil and commercial claims of the same subject matter based on agreements or legal rights. As for the causes of these conflicts and their solutions, a majority of existing researches still stay at the superficial causes from the perspective of civil and commercial law, and the solution of determining the order of priority of compensation of related rights. Due to the lack of research into deep-seated reasons and solutions from the perspective of economic law, the current legislative and judicial approaches to this kind of problems tend to give more protection to the rights of one subject while lack sufficient attention to other subjects. This paper attempts to carry out analyses and research on the causes and solutions to this kind of conflicts from the perspective of economic law, to achieve integrated protection of diverse interests in real estate development and operation so as to better safeguard the order in real estate development and operation and facilitate the healthy and ordered development of the real estate industry.

An Integrated Control and Protection System for Photovoltaic Microgrids

The microgrid has shown to be a promising solution for the integration and management of intermittent renewable energy generation.This paper looks at critical issues surrounding microgrid control and protection.It proposes an integrated control and protection system with a hierarchical coordination control strategy consisting of a stand-alone operation mode,a grid-connected operation mode,and transitions between these two modes for a microgrid.To enhance the fault ride-through capability of the system,a comprehensive three-layer hierarchical protection system is also proposed,which fully adopts different protection schemes,such as relay protection,a hybrid energy storage system(HESS)regulation,and an emergency control.The effectiveness,feasibility,and practicality of the proposed systems are validated on a practical photovoltaic(PV)microgrid.This study is expected to provide some theoretical guidance and engineering construction experience for microgrids in general.

Improving the performance of power system protection using wide area monitoring systems

Wide area monitoring(WAM) offers many opportunities to improve the performance of power system protection. This paper presents some of these opportunities and the motivation for their development. This methods include monitoring the suitability of relay characteristics,supervisory control of backup protection, more adaptive and intelligent system protection and the creation of novel system integrity protection scheme. The speed of response required for primary protection means that the role WAM in enhancing protection is limited to backup and system protection. The opportunities offered by WAM for enhancing protection are attractive because of the emerging challenges faced by the modern power system protection. The increasingly variable operating conditions of power systems are making it ever more difficult to select relay characteristics that will be a suitable compromise for all loading conditions and contingencies. The maloperation of relays has contributed to the inception and evolution of 70 % of blackouts,thus the supervision of the backup protection may prove a valuable tool for preventing or limiting the scale of blackouts. The increasing interconnection and complexity of modern power systems has made them more vulnerable to wide area disturbances and this has contributed to several recent blackouts. The proper management of these wide area disturbances is beyond the scope of most of the existing protection and new, adaptive system integrity protection schemes are needed to protect power system security.

Thermodynamic analysis of a space station remote manipulator with a harmonic drive that considers an integrated thermal protection layer.

To eliminate anomalies and improve the performance of a space station remote manipulator(SSRM) used in a dynamically changeable thermal environment, we analyze the thermodynamic behavior of an SSRM that considers an integrated thermal protection system(ITPS). Solar radiative heat gain and loss become equally significant as conductive heat transfers through the interior of the SSRM on orbit. A thermodynamic model of the SSRM with a sandwich ITPS structure is established on the coupling between harmonic drive and changeable thermal environment. A motion precision is proposed to evaluate thermodynamic behavior under continuously changeable thermal circumstances. Simulation results indicate that the ITPS with a corrugated sandwich structure reduces the maximum amplitude of angular position errors to 41.6%, which helps improve the motion precision of the SSRM. The feasible regions for the SSRM in the Low Earth Orbit(LEO) and Geostationary Earth Orbit(GEO) are analyzed, which shows that the proportion of feasible region in LEO is significantly larger than that in GEO.

Developments of power system protection and control

Synchronized wide area communication has become a mature technology,which makes the real-time interaction between the substations and the wide area protection and control system possible.However,the present protection and control system to handle this real-time data has been recognized to be deficient.This paper begins by reviewing the development history of power system protection,with special attention paid to the recent development in the field of wide-area and integrated protections,in order to look into the future development of protection and control systems.Then the concept of integrated wide area protection and control is introduced,where it can be shown that a hierarchical protection and control system provides the protection and control for wide area or regional power substations/plants and their associated power networks.The system is mainly divided into three levels:the local,the substation/plant,and the wide area/regional.The integrated functions at each level are described in details with an aim to develop an optimal coordination mechanism between each level.The key element in the proposed system is the wide area real-time protection and control information platform,which not only enables the merger of three lines of defence for power system protection and control,but also provides a perfect tool for the application of cloud computing in substations and power networks.

Development and research on integrated protection system based on redundant information analysis

Facing the growth of energy demand and the worldwide interests in renewable energy sources,smart grid has been proposed in order to accommodate the needs of power grid development.In China,digital substations have been widely applied.Moreover,as the worldwide interest and development in smart grid have increased significantly,the digital information availability and communication capability of modern substation have been improved.Different with traditional substation protection configuration based on local information,Integrated Protection(IP)is used to denote the integration of several protective devices for multiple power equipment within the substation into one protective relay,obtaining all the real time information of the substation by communication network.The analysis of sharing information and cooperation among different protection functions helps to realize more reliable and sensitive fault detection.This paper describes several different integrated protection schemes and their respective advantages and disadvantages.The principles and functions applied in integrated protection systems are addressed to provide an overview of the current state of the technology.A new coordinated protection system based on inter-substation information is proposed and simulation study is discussed to verify the improved reliability and sensitivity.

Adaptive relay co-ordination using a busbar splitting approach for a system integrity protection scheme

Power system faults can often result in excessively high currents.If sustained for a long time,such high currents can damage system equipment.Thus,it is desirable to operate the relays in the minimum possible time.In this paper,a busbar splitting approach is used for adaptive relay setting and co-ordination purposes for a system integrity protec-tion scheme(SIPS).Whenever a fault occurs,the busbar splitting scheme splits a bus to convert a loop into a radial structure.The splitting schemes are chosen such that the net fault current is also reduced.Busbar splitting elimi-nates the dependency upon minimum breakpoints set(MBPS)and reduces the relay operating time,thus making it adaptive.The proposed methodology is incorporated into the IEEE 14-bus and IEEE 30-bus systems with single and multiple fault conditions.The modeling and simulation carried out in ETAP,and the results of the proposed busbar splitting-based relay co-ordination are compared with the MBPS splitting-based relay co-ordination.

Wide area measurements based fault detection and location method for transmission lines

Electric power grids are critical infrastructure for delivering energy from generation stations to load centers. To maximize utilization of assets, it is desirable to increase the power transferred over transmission systems. Reliable protection of transmission systems is essential for safeguarding the integrity and reliability of the power grid. Distance protection is the most widely used scheme for protecting transmission lines. Most existing protection systems use local measurements to make a decision while pilot protection is used in some circumstances. Distance protection may fail under stressed operating conditions, which could lead to cascading faults. This paper proposes a system integrity protection scheme by utilizing wide area measurements. The scheme partitions the system into subnetworks or protection zones and employs current measurements to derive a fault identification vector indicating the faulted zone. Then the fault location is pinpointed based on wide area measurements and network data. The proposed method is able to deal with multiple, simultaneous faults, and is applicable to both transposed and untransposed lines. Evaluation studies based on simulation studies are presented.

Smart Power Substation Development in China

Over the past decade,China has undertaken substation intellectualization of more than 2000 substation operations in three stages.Much experience has been achieved during this developmental period.In this paper,the status of smart substation development in China is systematically presented,as well as future directions of the smart substation,such as adoption of the hierarchical protection and control system.