A Survey on an Emerging Safety Challenge for Autonomous Vehicles:Safety of the Intended Functionality

As the complexity of autonomous vehicles(AVs)continues to increase and artificial intelligence algorithms are becoming increasingly ubiquitous,a novel safety concern known as the safety of the intended functionality(SOTIF)has emerged,presenting significant challenges to the widespread deployment of AVs.SOTIF focuses on issues arising from the functional insufficiencies of the AVs’intended functionality or its implementation,apart from conventional safety considerations.From the systems engineering standpoint,this study offers a comprehensive exploration of the SOTIF landscape by reviewing academic research,practical activities,challenges,and perspectives across the development,verification,validation,and operation phases.Academic research encompasses system-level SOTIF studies and algorithm-related SOTIF issues and solutions.Moreover,it encapsulates practical SOTIF activities undertaken by corporations,government entities,and academic institutions spanning international and Chinese contexts,focusing on the overarching methodologies and practices in different phases.Finally,the paper presents future challenges and outlook pertaining to the development,verification,validation,and operation phases,motivating stakeholders to address the remaining obstacles and challenges.

Static Extracting Method of Software Intended Behavior Based on API Functions Invoking

The method of extracting and describing the intended behavior of software precisely has become one of the key points in the fields of software behavior＇s dynamic and trusted authentication. In this paper, the author proposes a specified measure of extracting SIBDS （software intended behaviors describing sets） statically from the binary executable using the software＇s API functions invoking, and also introduces the definition of the structure used to store the SIBDS in detail. Experimental results demonstrate that the extracting method and the storage structure definition offers three strong properties： （i） it can describe the software＇s intended behavior accurately; （ii） it demands a small storage expense; （iii） it provides strong capability to defend against mimicry attack.

Analysis of antihypertensive regimens and their intended patients from three hospitals in Beijing

This study aimed to investigate various regimens of antihypertensive agents for different groups of patients and the outcomes in the real world. We retrospectively collected 974 prescriptions for hypertension from three hospitals in Beijing, along with medical records of 219 hypertensive patients from one of the hospitals to study the regimens and their effects on patients. The antihypertensive regimens were classified by different combinations of subclasses of antihypertensive agents. Nearly all prescriptions can be classified into 11 different antihypertensive regimens, and most of them are combination therapy. Grade III hypertension patients significantly （P〈0.001） tend to be treated with regimens containing calcium channel blocker （CCB） and RAAS inhibitors, angiotensin II receptor blocker （ARB） or angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor （ACEI）. β-Blockers are more likely to be combined with CCB than with other categories of antihypertensive agents. Hydrochlorothiazide is less widely used than recommended.

Editorial for the Special Issue on Safety for Intelligent and Connected Vehicles

Intelligent and connected vehicles(ICVs)are confronted with critically complex traffic scenarios and safety challenges that have attracted increasing attention from academia and industry.The intelligent safety of ICVs involves several technologies and requires the common efforts of researchers and engineers,including the safety of the intended functionality(SOTIF),the safety of artificial intelligence,the intricacies of cybersecurity,and ethical dilemmas.Ensuring the intelligent safety of ICVs presents substantial chal-lenges in both research and commercialization,particularly SOTIF,which refers to the absence of unreasonable risk owing to hazards resulting from functional insufficiencies of the intended functiona-lity or reasonably foreseeable misuse by person.Because of the limited scene coverage ability of training samples and the practical application conditions without boundary restrictions,it is very dif-ficult to find the functional insufficiency of the intended function-ality and overcome it under dynamic unknown scenarios,which is also the source of SOTIF.

Sufficient or insufficient: Assessment of the intended nationally determined contributions (INDCs) of the world's major greenhouse gas emitters

The recent Conference of the Parties of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change has resulted in the submission of the Intended Nationally Determined Contributions (INDCs) of 190 countries. This study aims to provide an analysis of the ambitiousness and fairness of the mitigation components of the INDCs submitted by various parties. We use a unified framework to assess 23 INDCs that cover 50 countries, including European Union (EU)-28 countries as parties to the Convention, which represent 87.45% of the global greenhouse gas emissions in 2012. First, we transform initial INDC files into reported reduction targets. Second, we create four schemes and six scenarios to determine the required reduction effort, which considers each nation's reduction responsibility, capacity, and potential, thereby reflecting their historical and current development status. Finally, we combine the reported reduction target and the required reduction effort to assess INDCs. Evaluation results of the 23 emitters indicate that 2 emitters (i.e., EU and Brazil) are rated as "sufficient," 7 emitters (e.g., China, the United States, and Canada) are rated as "moderate," and 14 emitters (e.g., India, Russia, and Japan) are rated as "insufficient." Most pledges exhibit a considerable distance from representing a fair contribution.

The Danger of Inflated Hypocondria through Self-diagnosis in the Post- COVID-19 Period

1.Misinformation,disinformation,and malinformation(MDM)about depression This editorial article aims to address the hidden dangers of self-diagnosed depression,especially among young people,which has been exacerbated by massive media coverage of depression risks during the COVID-19 pandemic.While misinformation and disinformation both refer to the distribution of inac­curate information,misinformation is not intended to cause harm while disinformation is.Meanwhile,malinformation is true information that is intended to cause harm.For example,it is common for com­panies to spread both disinformation and malinfor­mation about depression to promote the sales of their products,such as books and therapies.

把教育想象转化为课程现实——推介埃利奥特·艾斯纳的《教育想象——学校课程设计与评价》

一本关于课程的著作,为什么命名为"教育想象",作者究竟"想象"了些什么?一本讨论课程的书,为什么直接写课程的内容只有三分之一,而且一半以上的内容是在讨论教育评价?为什么作者要用教育鉴赏和教育批评来取代以往注重量化的评价……当你捧读这本书时,头脑里可能会冒出这些疑问来,甚至你还会想,大学学者的理论智慧。

国际背景下初中数学教学的比较研究

在世界范围内,关于数学教学的'教什么'和'为什么教'(with what)(用什么设备,用什么教科书等)的研究也不少.

学生作文中常见的代词误用

代词(pronoun)用来指代上下文中提到的人或物,其主要功能是避免重复,使行文清晰连贯。然而,汉英两种语言的代词系统不尽相同,使用习惯也存在诸多差异,这导致很多中国学生不能恰当使用英语代词,造成一些偏误。在英语作文中这种现象尤其明显。本文拟对学生作文中常见的代词偏误进行归类分析,以期引起同学的注意,并在写作中自觉地避免这些错误。

一位改变我生活的女孩(英文)

My childhood and adolescence1were a joyous outpouring2 of energy,a ceaseless3 quest for expression,skill,and experience.School was only a background to the supreme delight of lessons in music,dance,and dramatics,and the thrill of sojourns4 in the country,theaters,and concerts.And books,

引导积累 提高英语教学效果

古人说得好：＂不积跬步,无以至千里。＂积累是第一步,更是后面学习能力具备和发展的基础。同样,在英语学习中,如果没有字、词、句、篇等语言材料的积累,没有猜测词义、查找关键词等阅读策略的积累,就可能出现词不达意、阅读理解不到位等问题,这样,英语学习就很难有质的提升。

论刑罚构成要素

刑罚是一个自在的运行系统,它有自己独特的运行结构和运行规律。刑罚史上三大学说的论争之所以永无休止,即在于漠视了对刑罚构成要素的探究。刑罚是立法者与司法者基于犯罪的有责性而对惩罚对象有意施加的一种不快结果,在构成上,必须具备有责性、有意性和不快结果施加这三个有机统一且不可或缺的要素。

Food Safety and Health—Past Problems and Future Solutions

The dictum of Hippocrates“Let thy food be thy medicine and medicine be thy food”is potentially both more accurate and more dangerous than ever before.This dictum can only be realistically applied if all foods are known to be safe.Nowadays foods are being produced,which are processed in a variety of ways with ingredients sourced from many different countries and processed in a variety of ways.This processing may include the addition of supplements which are intended to improve health and of adulterants which are potentially harmful.Additionally,foods may be contaminated with pesticides and other materials encountered during production and processing.Thus there is a need to identify“unsafe”foods.The question may be better put as:Which foods are safe?

Considerations when using the activPAL monitor in field-based research with adult populations

Research indicates that high levels of sedentary behavior(sitting or lying with low energy expenditure) are adversely associated with health. A key factor in improving our understanding of the impact of sedentary behavior(and patterns of sedentary time accumulation) on health is the use of objective measurement tools that collect date and time-stamped activity information. One such tool is the activP AL monitor. This thigh-worn device uses accelerometer-derived information about thigh position to determine the start and end of each period spent sitting/lying, standing, and stepping, as well as stepping speed, step counts, and postural transitions. The activP AL is increasingly being used within field-based research for its ability to measure sitting/lying via posture. We summarise key issues to consider when using the activP AL in physical activity and sedentary behavior field-based research with adult populations. It is intended that the findings and discussion points be informative for researchers who are currently using activP AL monitors or are intending to use them. Pre-data collection decisions, monitor preparation and distribution, data collection considerations, and manual and automated data processing possibilities are presented using examples from current literature and experiences from 2 research groups from the UK and Australia.

WELCOME TO THE INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS AND CARCINOGENESIS

During the Fifth International Conference onEnvironmental Mutagens which was held in Cleveland,Ohio,USA on July 10-15,1989,the idea of organizing anInternational Symposium on Environmental Mutagenesisand Carcinogenesis in China was conceived.The ChineseEnvironmental Mutagen Society and the Institute of Genet-ics of Fudan University accepted the responsibility.

加强汉语素养 提高翻译能力

科技翻译工作者一说起提高翻译能力和改进译文质量就自然会想到从三方面着手,即提高外语能力、增进技术知识和加强汉语素养。是的,这是一条正确之路。可是,做法上往往表现为侧重前两项而忽视后一项。就拿我们工厂来说吧,随着产品研制和生产的发展,大量英译汉和汉译英资料迫切需要翻译。为此,工厂不惜重金加强培训。重点放在提高外语能力;至于增进技术知识,则只要适合对口的培训班,也往往都要报名参加的。但是对于加强汉语素养,不仅工厂培训规划中没有任何安排,即使有人主动要求进修汉语,恐怕也不能得到批准。

英语中的含蓄否定

英语中的否定表达方式主要分两大类:直接否定和含蓄否定。直接否定式具有明显的否定标志。而含蓄否定则是用不含否定词的肯定形式来表示否定意义。

A Tentative Analysis of Idiomatic Compound Verbs

In English,especially in oral English,there are a large number of verb+particle combinations for us to account for.Among these combinations,many are idiomatic ones,of which the meanings cannot be easily figured out by simply adding the literal meaning of the verb to that of the particle.Therefore,even quite advanced EFL(English as a Foreign Language)learners get confused from time to time when trying to catch what such combinations are intended to mean.Studied from either the semantic or the syntactic point of view,such combinations show certain linguistic features which are quite different from the assumptions of the EFL learners and therefore worth our efforts to analyze.This paper is supposed to offer a tentative analysis of such combinations,in hope of enhancing EFL learners’mastery of them,practically as well as theoretically.

Invitation for submission

The Acta Seismologica Sinica (ASS) is a comprehensive journal concerned with the study of scientific problems of seismology published by the Seismological Society of China. Its Editor-in-Chief is Academician CHEN Yun-tai of the