A Distributionally Robust Optimization Scheduling Model for Regional Integrated Energy Systems Considering Hot Dry Rock Co-Generation

Hot dry rock(HDR)is rich in reserve,widely distributed,green,low-carbon,and has broad development potential and prospects.In this paper,a distributionally robust optimization(DRO)scheduling model for a regionally integrated energy system(RIES)considering HDR co-generation is proposed.First,the HDR-enhanced geothermal system(HDR-EGS)is introduced into the RIES.HDR-EGS realizes the thermoelectric decoupling of combined heat and power(CHP)through coordinated operation with the regional power grid and the regional heat grid,which enhances the system wind power(WP)feed-in space.Secondly,peak-hour loads are shifted using price demand response guidance in the context of time-of-day pricing.Finally,the optimization objective is established to minimize the total cost in the RIES scheduling cycle and construct a DRO scheduling model for RIES with HDR-EGS.By simulating a real small-scale RIES,the results show that HDR-EGS can effectively promote WP consumption and reduce the operating cost of the system.

Optimal Multi-Timescale Scheduling of Integrated Energy Systems with Hybrid Energy Storage System Based on Lyapunov Optimization

The economic operation of integrated energy system(IES)faces new challenges such as multi-timescale characteristics of heterogeneous energy sources,and cooperative operation of hybrid energy storage system(HESS).To this end,this paper investigates the multi-timescale rolling opti-mization problem for IES integrated with HESS.Firstly,the architecture of IES with HESS is established,a comparative analysis is conducted to evaluate the advantages of the HESS over a single energy storage system(SESS)in stabilizing power fluctuations.Secondly,the dayahead and real-time scheduling cost functions of IES are established,the day-ahead scheduling mainly depends on operation costs of the components in IES,the real-time optimal scheduling adopts the Lya-punov optimization method to schedule the battery and hydrogen energy storage in each time slot,so as to minimize the real-time average scheduling operation cost,and the problem of day-ahead and real-time scheduling error,which caused by the uncertainty of the energy storage is solved by online optimization.Finally,the proposed model is verified to reduce the scheduling operation cost and the dispatching error by performing an arithmetic example analysis of the IES in Shanghai,which provides a reference for the safe and stable operation of the IES.

Application of Principles of Integrated Agricultural Systems： Results from Farmer Panels

The Integrated Agricultural Systems workgroup is examining agricultural systems of the US to determine fundamental principles that underlie successful production systems. Our hypothesis is that principles are applicable across regions, but key drivers interact to influence producer decisions and create distinct production systems. We interviewed agricultural producers to examine the underlying rationale for producer decisions and discern primary factors influencing production and marketing practices. While drivers are common among regions, interactions between drivers and influences on decision-makers vary substantially to create unique production systems. The internal social driver that values farming lifestyle is the principal factor that leads people to farming. The type of farming is partly a lifestyle choice and is influenced by other factors. Economic drivers and marketing options are primary drivers influencing production systems and management choices, as farmers provide an economic foundation for their families. While all producers employed strategies to manage production and marketing risks, these varied with different marketing channels. Identification of key drivers and principles can be used by producers, scientists and policy makers to direct agricultural production and agricultural research. New management systems can be developed that are flexible enough to respond to changing societal demands, and are environmentally and economically sustainable.

Decision Making Support System(DSS)——A Synthesized and Integrated Crystallization of Systems Engineering, Artificial Intelligence and Electronic Technologies

I firmly believe that of systems engineering is the requirement-driven force for the progress ofsoftware engineering, artificial intelligence and electronic technologies. The development ofsoftware engineering, artificial intelligence and electronic technologies is the technical supportfor the progress of systems engineering. INTEGRATION can be considered as "bridging" the ex-isting technologies and the People together into a coordinated SYSTEM.

The Preliminary Research on Integrated Management Systems Standards in China

The modern history of management systems is almost the same as the history ofmodem management science. Implicit management systems have been in existence for many 100s ofyears. ISO has paid attention to the issue of the integrated management systems since the ISO 9000family standards for quality management systems (QMS) and ISO 14000 series standards for environmentmanagement system (EMS) were published. ISO/TAG (Technical Advisory Group) 12 was formed by theISO/TM (Technical Management Board) in early 1997 with the mandate to achieve greater compatibilitybetween the relevant ISO/TC 176 and ISO/TC 207 standards in the field of management systems,auditing, terms and definitions. The report was submitted to TMB by TAG 12 in 1999.

Handoff Algorithms for Integrated Ad Hoc and Mobile Cellular Systems

Multi-criteria handoff algorithms have been playing a more important role than the traditional handoff algorithms.In order to balance the satisfaction of users and the efficiency of networks,it is necessary to develop new technologies to improve the validity of handoff algorithms.Intelligent and optimized handoff algorithms in hybrid networks that integrate Ad hoc and mobile cellular systems are well-adaptive and robust.They are able to implement handoffs adaptively,according to specific multi-factors such as different Quality of Service(QoS)requirements,network states and mobile node conditions in the future hybrid networks.Therefore,these intelligent and optimized algorithms can make more effective handover decision,and accordingly improve the system’s performance.The future research will tackle intelligent or optimized vertical handoff algorithms for integrated Ad hoc and mobile cellular networks to improve their whole system performance.

Integrated Model for Resilience Evaluation of Power-Gas Systems Under Windstorms

Integrated power-gas systems(IPGS)have developed critical infrastructure in integrated energy systems.Moreover,various extreme weather events with low probability and high risk have seriously affected the stable operation of IPGSs.Due to close interconnectedness through coupling elements between the power system(PS)and natural gas system(NGS)when a disturbance happens in one system,a series of complicated sequences of dependent events may follow in another system.Especially under extreme conditions,this coupling can lead to a dramatic degradation of system performance,resulting in catastrophic failures.Therefore,there is an urgent need to model and evaluate resilience of IPGSs under extreme weather.Following this development trend,an integrated model for resilience evaluation of IPGS is proposed under extreme weather events focusing on windstorms.First,a framework of IPGS is proposed to describe states of the system at different stages under disaster conditions.Furthermore,an evaluation model considering cascading effects is used to quantify the impact of windstorms on NGS and PS.Meanwhile,a Monte Carlo simulation(MCS)technique is utilized to characterize chaotic fault of components.Moreover,time-dependent nodal and system resilience indices for IPGS are proposed to display impacts of windstorms.Numerical results on the IPGS test system demonstrate the proposed methods.

A study of novel real-time power balance strategy with virtual asynchronous machine control for regional integrated electric-thermal energy systems

The development of regional integrated electric-thermal energy systems(RIETES) is considered a promising direction for modern energy supply systems. These systems provide a significant potential to enhance the comprehensive utilization and efficient management of energy resources. Therein, the real-time power balance between supply and demand has emerged as one pressing concern for system stability operation. However, current methods focus more on minute-level and hour-level power optimal scheduling methods applied in RIETES. To achieve real-time power balance, this paper proposes one virtual asynchronous machine(VAM) control using heat with large inertia and electricity with fast response speed. First, the coupling timescale model is developed that considers the dynamic response time scales of both electric and thermal energy systems. Second, a real-time power balance strategy based on VAM control can be adopted to the load power variation and enhance the dynamic frequency response. Then, an adaptive inertia control method based on temperature variation is proposed, and the unified expression is further established. In addition, the small-signal stability of the proposed control strategy is validated. Finally, the effectiveness of this control strategy is confirmed through MATLAB/Simulink and HIL(Hardware-in-the-Loop) experiments.

An Integrated Approach for Decision Support through Multi-objective Optimization with Application to an Ill-posed Design Problem

In the current scenario of global competition and short product life cycles, customer-defined satisfaction has attracted interest in artifact design. Accordingly, intelligent decision-making through multi-objective optimization has been proposed as an efficient method for human-centered manufacturing. However, previous vast researches on optimization have been mainly focused on optimization theory and optimization techniques and paid little interests on the process of problem formulation itself. In this paper, therefore, the authors present a total framework for supporting multi-objective decision making. Then, the authors try to solve the formulated multi-objective optimization problem that involves both qualitative and quantitative performance measures as a general consequence from the above procedure. Taking especially quality as a qualitative measure, the authors gave a new idea to evaluate the quality quantitatively. Additionally, to facilitate the portability of the proposed method in multidisciplinary decision-making environments, the authors implement the proposal algorithm in an Excel spreadsheet and validate the effectiveness of the approach through a case study.

CLASSIFICATION OF POSITIVE SOLUTIONS FOR NONLINEAR DIFFERENTIAL AND INTEGRAL SYSTEMS WITH CRITICAL EXPONENTS

We classify all positive solutions for the following integral system：{ui（x）=∫Rn1/│x-y│^n-α fi（u（y））dy,x∈R^n,i=1,…,m,0〈α〈n,and u（x）=（u1（x）,u2（x）…,um（x））.Here fi（u）, 1 ≤ i ≤m, monotone nondecreasing are real-valued functions of homogeneous degree n＋α/n-α and are monotone nondecreasing with respect to all the independent variables U1, u2, ..., urn.In the special case n ≥ 3 and α = 2. we show that the above system is equivalent to thefollowing elliptic PDE system：This system is closely related to the stationary SchrSdinger system with critical exponents for Bose-Einstein condensate

Dark Parameterizations,Equivalent Partner Fields and Integrable Systems

After introducing dark parameters into the traditional physical models, some types of new phenomena may be found. An important difficult problem is how to directly observe this kind of physical phenomena. An alternative treatment is to introduce equivalent multiple partner fields. If use this ideal to integrable systems, one may obtain infinitely many new coupled integrable systems constituted by the original usuM field and partner fields. The idea is illustrated via the celebrate KdV equation. From the procedure, some byproducts can be obtained： A new method to find exact solutions of some types of coupled nonlinear physical problems, say, the perturbation KdV systems, is provided; Some new localized modes such as the staggered modes can be found and some new interaction phenomena like the ghost interaction are discovered.

Integral sliding mode control of time-delay systems with mismatching uncertainties

A linear matrix inequality （LMI）-based sliding surface design method for integral sliding mode control of uncertain time- delay systems with mismatching uncertainties is proposed. The uncertain time-delay system under consideration may have mis- matching norm bounded uncertainties in the state matrix as well as the input matrix, A sufficient condition for the existence of a sliding surface is given to guarantee asymptotic stability of the full order slJdJng mode dynamics. An LMI characterization of the slid- ing surface is given, together with an integral sliding mode control law guaranteeing the existence of a sliding mode from the initial time. Finally, a simulation is given to show the effectiveness of the proposed method.

Automated integration of real-time and non-real-time defense systems

Various application domains require the integration of distributed real-time or near-real-time systems with non-real-time systems.Smart cities,smart homes,ambient intelligent systems,or network-centric defense systems are among these application domains.Data Distribution Service(DDS)is a communication mechanism based on Data-Centric Publish-Subscribe(DCPS)model.It is used for distributed systems with real-time operational constraints.Java Message Service(JMS)is a messaging standard for enterprise systems using Service Oriented Architecture(SOA)for non-real-time operations.JMS allows Java programs to exchange messages in a loosely coupled fashion.JMS also supports sending and receiving messages using a messaging queue and a publish-subscribe interface.In this article,we propose an architecture enabling the automated integration of distributed real-time and non-real-time systems.We test our proposed architecture using a distributed Command,Control,Communications,Computers,and Intelligence(C4I)system.The system has DDS-based real-time Combat Management System components deployed to naval warships,and SOA-based non-real-time Command and Control components used at headquarters.The proposed solution enables the exchange of data between these two systems efficiently.We compare the proposed solution with a similar study.Our solution is superior in terms of automation support,ease of implementation,scalability,and performance.

THE CONFOCAL INVOLUTIVE SYSTEM AND THE INTEGRABILITY OF THE NONLINEARIZED LAX SYSTEMS FOR AKNS HIERARCHY

The completely integrable Hamiltonian systems generated by the general confocal involutive system are proposed. It is proved that the nonlinearized eigenvalue problem for AKNS hierarchy is such an integrable system and showed that the time evolution equations for n≤3 obtained by nonlinearizing the time parts of Lax systems for AKNS hierarchy are Liouville integrable under the constraint of the spatial part.

Notes on Canonical Forms of Integrable Vector Nonlinear Schr?dinger Systems

We present canonical forms of integrable vector nonlinear Sehr6dinger systems. Mathematically, it is enough to focus on these canonical forms.

Resilience of gas interchangeability in hydrogen-blended integrated electricity and gas systems:A transient approach with dynamic gas composition tracking

Green hydrogen can be produced by consuming surplus renewable generations.It can be injected into the natural gas networks,accelerating the decarbonization of energy systems.However,with the fluctuation of renewable energies,the gas composition in the gas network may change dramatically as the hydrogen injection fluctuates.The gas interchangeability may be adversely affected.To investigate the ability to defend the fluctuated hydrogen injection,this paper proposes a gas interchangeability resilience evaluation method for hydrogen-blended integrated electricity and gas systems(H-IEGS).First,gas interchangeability resilience is defined by proposing several novel metrics.Then,A two-stage gas interchangeability management scheme is proposed to accommodate the hydrogen injections.The steady-state optimal electricity and hydrogen-gas energy flow technique is performed first to obtain the desired operating state of the H-IEGS.Then,the dynamic gas composition tracking is implemented to calculate the real-time traveling of hydrogen contents in the gas network,and evaluate the time-varying gas interchangeability metrics.Moreover,to improve the computation efficiency,a self-adaptive linearization technique is proposed and embedded in the solution process of discretized partial derivative equations.Finally,an IEEE 24 bus reliability test system and Belgium natural gas system are used to validate the proposed method.

Mechatronic Modeling and Domain Transformation of Multi-physics Systems

The enhanced definition of Mechatronics involves the four underlying characteristics of integrated,unified,unique,and systematic approaches.In this realm,Mechatronics is not limited to electro-mechanical systems,in the multi-physics sense,but involves other physical domains such as fluid and thermal.This paper summarizes the mechatronic approach to modeling.Linear graphs facilitate the development of state-space models of mechatronic systems,through this approach.The use of linear graphs in mechatronic modeling is outlined and an illustrative example of sound system modeling is given.Both time-domain and frequency-domain approaches are presented for the use of linear graphs.A mechatronic model of a multi-physics system may be simplified by converting all the physical domains into an equivalent single-domain system that is entirely in the output domain of the system.This approach of converting(transforming)physical domains is presented.An illustrative example of a pressure-controlled hydraulic actuator system that operates a mechanical load is given.

Co-optimization of integrated energy systems in the presence of renewable energy,electric vehicles,power-to-gas systems and energy storage systems with demand-side management

With the widespread penetration of renewable energy sources and energy storage systems,the problem of energy management has received increasing attention.One of the systems that network owners consider today is the power-to-gas(P2G)system.This system causes surplus electricity generated from renewable energy resources or batteries in the network to be converted into gas and sold to the gas network.Two reasons for the existence of gas distributed generation resources and P2G systems cause the two power and gas networks to interact.Energy management and profit making considering these two networks,as a co-optimization of integrated energy systems,is a topic that has been discussed in this study to achieve the best optimal answer.Since the production of renewable energy resources and the purchase price of energy are uncertain,a scenario-based method has been chosen for modelling.Demand-side management is also one of the important problems in optimal operation of the electricity network,which can have a significant impact on reducing peak load and increasing profits.In this paper,a mixed-integer quadratic programming model for co-optimization of electric distribution and gas networks in the presence of distributed generation resources,P2G systems,storage facilities,electric vehicles and demand-side management is presented.The 33-bus distribution network is intended to analyse the proposed model.The results of different scenarios show the efficiency of the proposed model.Several key points are deduced from the obtained results:(i)demand-side management is able to reduce the peak load of the network,(ii)the presence of renewable resources and batteries can cause the network to convert excess electricity into gas and sell it to the gas network in the market and(iii)distributed generation can reduce the purchase of energy from the upstream network and cause a 36% reduction in the cost function.

High-Energy Lithium-Ion Batteries:Recent Progress and a Promising Future in Applications

It is of great significance to develop clean and new energy sources with high-efficient energy storage technologies,due to the excessive use of fossil energy that has caused severe environmental damage.There is great interest in exploring advanced rechargeable lithium batteries with desirable energy and power capabilities for applications in portable electronics,smart grids,and electric vehicles.In practice,high-capacity and low-cost electrode materials play an important role in sustaining the progresses in lithium-ion batteries.This review aims at giving an account of recent advances on the emerging high-capacity electrode materials and summarizing key barriers and corresponding strategies for the practical viability of these electrode materials.Effective approaches to enhance energy density of lithium-ion batteries are to increase the capacity of electrode materials and the output operation voltage.On account of major bottlenecks of the power lithium-ion battery,authors come up with the concept of integrated battery systems,which will be a promising future for high-energy lithium-ion batteries to improve energy density and alleviate anxiety of electric vehicles.

Reliability Assessment for Integrated Power-gas Systems Considering Renewable Energy Uncertainty and Cascading Effects

Integrated power-gas systems(IPGSs)make the power system and natural gas system(NGS)as a whole,and strengthen interdependence between the two systems.Due to bidirectional energy conversion in IPGS,a disturbance may turn into a catastrophic outage.Meanwhile,increasing proportion of renewable energy brings challenges to reliability of IPGS.Moreover,partial failure or degradation of system performance leads IPGS operate at multiple performance levels.Therefore,this paper proposes a reliability assessment model of IPGSs which represents multiple performance of components and considers cascading effects,as well as renewable energy uncertainty.First,a framework of IPGS reliability assessment is proposed:multistate models for main elements in the IPGS are represented.Especially a gas-power-generation calculation operator and a power-to-gas calculation operator are utilized to bi-directionally convert a multi-state model between NGS and power systems.Furthermore,nodal reliability indices for IPGS are given to display impacts of cascading effects and renewable energy uncertainty on reliabilities of IPGSs.Numerical results on IPGS test system demonstrate the proposed methods.