Application Effect of Integrated Water and Fertilizer Technology for Tomato

Integrated water and fertilizer technology has the advantages of saving water,fertilizer and labour,which is widely applied in tomato plantation. Integrated water and fertilizer technology in topdressing and whole process of big and small tomatoes were studied,and their application effects were contrasted and analyzed,and application advantages and scopes of the two models were concluded.

Global Optimization for the Synthesis of Integrated Water Systems with Particle Swarm Optimization Algorithm

The problem of optimal synthesis of an integrated water system is addressed in this study, where water using processes and water treatment operations are combined into a single network such that the total cost of fresh water and wastewater treatment is globally minimized. A superstructure that incorporates all feasible design alterna- tives for wastewater treatment, reuse and recycle, is synthesized with a non-linear programming model. An evolutionary approach--an improved particle swarm optimization is proposed for optimizing such systems. Two simple examples are .Presented.to illustrate the global op.timization of inte.grated water networks using the proposed algorithm.

SWOT Analysis and Challenges of Nile Basin Initiative:An Integrated Water Resource Management Perspective

River Nile is one of the longest transboundery rivers and it is shared and used by Burundi,Democratic Republic of Congo,Egypt,Ethiopia,Eritrea,Kenya,Rwanda,Sudan,Tanzania and Uganda.As of today,the Nile is a crucial resource for the economic development of the Nile Basin countries and a vital source of livelihood for 160 million inhabitants as well as 300 million people living in the 10 riparian countries.The Nile Basin Initiative(NBI) is one of the international cooperative river basin management program and regional partnership where all the Nile Basin countries except Eritrea unite to pursue long-term sustainable development,improved land use practices and management.This review therefore focused on the challenges not faced on NBI in terms of integrated use of the river and conducted analysis of strengths,weaknesses,opportunities and threats(SWOT) based on secondary data.The result of the review revealed that for decades,the Nile Basin people have been facing many complex environmental,social,economic and political challenges that have made it difficult for the proper management and sustainability of Nile water.The initiative provides training to develop skills in government ministries,non-governmental organizations and local communities in each country.It is also working to raise awareness of critical environmental issues by strengthening networks of environmental education practitioners;developing curriculum in the education sector.The challenges of NBI include the involvement and funding of World Bank,lack of sufficient staff,procedural and policies conflicts,lack of coordination and linkage with other regional institutions and lack of recognition as river basin organization.Considering the complex nature of the project,it is recommended that the NBI should come up with a strong multi-disciplinary monitoring and evaluation team to follow up all implemented projects.The NBI should carry out participatory land use planning in communities along the river basin.Moreover,livelihood analysis should be carried out especially in communities along the Nile to come up with poverty eradication projects which are socially acceptable,applicable,economically viable and affordable.

Integrated water vapor during active and break spells of monsoon and its relationship with temperature,precipitation and precipitation efficiency over a tropical site

Global Positioning System(GPS)measurements of integrated water vapor(IWV)for two years(2014 and 2015)are presented in this paper.Variation of IWV during active and break spells of Indian summer monsoon has been studied for a tropical station Hyderabad(17.4°N,78.46°E).The data is validated with ECMWF Re-Analysis(ERA)91 level data.Relationships of IWV with other atmospheric variables like surface temperature,rain,and precipitation efficiency have been established through cross-correlation studies.A positive correlation coefficient is observed between IWV and surface temperature over two years.But the coefficient becomes negative when only summer monsoon months(June,July,August,and September)are considered.Rainfall during these months cools down the surface and could be the reason for this change in the correlation coefficient.Correlation studies between IWV-precipitation,IWVprecipitation efficiency(P.E),and precipitation-P.E show that coefficients are-0.05,-0.10 and 0.983 with 95%confidence level respectively,which proves that the efficacy of rain does not depend only on the level of water vapor.A proper dynamic mechanism is necessary to convert water vapor into the rain.The diurnal variations of IWV during active and break spells have been analyzed.The amplitudes of diurnal oscillation and its harmonics of individual spell do not show clear trends but the mean amplitudes of the break spells are approximately double than those of the active spells.The amplitudes of diurnal,semidiurnal and ter-diurnal components during break spells are 1.08 kg/m^(2),0.52 kg/m;and 0.34 kg/m;respectively.The corresponding amplitudes during active spells are 0.68 kg/m^(2),0.41 kg/m;and 0.23 kg/m;.

Recent Progresses on Optimal Design of Heat Integrated Water Allocation Network

Energy integration and mass integration are important approaches to achieve energy saving and emission reduction in the process industry.Generally,the methods can be classified into two groups,viz.:conceptual design methods and mathematical programming methods.The former includes mainly graphical methods based on pinch technology that is operated easily.A feasible solution can be quickly obtained.Conceptual design methods are sequential in nature including two steps,namely:targeting and designing.The latter is based on superstructure optimization,and corresponding algorithm is adopted to solve the model.The trade-offs and connections among the entire network can be established and explored.Multiple factors can be considered and optimized simultaneously by mathematical programming methods.This paper describes the synthesis of heat integrated water allocation networks(HIWAN)based on both conceptual design methods and mathematical programming methods systematically.In addition,the characteristics and shortcomings of the existing research methods are summarized,and the future research direction is prospected.

Integrated Water Management for Aflaj System in Oman——Different Approach

The study addressed the question about modernization of Aflaj＇s administration, and pointed out the pros and cons of both traditional and modern methods. The traditional management seems powerless and is not eligible to follow the social and economic development, however this development even begins to reflect negatively on the administration of Aflaj. The traditional management system of Falaj by rural communities is still an independent management of the state. However, regardless the efficiency of the traditional management system in the past, this traditional management can not take in consideration waters development projects in their region, considering that the concept of local administration is differing with the concept of integrated water management. Therefore, the questions revolve around the future of traditional administration and the role of modern administration of the Aflaj water system to maximize the use of water. Hence, the need for the use of modern methods of the management of Falaj has become a leading supplier key demand to keep up with challenges. This method begins in the basic data onto the role and importance of water in the area of Falaj and pass through the definition of the region Falaj, wondering about an administrative boundary and the importance of the basin of Falaj and how is developing the database, like data network density of rainwater. The importance here is to choose the appropriate and required methods of the development and optimization of Falaj system management, as well as the scientific levels required by specialists, technicians and observers to Falaj administration. Otherwise, it is difficult, in the 21st century, to defme the priorities of geographical surroundings and study the future of Aflaj.

Integrated Water Resources Management in the Sandougou Catchment Area(Senegal):Going beyond Soil Defence and Restoration(SDR)

The Sandougou River is the last major right bank tributary of the Gambia River.It has a catchment area of 11,668 km² and is located in Senegalese territory.The flow in this sloping basin(1‰)is favoured by the conservation of soils and vegetation.Since 1970,global rainfall trends(below the average of 800 mm)have shown a drought affecting the whole basin with an average deficit of 100 mm per year.In addition,erosion phenomenon combined with high rainfall intensities explains the rapid run-off.This constitutes a considerable loss of water resources,up to 20%in the Sandougou basin.In this rural area where primary activities predominate,anthropogenic pressure is considerable.Indeed,overexploitation of firewood,resulting from the strong dependence of local populations on this resource,is at the origin of deforestation in the Sandougou basin.Such a situation contributes to environmental degradation and also has repercussions on soil erosion.Erosion affects the water retention capacity of the soil making it more susceptible to extreme conditions such as drought.The impact of soil erosion on more remote sites is not always as apparent as the impact of erosion on the site itself.Sediment reaching watercourses can accelerate slope erosion,silt up drainage ditches and streams,silt up reservoirs,cover spawning areas and reduce water quality.Fertilizers frequently transported with soil particles can contaminate or pollute water sources.To cope with this dynamic,soil defence and restoration(SDR)techniques have long been considered as the solution to the problems.However,the multifaceted nature of environmental problems and their persistence leads to the consideration of a more holistic approach.In the Sandougou catchment area,the application of article R50 of the Senegalese Forestry Code,the implementation of planning tools(AP-IWRM),institutional development in the framework of integrated water resources management(IWRM)prove the interest of such an approach for the protection of water resources.

Green High-yield and High-efficiency Cultivation Techniques of Integrated Management of Water and Fertilizer for Maize under Mulch Drip Irrigation

The green high-yield and high-efficiency cultivation techniques of integrated management of water and fertilizer for maize under mulch drip irrigation are described from the aspects of high yield target of maize and its component factor indexes,pre-sowing preparation,sowing,post-sowing management,field management at the seedling stage,integrated management of water and fertilizer for target yield of maize,rational application of micro-fertilizer,comprehensive prevention and control of diseases and pests,timely harvest,etc.,in order to provide a reference for agricultural technicians,maize farmers and maize industry development in northern Xinjiang.

Integrated Water Resources Carrying Capacity in Tongzhou District,Beijing City

目前,通州区已被定为北京市的新的发展中心,但水资源短缺和污染已经严重限制了当地的可持续发展。本文以可持续发展为原则,基于"自然—社会"水循环,提出了通州区水资源综合承载力量化模型。根据通州区的未来发展规划,设计了3种情景来提高该地区的水资源综合承载力。研究表明水资源短缺严重制约了通州区的城市化进程和可持续发展,外调水、本地区节水和控制污染是解决通州区水资源短缺的有效途径。

Integrated Monitor System of Water and Fertilizer of Greenhouse Intelligent Irrigatio

The integration of water and fertilizer is a comprehensive technology combined irrigation and fertilizer, which has outstanding advantages of saving fertilizer, saving water, saving labor, protecting environment, high yield and high efficiency. Currently, most of the water and fertilizer integrated irrigation and fertilization and irrigation operation in the production-based greenhouse is achieved relying on artificial experience, which is hard to achieve timely, scientific and intelligent irrigation. In this study, the application of STM32 embedded system realized the real-time collection of the data from the humidity sensors buried in top, middle and low depth of soil, and water and fertilizer integrated irrigation work was completed in the greenhouse through automatic control according to the predetermined fertilization and irrigation strategies for different crops. Moreover, the system had remote monitoring function, which used the global system for mobile （GSM） module to provide users with remote short message services, and therefore, the users could not only achieve the remote intelligent monitoring on the irrigation, light, ventilation of the greenhouse through short messages, but also could start and stop the remote control system operation, so as to realize the automatic management of the greenhouse environment, achieving the purpose of remote fertilization and water-saving irrigation.

Uncertainty analysis for integrated water system simulations using GLUE with different acceptability thresholds

Integrated water quantity and quality simulations have become a popular tool in investigations on global water crisis.For integrated and complex models,conventional uncertainty estimations focus on the uncertainties of individual modules,e.g.,module parameters and structures,and do not consider the uncertainties propagated from interconnected modules.Therefore,this study investigated all the uncertainties of integrated water system simulations using the GLUE(i.e.,generalized likelihood uncertainty estimation)method,including uncertainties associated with individual modules,propagated uncertainties associated with interconnected modules,and their combinations.The changes in both acceptability thresholds of GLUE and the uncertainty estimation results were also investigated for different fixed percentages of total number of iterations(100000).Water quantity and quality variables(i.e.,runoff and ammonium nitrogen)were selected for the case study.The results showed that module uncertainty did not affect the runoff simulation performance,but remarkably weakened the water quality responses as the fixed percentage increased during calibration and validation periods.The propagated uncertainty from hydrological modules could not be ignored for water quality simulations,particularly during validation.The combination of module and propagated uncertainties further weakened the water quality simulation performance.The uncertainty intervals became wider owing to an increase in the fixed percentages and introduction of more uncertainty sources.Moreover,the acceptability threshold had a negative nonlinear relationship with the fixed percentage.The fixed percentages(20.0%-30.0%)were proposed as the acceptability thresholds owing to the satisfactory simulation performance and noticeably reduced uncertainty intervals they produced.This study provided methodological foundations for estimating multiple uncertainty sources of integrated water system models.

A review of inexact optimization modeling and its application to integrated water resources management

Water is crucial in supporting people＇s daily life and the continual quest for socio-economic development. It is also a fundamental resource for ecosystems. Due to the associated complexities and uncertainties, as well as intensive competition over limited water resources between human beings and ecosystems, decision makers are facing increased pressure to respond effectively to various water-related issues and conflicts from an integrated point of view. This quandary requires a focused effort to resolve a wide range of issues related to water resources, as well as the associated economic and environmental implications. Effective systems analysis approaches under uncertainty that successfully address interactions, complexities, uncertainties, and changing conditions associated with water resources, human activities, and ecological conditions are desired, which requires a systematic investigation of the previous studies in relevant areas. Systems analysis and optimization modeling for integrated water resources management under uncertainty is thus comprehensively reviewed in this paper. A number of related methodologies and applications related to stochastic, fuzzy, and interval mathematical optimization modeling are examined. Then, their applica- tions to integrated water resources management are presented. Perspectives of effective management schemes are investigated, demonstrating many demanding areas for enhanced research efforts, which include issues of data availability and reliability, concerns over uncertainty, necessity of post-modeling analysis, and the usefulness of the development of simulation techniques.

Improving Water Quantity and Quality Supply Security by Managed Artificial Recharge Technologies in the Lower Llobregat Aquifers Integrated into a Conjunctive Surface and Groundwater Management Scheme for Barcelona,Spain

The large concentration of human population,industry and services in the Metropolitan Area of Barcelona has to confront scarce water resources,serious seasonal and inter-annual variations and quality deficiencies in the sources.A large fraction of these water resources are in the medium-size Llobregat River basin and the remaining ones correspond to a surface water transfer,seawater desalination and wastewater reclamation.Groundwater dominated water resources availability before 1950.Afterwards,water supply has evolved progressively to integrated water resources management,which includes serious water quality concerns to deal with population density,river pollution,seawater intrusion in the main aquifer,and brine generation in the mid Llobregat basin due to old mining of saline minerals.The role of the alluvial aquifers has progressively evolved from being the main water source to reserve storage to cope with seasonal and drought water resources availability.River-enhanced recharge and artificial recharge are needed to assure enough groundwater storage before surface water becomes scarce and/or suffers a serious temporal loss of quality.Enhanced river recharge started in 1950.Treated river water injection in dual-purpose wells was put into operation in the early 1970s.Basin and pond recharge was added later,as well as a deep well injection barrier along the coast to reduce seawater intrusion and to allow increased groundwater abstraction in moments of water scarcity.There is a progressive evolution from solving water quantity problems to consideration of water quality improvement during recharge,with attention to emergent concern pollutants in river water and in reclaimed water to be considered for artificial recharge.Improvement of artificial recharge operation activities has been introduced and research is being carried out on the difficult behavior to degrade organic pollutants during infiltration and in the terrain.This paper presents the different activities carried out and presents the research activities,and comments on the economic,social and administrative issues involved as well.

Comment： Closing phosphorus cycle from natural waters： re-capturing phosphorus through an integrated water-energy-food strategy

Phosphorus （P） reserve, largely derived from phosphate rock, is essential for crop growth to support the growing world population. However, a significant proportion of phosphorus used as a fertilizer runs into natural waters, causing eutro- phication and ecological damage. Moreover, most P in the food is eventually discharged as waste after being digested by human and animals. Thus, industrial activities have created a one-way flow of non-renewable P from rocks to farms to lakes, rivers and oceans.

Integrated water resources management for emergency situations： A case study of Macao

Integrated urban water management （IUWM） is a useful tool that can be used to alleviate water resource shortages in developing regions like Macao, where 98% of the raw water comes from China's Mainland. In Macao, scarce water resources deteriorate rapidly in emergency situations, such as accidental chemical spills upstream of the supply reservoir or salty tides. During these times, only the water from the two freshwater reservoirs in Macao can be used. In this study, we developed urban water management optimization models that integrated the raw water supply from the two reservoirs with various proposed governmental policies （wastewater reuse, rainwater collection, and water saving）. We then determined how various water resource strategies would influence the urban water supply in Macao in emergency situations. Our results showed that, without imported raw water, the water supply from only the two Macao reservoirs would last for 7.95 days. However, when all the government policies were included in the model, the supply could be extended to 13.79 days. Out of the three non-conventional water resources, wastewater reuse is the most beneficial for increasing the Macao water supply, and rainwater collection also has great potential.

Nitrogen and Phosphorus Loss Law and Emission Reduction Effects Under Water and Fertilizer Management Integrated Mode in Dike Paddy Field

To achieve the purpose of reducing farm non-point source pollution, we integrated site specific nitrogen management precise irrigation, controlled drainage, and wetland eco-repair system in dike area of Taihu basin. During investigation, it had given prominence for the water and fertilizer coupling effects of precise irrigation and site specific nutrient management, the characteristics of integration on controlled irrigation, controlled drainage and wetland ecosystem non-point source pollution control. Then the water and fertilizer integrated management mode of paddy field was put forward in Taihu basin where the water production efficiency increased to 1.64 kg. m-3, water saved 37.8%, fertilizer use efficiency raised 15,4%, yield raised 10%, and N, P load decreased 26%-72%. The modern agricultural and farmland ecosystems that control and cut down the farm non-point source pollution came into being, which can be a reference by Taihu basin to control its agricultural non-point source pollution and eutrophicated water body.

Impact of Urban Water Pricing on Future Water Demand： A ＇Socioeconomic＇ Study in Greece

The main aim of this study is to assess various aspects of the current water policy, investigate the perspectives of water saving, evaluate water price elasticity and explore new approaches toward sustainable water management in the water sector, through a questionnaire survey that has been performed in the city of Volos, Greece, concerning the residential sector. The appropriate design of water management measures presupposes the investigation of the influence of some selected variables to consumers＇ behavior. The price of water, the size of the dwelling, the indoor and outdoor uses, the educational level, the income of consumers as well as rainfall and temperature levels are examined, the residential water demand curve is estimated and projections of future water demand under different pricing policies are performed.

Water use efficiency in an arid watershed: a case study

Integrated Water Resource Management （IWRM） becomes increasingly important in arid watersheds, where water resources are scarce and demands are rising under increased population pressure. In this case study, we present the results from the Elqui Valley in Chile, where water resources are shared between agriculture, mining operations, hydropower generation and drinking water for nearby cities. An IWRM model was applied to visualize water resources distribution in the catchment and determine irrigation and water use efficiencies. After calibration with observed surface and groundwater measurements, the model showed large differ- ences in efficiencies between different irrigation sectors. Most notably, irrigation sectors with the highest irrigation security, i.e., higher water rights per hectare, were characterized with lower water use efficiencies. Frequent water deficits were present in sec- tors downstream of the main reservoir, which was related to limited water rights per hectare, lower irrigation efficiencies and higher water demands due to larger agricultural areas. In subsequent scenario analyses, the model was used to evaluate the impact of improved irrigation and water use efficiencies in these downstream sectors, to confirm an important reduction in water deficits, except for drought years when surface water resources are insufficient. In a third scenario, groundwater resources were allowed to compensate for water deficits, effectively reducing these in most irrigation sectors, especially during droughts. Expansion of the current agricultural area by 37% was evaluated, as a future scenario, and was found to be unsustainable, as aquifer levels are low- ered to such levels that make annual recharge insufficient.