On the Optimal Initial Inner-Core Size for Tropical Cyclone Intensification: An Idealized Numerical Study

Recent observational and numerical studies have revealed the dependence of the intensification rate on the inner-core size of tropical cyclones(TCs). In this study, with the initial inner-core size(i.e., the radius of maximum wind—RMW)varied from 20–180 km in idealized simulations using two different numerical models, we found a nonmonotonic dependence of the lifetime maximum intensification rate(LMIR) on the inner-core size. Namely, there is an optimal innercore size for the LMIR of a TC. Tangential wind budget analysis shows that, compared to large TCs, small TCs have large inward flux of absolute vorticity due to large absolute vorticity inside the RMW. However, small TCs also suffer from strong lateral diffusion across the eyewall, which partly offsets the positive contribution from large inward flux of absolute vorticity. These two competing processes ultimately lead to the TC with an intermediate initial inner-core size having the largest LMIR. Results from sensitivity experiments show that the optimal size varies in the range of 40–120 km and increases with higher sea surface temperature, lower latitude, larger horizontal mixing length, and weaker initial TC intensity. The 40–120 km RMW corresponds to the inner-core size most commonly found for intensifying TCs in observations, suggesting the natural selection of initial TC size for intensification. This study highlights the importance of accurate representation of TC inner-core size to TC intensity forecasts by numerical weather prediction models.

Coupling Coordination Analysis of Cropland Intensification and Agroecosystem Services:Evidence from Loess Plateau in Shaanxi Province,China

One of the greatest challenges in the agroecosystem is to improve cropland intensification while preserving agroecosystem services.While many studies have investigated the effect of cropland intensification on agroecosystem service,the interactive coupling and coordination among these factors remain largely unexplored.In view of this,this study performed a case study of the Loess Plateau in Shaanxi Province,China and constructed comprehensive evaluation models to quantify the cropland intensification and agroecosystem service in this area.Balance analysis and the coupling coordination degree model were used to evaluate the interactive relationship between cropland intensification and agroecosystem service,and statistical analysis and spatial autocorrelation were used to analyze the spatial characteristics and potential mechanism of the coupling coordination.Results show that both the cropland intensification and agroecosystem service in the study area were relatively low yet gradually increased from 2000 to 2020.Agroecosystem service lag was identified as the dominant unbalanced development type.Improving the supply capacity of agroecosystem services plays a key role in the balanced development of cropland in the Loess Plateau.The coupling coordination degree between cropland intensification and agroecosystem service ranges from basic coordination to serious incoordination.Therefore,cropland intensification practices in the area should be optimized to enhance this coordination degree.An upward trend was also observed in the coupling coordination degree from2000 to 2020.The withdrawal of marginal cropland in the Grain for Green program is one of the most important reasons for this trend,especially for the northern region.Around 83.6%of the high-high clusters are concentrated in the southern region of the Loess Plateau,whereas 70.5%of the low-low clusters are distributed in the northern region.These clustering characteristics are mainly attributed to the environmental suitability of these areas for agriculture and their degree of economic development.

Alignment of Track Oscillations during Tropical Cyclone Rapid Intensification

Recent studies on tropical cyclone(TC)intensity change indicate that the development of a vertically aligned TC circulation is a key feature of its rapid intensification(RI),however,understanding how vortex alignment occurs remains a challenging topic in TC intensity change research.Based on the simulation outputs of North Atlantic Hurricane Wilma(2005)and western North Pacific Typhoon Rammasun(2014),vortex track oscillations at different vertical levels and their associated role in vortex alignment are examined to improve our understanding of the vortex alignment during RI of TCs with initial hurricane intensity.It is found that vortex tracks at different vertical levels oscillate consistently in speed and direction during the RI of the two simulated TCs.While the consistent track oscillation reduces the oscillation tilt during RI,the reduction of vortex tilt results mainly from the mean track before RI.It is also found that the vortex tilt is primarily due to the mean vortex track before and after RI.The track oscillations are closely associated with wavenumber-1 vortex Rossby waves that are dominant wavenumber-1 circulations in the TC inner-core region.This study suggests that the dynamics of the wavenumber-1 vortex Rossby waves play an important role in the regulation of the physical processes associated with the track oscillation and vertical alignment of TCs.

Mapping upland crop–rice cropping systems for targeted sustainable intensification in South China

Upland crop-rice cropping systems(UCR)facilitate sustainable agricultural intensification.Accurate UCR cultivation mapping is needed to ensure food security,sustainable water management,and rural revitalization.However,datasets describing cropping systems are limited in spatial coverage and crop types.Mapping UCR is more challenging than crop identification and most existing approaches rely heavily on accurate phenology calendars and representative training samples,which limits its applications over large regions.We describe a novel algorithm(RRSS)for automatic mapping of upland crop-rice cropping systems using Sentinel-1 Synthetic Aperture Radar(SAR)and Sentinel-2 Multispectral Instrument(MSI)data.One indicator,the VV backscatter range,was proposed to discriminate UCR and another two indicators were designed by coupling greenness and pigment indices to further discriminate tobacco or oilseed UCR.The RRSS algorithm was applied to South China characterized by complex smallholder rice cropping systems and diverse topographic conditions.This study developed 10-m UCR maps of a major rice bowl in South China,the Xiang-Gan-Min(XGM)region.The performance of the RRSS algorithm was validated based on 5197 ground-truth reference sites,with an overall accuracy of 91.92%.There were7348 km^(2) areas of UCR,roughly one-half of them located in plains.The UCR was represented mainly by oilseed-UCR and tobacco-UCR,which contributed respectively 69%and 15%of UCR area.UCR patterns accounted for only one-tenth of rice production,which can be tripled by intensification from single rice cropping.Application to complex and fragmented subtropical regions suggested the spatiotemporal robustness of the RRSS algorithm,which could be further applied to generate 10-m UCR datasets for application at national or global scales.

Sustainable Intensification and Large-scale Operation of Cultivated Land Use at the Farmers’ Scale:A Case Study of Shandong Province,China

Sustainable intensification of cultivated land use(SICLU) and large-scale operations(LSO) are widely acknowledged strategies for enhancing agricultural performance.However,the existing literature has faced challenges in precisely defining SICLU and constructing comprehensive indicators,which has hindered the exploration of factors influencing LSO within the SICLU framework.To address this gap,we integrated self-efficacy theory into the design of an index framework for evaluating SICLU.We subsequently employed econometric models to analyze the significant factors that impact LSO.Our findings reveal that SICLU can be divided into four key dimensions:intensive management,efficient output,resource conservation,and ecological environment optimization.Furthermore,it is crucial to incorporate belief-based cognitive factors into the index system,as farmers’ understanding of fertilizer and pesticide application significantly influences their willingness to engage in LSO.Moreover,we identify grain market turnover as the most influential factor in promoting LSO,with single-factor contribution rates reaching 70.9% for cultivated land transfer willingness and 62.5% for the total planting areas.Interestingly,unlike irrigation and agricultural machinery inputs,increased labor inputs correspond to larger planting areas for farmers.This trend may be attributed to reduced labor availability because of rural labor migration,whereas the reduction in irrigation and agricultural input is contingent on innovations in production practices and the transfer of cultivated land management rights.Importantly,SICLU dynamically influences LSO,with each index related to SICLU having an optimal range that fosters LSO.These insights offer valuable guidance for policymakers,emphasizing farmers as their central focus,with the adjustment of input and output factors as a means to achieve LSO as the ultimate goal.In conclusion,we propose research avenues for further enriching the SICLU framework to ensure that it aligns with the specific characteristics of regional agricultural development.

Progress in research of process intensification of spouted beds:A comprehensive review

The development of intensification technology for spouted beds has become a current research focus,and an effective way to improve the efficiency of spouted beds is to reform their structure.Although numerous studies have been conducted on conventional beds,there are few reviews on the comprehensive application of intensification technology for spouted beds.In this paper,we comprehensively review the role of intensification technology in spouted beds for use in hydrodynamics,drying,desulfurization,pyrolysis,coating,biomass and waste gasification,and biomass drying from the perspective of experiment and simulation.Finally,potential problems and challenges in current spouted-bed research are summarized.

Kinetic Energy Budgets during the Rapid Intensification of Typhoon Rammasun (2014)

In this study,Typhoon Rammasun(2014)was simulated using the Weather Research and Forecasting model to examine the kinetic energy during rapid intensification(RI).Budget analyses revealed that in the inner area of the typhoon,the conversion from symmetric divergent kinetic energy associated with the collocation of strong cyclonic circulation and inward flow led to an increase in the symmetric rotational kinetic energy in the lower troposphere.The increase in the symmetric rotational kinetic energy in the mid and upper troposphere resulted from the upward transport of symmetric rotational kinetic energy from the lower troposphere.In the outer area,both typhoon and Earth’s rotation played equally important roles in the conversion from symmetric divergent kinetic energy to symmetric rotational kinetic energy in the lower troposphere.The decrease in the symmetric rotational kinetic energy in the upper troposphere was caused by the conversion to asymmetric rotational kinetic energy through the collocation of symmetric tangential rotational winds and the radial advection of asymmetric tangential rotational winds by radial environmental winds.

Rabbit Intensification Systems in Rwanda: Feeding Influence and Growth

A study was conducted in Northern Province of Rwanda, from the College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Busogo Campus located in Musanze district to evaluate the effect of feed type on rabbit growth in rabbit intensification systems in Rwanda. The Complete Randomized Design (CRD) was used and data were collected on rabbit growth weekly for a period of 12 weeks. The experiment was composed of three treatments replicated ten times. The treatments included three types of feeds namely;cabbage combined with Mucuna pruriens added to local forage (I), cabbages combined with Leucaena leucocephala added to local forage (II) and a control composed of other varieties of locally available forage, such as Bidens pilosa, Crassocephalum vitellium and Galinsoga parviflora (III) which was considered as the control (Farmers practice). The feeds were given to ten rabbits separated in individual cages, and each rabbit was considered a replicate. Water was given ad libitum. One month old rabbits (weaners) were used and data were collected after one week of adaptation for 12 weeks. The results showed that the mean of weight gain after 12 weeks was 783.3 g, 760.7 g and 705.7 g for feed type I, II and III respectively. The difference between means of feed types after 12 weeks was not significant (p > 0.5), which implied that rabbit growth did not depend on the feed type. The mean weight gain after 8 weeks was 707.5 g, 661.4 g and 577.1 g for feed type I, II and III respectively. At 8 weeks, the difference between means of feed types was significant (p Mucuna pruriens combined with cabbage and local forage were growing faster than rabbits from other treatments at 8 weeks. The researchers recommended that farmers should be facilitated with feeding materials by the concerned institutions. Training of rabbit farmers and further researches on locally available feeding materials were also given as recommendations at the end of this study.

我国绿色化工技术现状与发展建议

化学工业的快速发展,促进了全球的经济增长,提高了人民的生活质量,但随着化工生产过程中化石能源的大量消耗,也带来无法忽视的环境污染和气候变化等问题。中国主动提出“双碳”目标,要求各行各业走绿色高质量发展之路,促进我国化工行业的绿色转型。绿色化工应包括从化工原料、催化剂、反应工程、能源到产品的全产业链和创新链的绿色化,是行业发展的大势所趋。建议加强对绿色化工技术应用基础研究导向性支持,提倡将绿色指标纳入技术先进性评价标准,推动绿色发展理念融入化工产业技术开发与应用全过程,加速我国化工行业通过数字化转型和一体化发展,早日实现更多绿色化工技术革新和行业的可持续发展。

电化学合成耦合可再生能源制氢:机遇与挑战

利用可再生能源实现物质和能量的转化,是发展节能减排技术、实现双碳目标的重要手段.有机电合成是一种温和、清洁、高效的物质合成方法,可以有效解决传统化工过程的高能耗和高污染问题.将电解水制氢与有机电合成耦合,利用水分解产生的活性氧/氢直接氧化/还原有机物,不仅有助于降低能耗,还可以生产高附加值有机化工产品,是提高电能利用效率、降低生产成本的有效方案.然而,尽管这种方法具有诸多优势,其工业化应用仍面临一系列难题.本文回顾了电化学合成的发展历史,探讨了氢能时代为电化学合成带来的发展机遇.同时,分析了将电化学合成与电解水耦合所面临的挑战以及未来发展方向.首先,应当慎重选择与电解水制氢耦合的阳极反应体系,其氧化产物不但要具有比反应物更高的经济价值,而且要有较大的市场需求量,以匹配制氢规模.其次,虽然在热力学上有机物氧化比析氧更容易发生,但在动力学及传质方面,有机物氧化可能存在劣势,因此必须开发适用于工业制氢电流密度(500‒2000 mA cm^(‒2))的有机物氧化电极材料.第三,阳极有机产物选择性不仅影响反应物的利用率,而且决定后续分离纯化成本,需要通过调控活性氢/氧及有机物表面的竞争吸附等手段,提高阳极目标产物选择性及法拉第效率.第四,隔膜是分离两极反应物料、防止副反应发生的重要部件.然而,现有的阴、氧离子交换膜的耐有机物腐蚀性能差,需要开发适用于电解耦合体系的、具有高离子传导能力且性能稳定的新型隔膜材料.最后,当有机物氧化与电解水耦合后,产物的分离复杂程度增加,需要将精馏、萃取、膜分离等手段与电化学反应相结合,以提升电解过程效率.综上,本文讨论了电化学合成耦合可再生能源制氢的若干技术难题,为未来电合成与氢能技术共同发展提供新思路.

南海台风模式对台风利奇马快速增强预报能力研究

针对台风利奇马(1909),分析中国气象局南海台风模式(CMA-TRAMS)和欧洲中期天气预报中心高分辨率模式(HRES)对台风快速增强的业务预报情况,并基于CMA-TRAMS,从水平分辨率、初始场和边界条件、物理参数化方案等角度设计并开展数值敏感性试验。CMA-TRAMS和HRES对“利奇马”增强具有一定预报能力,但对快速增强的速度预报明显低于实况,均不能满足24 h和12 h快速增强标准,可达到6 h快速增强标准。CMA-TRAMS采用3 km分辨率对“利奇马”移动路径和强度变化的预报效果优于9 km分辨率,但未改进快速增强预报效果;采用3 km嵌套9 km的方案,模式对台风快速增强的预报效果明显提升。采用MRF边界层参数化方案对台风路径、强度、快速增强的预报效果总体优于YSU方案。海温参数化结合32层垂直分辨率的初始场和边界条件的方案明显提高了快速增强预报效果,预报快速增强的频次、增强的最大速度更接近实况。分析表明,海温参数化方案使海气温差增大,在短时间内对大气、海洋之间的热量输送和交换有明显影响,海洋向大气输送的感热通量和台风内核区的潜热通量加强使内核更暖湿、气压负倾向增大,是预报效果改进的主要原因。

微波能化工应用领域研究述评与展望

微波凭借其快速加热、体加热、选择性加热等独特的加热供能方式,已成为化工生产中一项极其重要的过程强化方法.本文对微波化工领域近20年的研究成果及延拓方向进行总结概述,依据微波化工技术的不同强化机理进行分类阐述.微波对极性分子的选择性加热会诱导极性-非极性混合物的相对挥发度发生改变,利用这一特性开发了基于混合物组分介电性质差异的微波分离技术,通过搭建理论模型指导设计了薄膜蒸发器、喷雾蒸发器等微波诱导分离装置,并将该工艺拓展至微波强化反应精馏过程和微波强化膜分离过程;微波对吸波颗粒的选择性加热会诱导产生局部热点,该热点效应使得微波技术在非均相反应、材料合成和催化热解等过程中展现出显著可观的强化效果,通过纳米荧光技术进行该热点温度直接测量,可实现微波强化化工过程的精准调控;微波对宏观物体或相态的选择性加热以及电磁波不均匀分布会导致宏观尺度局部过热,该效应的难以调控和预测是微波化工技术大规模应用的瓶颈问题,为此有必要采用多物理场数值模拟与温敏材料测试结合的手段,实现微波加热过程温度场的可视化,从而指导微波能化工应用装置的合理设计.微波能化工应用的未来研究有赖于微波加热过程原位测试手段,从而能够深入揭示微波诱导过程强化的内在机理,助力开发合理高效的微波强化化工技术.

水平对置撞击流反应器强化液-液萃取及传质特性

为了研究撞击流技术强化水相从煤油相中萃取乙酸,考察操作条件和溶液性质对萃取效果和传质特性的影响,测定液滴分散程度,利用响应面法优化萃取工况。结果表明:随煤油相进口体积流量和相比(水相与煤油相的体积流量比)的增加,分散相液滴粒径分布范围先缩小后扩大,Sauter平均直径d32先减小后增大。萃取率和总体积传质系数随煤油相进口体积流量的增加、水相黏度的增加和表面张力的减小而先增大后减小,随相比的增加呈先增后减再增加的趋势。各因素对萃取率的影响程度为:相比>煤油相进口体积流量>十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(CTAB)质量浓度,且交互作用显著。最佳工况下萃取率为93.11%,较传统萃取工艺提高了5.11%。

高、低空急流耦合对山东“利奇马”台风暴雨增幅影响的诊断研究

受登陆北上台风“利奇马”等影响,2019年8月9~12日山东省出现连续暴雨,其中10日夜间出现降雨峰值。利用中国气象局上海台风研究所(Shanghai Typhoon Institute of China Meteorological Administration,简称CMA-STI)热带气旋最佳路径数据、山东省自动气象站逐时降雨量、常规观测资料、中国风云二号地球静止气象卫星(FY-2G)0.1°×0.1°逐小时云顶相当黑体亮温和美国环境预报中心(National Center of Environmental Prediction,简称NCEP)1°×1°逐6 h再分析等资料,主要运用纬向风局地变化方程与大气动能方程,诊断分析降雨明显增幅与高、低层风场变化的关系。结果表明:(1)暴雨主要影响系统有高低空急流、500 hPa西风槽、850 hPa台风倒槽及“利奇马”本体环流等。10日200 hPa中纬度大尺度西南风急流东南移影响鲁西北,当天08:00(北京时,下同)850 hPa因双台风活动而形成的大尺度东南风急流突然北伸越过山东省。台风倒槽对流云与本体环流对流云先、后北移经鲁中,累积效应造成该地区10日夜间雨量最大。(2)10日20:00850 hPa章丘站东北侧出现了过程最快东风增幅,纬向运动方程诊断结果表明,东风平流是东风增加最主要原因,地转偏向力项则不利于东风增加。(3)10日20:00章丘站200 hPa西南风风力明显加大形成急流,10日08:00至11日08:00青岛站850 hPa维持东南风低空急流。同时位于高空急流右后侧与低空急流左前方是鲁中附近10日夜间降雨增幅的重要原因。章丘200 hPa与青岛850 hPa都是在最大风力之前12 h动能增加最快。动能方程诊断表明,最有利于鲁西北高空急流形成的是位能平流项,最有利于鲁东南低空急流形成的是动能垂直通量散度项。(4)10日20:00至13日08:00“利奇马”本体环流一直在影响山东,暴雨期间山东中部地形的动力作用也一直存在,而降雨的峰值是出现在10日夜间,说明10日20:00前后高、低空急流的耦合可能是山东暴雨增幅的主要影响因子。其主要作用至少有加强山东中部的垂直运动、整层水汽输送与静力不稳定度等方面。

基于反应精馏技术的乳酸乙酯工艺流程模拟与优化

提出了一种基于反应精馏技术制备乳酸乙酯的工艺流程.通过原料乙醇过量进料及乙醇脱水预处理的方法促进反应向右进行,提高乳酸乙酯产品的纯度;根据不同的乙醇-水共沸体系分离方法,建立了3种不同的乳酸乙酯工艺流程,即反应精馏-变压精馏(RD-PSD)流程、反应精馏-萃取精馏(RD-EX)流程和反应精馏-渗透汽化(RD-PV)流程;随后采用粒子群优化算法对各工艺流程进行多参数优化,以最小年总成本(TACmin)为优化目标,优化工艺流程参数,并对各流程进行经济和环境评价.结果表明:相较于RD-PSD流程和RD-EX流程,RD-PV流程有效降低了工艺投资,是一种极具潜力的节能低碳的乳酸乙酯工艺流程,较前两者其TAC分别降低了67.89%和29.33%,全局能量消耗(GEC)分别降低了70.17%和27.85%,CO_(2)排放量(ECO_(2))分别降低了68.36%和25.00%.

相平衡关系在《化工原理》单元过程强化中的应用

相平衡条件是传质过程的热力学极限,借此可以确定分离级数、液气比等操作参数,设计和优化分离工艺,探索体系极限。本文列举了蒸馏、吸收、萃取单元操作中相平衡的内容,说明通过改变温度、压力、浓度或增加促进剂可以改善相平衡,调整传质过程的控制步骤,从而对化工过程实现精准设计和调控,是过程强化的重要手段。对于这些能源密集型单元过程,相平衡模型的准确预测或模拟是高效分离或纯化、减少能耗和原料损失的必要保障。

水基石墨烯纳米流体制备及热物理性研究

换热介质的低导热性能已经成为研究高效率传热冷却技术的障碍,相比于传统导热流体,纳米流体有更高的导热系数和换热能力,同时石墨烯具有优异的光、电、热、力学性能。制备了以水为基液,石墨烯纳米粒子填充的纳米流体,研究了水基石墨烯纳米流体的稳定性、黏度、导热系数、光热转换性能等热物性。

基于集约化理念的小空间一体式家具设计探索

基于当下小户型住宅的现状,对其中矛盾较为突出的各类小空间进行研究,借由“集约化”理念,分别尝试“空间片段的整合”“空间的竖向层级利用”“空间功能的转换”这3种优化策略,并以厨房、阳台、儿童房为例,从“空间构成”的本质上,对其“功能”和“利用率”进行延展,阐述集约化理念在住宅小空间中的运用,本质上是在“限制性条件”中所进行的空间“整合”与“创造”。这不仅是对人居环境问题的技术性解决,而且是一种富含社会责任感的学术尝试。

微波加热强化闪蒸工艺的科学基础及发展趋势

利用微波加热具有选择性、快速性、整体性等优点,对基于能量源补充热量实现蒸发浓缩、分离纯化的料液处理过程而言,利用微波加热实现过程强化具有现实意义。本文综述了液体闪蒸过程的蒸发特性与传热传质特性、微波加热液体蒸发的研究现状,提出了微波加热强化闪蒸工艺,首先指出闪蒸工艺过程中料液面临难以直接加热提供热量而提高蒸发速率的难题,原因是传统热量传递方法无法在真空条件下向闪蒸过程中的料液传递热量。进而分析了微波加热蒸发工艺的研究现状,总结出微波加热蒸发过程中的影响因素,简述了微波加热蒸发工艺的应用。最后,提出可将微波加热与闪蒸工艺相耦合的微波加热强化闪蒸工艺,简述了设备设计、应用开发方面的相关进展。总结了微波加热强化闪蒸面临的相关难题并提出建议,期望对微波加热强化蒸发工艺应用和设备设计的发展提供参考。

Diagnostic Study of an Extreme Explosive Cyclone over the Kuroshio/Kuroshio Extension Region

Explosive cyclones(ECs)occur frequently over the Kuroshio/Kuroshio Extension region.The most rapidly intensified EC over the Kuroshio/Kuroshio Extension region during the 42 years(1979-2020)of cold seasons(October-April)was studied to reveal the variations of the key factors at different explosive-developing stages.This EC had weak low-level baroclinicity,mid-level cyclonic-vorticity advection,and strong low-level water vapor convergence at the initial explosive-developing stage.The low-level baroclinicity and mid-level cyclonic-vorticity advection increased substantially during the maximum-deepening-rate stage.The diagnostic analyses using the Zwack-Okossi equation showed that diabatic heating was the main contributor to the initial rapid intensification of this EC.The cyclonic-vorticity advection and warm-air advection enhanced rapidly in the middle and upper troposphere and contributed to the maximum rapid intensification,whereas the diabatic heating weakened slightly in the mid-low troposphere.The relative contribution of the diabatic heating decreased from the initial explosive-developing stage to the maximum-deepening-rate stage due to the enhancement of other factors(the cyclonic-vorticity advection and warm-air advection).Furthermore,the physical factors contributing to this EC varied with the explosive-developing stage.The non-key factors at the initial explosive-developing stage need attention to forecast the rapid intensification.