Energy-Efficient Implementation of BCD to Excess-3 Code Converter for Nano-Communication Using QCA Technology

Code converters are essential in digital nano communication;therefore,a low-complexity optimal QCA layout for a BCD to Excess-3 code converter has been proposed in this paper.A QCA clockphase-based design technique was adopted to investigate integration with other complicated circuits.Using a unique XOR gate,the recommended circuit’s cell complexity has been decreased.The findings produced using the QCADesigner-2.0.3,a reliable simulation tool,prove the effectiveness of the current structure over earlier designs by considering the number of cells deployed,the area occupied,and the latency as design metrics.In addition,the popular tool QCAPro was used to estimate the energy dissipation of the proposed design.The proposed technique reduces the occupied space by∼40%,improves cell complexity by∼20%,and reduces energy dissipation by∼1.8 times(atγ=1.5EK)compared to the current scalable designs.This paper also studied the suggested structure’s energy dissipation and compared it to existing works for a better performance evaluation.

Application of EDA Technology in Intelligent Communication Electronic Circuit

Electronic design automation(EDA)technology is the product of the computer age and finds its foundation in CAD,CAM,CAT,and CAE.EDA is a kind of auxiliary tool in the design process,which requires the designer to carry out the file design work using hardware language as the foundation.Subsequently,the computer system automatically compiles and integrates the file to achieve simulation goals,and can complete the programming download of the target chip.At present,this technology is widely used in the communication of electronic circuits.This paper summarizes EDA technology and analyzes its specific application in communication electronic circuits,aiming at promoting the application of CDA technology and promoting the further development of the communication field.

The Research on 220GHz Multicarrier High-Speed Communication System

This paper presents our investigation into a 220 GHz multicarrier highspeed communication system based on solid state transceivers.The proposed system has eased the demand of high sampling rate analog-to-digital converter(ADC)by providing several signal carriers in microwave band and converting them to 220 GHz channel.The system consists of a set of 220 GHz solid-state transceiver with 2 signal carriers,two basebands for 4 GSPS ADCs.It has achieved 12.8 Gbps rate real-time signal transmission using 16QAM modulation over a distance of 20 m without any other auxiliary equipment or test instruments.The baseband algorithm overcomes the problem of frequency difference generates by non-coherent structure,which guarantees the feasibility of long-distance transmission application.Most importantly,the proposed system has already carried out multi-channel 8K video parallel transmission through switch equipment,which shows the multicarrier high-speed communication system in submillimeter wave has great application prospects.To the best of the authors’knowledge,this is the first all-solid-state electronics multicarrier communication system in submillimeter and terahertz band.

A 20.8-Gbps Dual-Carrier Wireless Communication Link in 220-GHz Band

With the successful demonstration of terahertz(THz)high-speed wireless data transmission,the THz frequencies are now becoming a worth candidate for post-5G wireless communications.On the other hand,to bring THz communications a step closer to real scenario application,solving high data rate realtime transmission is also an important issue.This paper describes a 220-GHz solid-state dual-carrier wireless link whose maximum transmission real-time data rates are 20.8 Gbps(10.4 Gbps per channel).By aggregating two carrier signals in the THz band,the contradiction between high real-time data rate communication and low sampling rate analog-to-digital(ADC)and digital-to-analog converter(DAC)is alleviated.The transmitting and receiving front-ends consist of 220-GHz diplexers,220-GHz sub-harmonic mixers based on anti-parallel Schottky barrier diodes,G-band low-noise amplifiers(LNA),WR-4.3 band high-gain Cassegrain antennas,high data rates dual-DAC and-ADC baseband platform and other components.The low-density parity-check(LDPC)encoding is also realized to improve the bit error rate(BER)of the received signal.Modulated signals are centered at 214.4 GHz and 220.6 GHz with-11.9 dBm and-13.4 dBm output power for channel 1 and 2,respectively.This link is demonstrated to achieve 20.8-Gbps real-time data transmission using 16-QAM modulation over a distance of 1030 m.The measured signal to noise ratio(SNR)is 17.3 dB and 16.5 dB,the corresponding BER is 8.6e-7 and 3.8e-7,respectively.Furthermore,4K video transmission is also carried out which is clear and free of stutter.The successful transmission of aggregated channels in this wireless link shows the great potential of THz communication for future wireless high-rate real-time data transmission applications.

Investigation and Comparison of Two Models in Galvanic Coupling Intra-body Communications

Intra-body communication (IBC) is a new,emerging,short-range and human body based communication methodology.It is a technique to network various devices on human body,by utilizing the conducting properties of human tissues,suitable for currently fast developing Body area network (BAN)/Body sensor network (BSN).IBC is believed to have advantages in power consumption,electromagnetic radiation,interference from external electromagnetic noise,security,and restriction in spectrum resource.In this article,the authors develop two models,which are analytical and empirical approaches,for comparing the performance and accuracy of IBC on a human limb.Through in vivo experiment of five volunteers,both models basically match with the experimental result with equivalent circuit model superior than electromagnetic model in term of maximum error.

Secure Communication Scheme based on A New Hyperchaotic System

This study introduces a new continuous time differential system,which contains ten terms with three quadratic nonlinearities.The new system can demonstrate hyperchaotic,chaotic,quasi-periodic,and periodic behaviors for its different parameter values.All theoretical and numerical analysis are investigated to confirm the complex hyperchaotic behavior of our proposed model using many tools that include Kaplan-Yorke dimension,equilibrium points stability,bifurcation diagrams,and Lyapunov exponents.By means of Multisim software,the authors also designed an electronic circuit to confirm our proposed systems’physical feasibility.MATLAB and Multisim simulation results excellently agree with each other,which validate the feasibility of our new ten terms hyperchaotic system and make it very desirable to use in different domains especially in chaotic-based communication.Furthermore,by employing the drive response synchronisation,we developed a secure communication strategy for the proposed system.Findings from the proposed scheme show that the proposed approach was successful in completing the encryption and decryption procedure.

Quantum communication via controlled holes in the statistical distribution of excitations in a nanoresonator coupled to a Cooper pair box

We propose a scheme to transmit information via the statistical distribution of excitations of a nanomechanical resonator. It employs a controllable coupling between this system and a Cooper pair box. The success probability and the fidelity are calculated and compared with those obtained in an atom-field system in different regimes. Addtionaly, the scheme can also be applied to prepare low excited Fock states.

Inhibitory gamma-aminobutyric acidergic neurons in the anterior cingulate cortex participate in the comorbidity of pain and emotion

Pain is often comorbid with emotional disorders such as anxiety and depression.Hyperexcitability of the anterior cingulate cortex has been implicated in pain and pain-related negative emotions that arise from impairments in inhibitory gamma-aminobutyric acid neurotransmission.This review primarily aims to outline the main circuitry(including the input and output connectivity)of the anterior cingulate cortex and classification and functions of different gamma-aminobutyric acidergic neurons;it also describes the neurotransmitters/neuromodulators affecting these neurons,their intercommunication with other neurons,and their importance in mental comorbidities associated with chronic pain disorders.Improving understanding on their role in pain-related mental comorbidities may facilitate the development of more effective treatments for these conditions.However,the mechanisms that regulate gamma-aminobutyric acidergic systems remain elusive.It is also unclear as to whether the mechanisms are presynaptic or postsynaptic.Further exploration of the complexities of this system may reveal new pathways for research and drug development.

New Wavefront Handshaking Circuits

Two types of handshaking circuits are proposed to implement the asynchronous communication between two processing elements in the wavefront array processors. After correcting the flaws in the original design, these circuits make the system more robust and flexible. These circuits have compact architectures and are of higher performance. Besides, compared with other handshaking circuits, these designs are more suitable for FPGA.

Test system of the front-end readout for an application-specific integrated circuit for the water Cherenkov detector array at the large high-altitude air shower observatory

The water Cherenkov detector array(WCDA) is an important part of the large high-altitude air shower observatory(LHAASO),which is in a research and development phase.The central scientific goal of LHAASO is to explore the origin of high-energy cosmic rays of the universe and to push forward the frontier of new physics.To simplify the WCDA's readout electronics,a prototype of a front-end readout for an application-specific integrated circuit(ASIC) is designed based on the timeover-threshold method to achieve charge-to-time conversion.High-precision time measurement and charge measurement are necessary over a full dynamic range[1-4000photoelectrons(P.E.)].To evaluate the performance of this ASIC,a test system is designed that includes the front-end ASIC test module,digitization module,and test software.The first module needs to be customized for different ASIC versions,whereas the digitization module and test software are tested for general-purpose use.In the digitization module,a field programmable gate array-based time-todigital converter is designed with a bin size of 333 ps,which also integrates an inter-integrated circuit to configure the ASIC test module,and a universal serial bus interface is designed to transfer data to the remote computer.Test results indicate that the time resolution is better than 0.5 ns,and the charge resolution is better than 30%root mean square(RMS) at 1 P.E.and 3%RMS at 4000 P.E.,which are beyond the application requirements.

Dynamics and circuit implementation of three simplified chaotic systems

To improve the performance of chaotic secure communication,three simplified chaotic systems with one variable parameter were investigated.Basic properties were analyzed including symmetry,dissipation and topological structure.Complex dynamical behaviors of the systems including chaos and periodic orbits were verified by numerical simulations,Lyapunov exponents and bifurcation diagrams.Interestingly,the three systems were integrated in a common circuit,and their dynamical behaviors were easily observed by adjusting regulable resistors R28,R14 and R17,respectively,and the relations between the variable resistor and the system parameter were deduced.The circuit experiment results agree well with the simulation results.Finally,a secure communication scheme based on chaos shift keying(CSK) was presented,which lays an experiment foundation for chaotic digital secure communication.

Design and implementation of control system for superconducting RSFQ circuit

The superconducting rapid single flux quantum(RSFQ)integrated circuit is a promising solu-tion for overcoming speed and power bottlenecks in high-performance computing systems in the post-Moore era.This paper presents an architecture designed to improve the speed and power limitations of high-performance computing systems using superconducting technology.Since superconducting microprocessors,which operate at cryogenic temperatures,require support from semiconductor cir-cuits,the proposed design utilizes the von Neumann architecture with a superconducting RSFQ mi-croprocessor,cryogenic semiconductor memory,a room temperature field programmable gate array(FPGA)controller,and a host computer for input/output.Additionally,the paper introduces two key circuit designs:a start/stop controllable superconducting clock generator and an asynchronous communication interface between the RSFQ and semiconductor chips used to implement the control system.Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed design is feasible and effective,provi-ding valuable insights for future superconducting computer systems.

Multi-Gbit/s 60 GHz Transceiver Analysis Using FDM Architecture and Six-Port Circuit

This paper presents an analysis and validation by advanced system simulation of compact and low-cost six-port transceivers for future wireless local area networks （WLANs） operating at millimeter-wave frequencies. To obtain realistic simulation results, a six-port model based on the measurement results of a fabricated V-band hybrid coupler, the core component, is used. A frequency-division multiplexing scheme is used by introducing four quadrature phase-shift keying （QPSK） channels in the wireless communication link. The data rate achieved is about 4 Gbit/s. The operating frequency is in the 60-64 GHz unlicensed band. Bit error rate （BER） results are presented, and a comparison is made between single-carrier and multicarrier architectures. The proposed wireless system can be considered an efficient candidate for millimeter-wave communication systems operating at quasi-optical data rates.

A Single-Board Integrated Millimeter-Wave Asymmetric Full-Digital Beamforming Array for B5G/6G Applications

In this article,a single-board integrated millimeter-wave(mm-Wave)asymmetric full-digital beamforming(AFDBF)array is developed for beyond-fifth-generation(B5G)and sixth-generation(6G)communications.The proposed integrated array effectively addresses the challenge of arranging a large number of ports in a full-digital array by designing vertical connections in a three-dimensional space and successfully integrating full-digital transmitting(Tx)and receiving(Rx)arrays independently in a single board.Unlike the traditional symmetric array,the proposed asymmetric array is composed of an 8×8 Tx array arranged in a square shape and an 8+8 Rx array arranged in an L shape.The center-to-center distance between two adjacent elements is 0.54k0 for both the Tx and Rx arrays,where k0 is the free-space wavelength at 27 GHz.The proposed AFDBF array possesses a more compact structure and lower system hardware cost and power consumption compared with conventional brick-type full-digital arrays.In addition,the energy efficiency of the proposed AFDBF array outperforms that of a hybrid beamforming array.The measurement results indicate that the operating frequency band of the proposed array is 24.25–29.50 GHz.An eight-element linear array within the Tx array can achieve a scanning angle ranging from-47°to+47°in both the azimuth and the elevation planes,and the measured scanning range of each eight-element Rx array is–45°to+45°.The measured maximum effective isotropic radiated power(EIRP)of the eight-element Tx array is 43.2 dBm at 28.0 GHz(considering the saturation point).Furthermore,the measured error vector magnitude(EVM)is less than 3%when 64-quadrature amplitude modulation(QAM)waveforms are used.

一种智能断路器用的智能传感器设计与研究

介绍了智能断路器用智能传感器。采用Modbus通信协议,该智能传感器通过UART通信接口与控制器进行通信,可实现遥控、遥测、遥信和遥调功能。该智能传感器具有精度高、量程宽、体积小等优点,可简化断路器用智能控制器的设计,易于实现集群控制。

High-speed phosphorescent white LED visible light communications without utilizing a blue filter

We experimentally demonstrate a high-speed phosphorescent white light emitting diode （LED） visible light communication （VLC） system without utilizing an optical blue filter. Here, the white light response is equalized by using the proposed analog equalizers. The 3 dB bandwidth of the VLC link could be extended from 3 to 132 MHz, which allows 330 Mbit/s non-return-to-zero on-off keying （NRZ-OOK） data transmission with a bit error ratio （BER） of 7,2 × 10^-10 and 672 Mbit/s 64-quadrature amplitude modulation （64-QAM） data transmission with a BER of 3.2 × 10^-3. These resultant BERs are less than the forward error correction （FEC） limit of 3.8× 10^-3. The VLC link distance is 1 m using a single 1 W LED. The transmitter and receiver modules are integrated to a compact size. Furthermore, the relationships between the signal performance and illumination level or optical power are investigated and analyzed.

A Review on Applications of Integrated Terahertz Systems

A review on Terahertz end-to-end systems with an emphasis on integrated approaches is presented.Four major catalogs of THz integrated systems,including THz communication systems,THz imaging systems,THz radars,and THz spectroscopy systems,are reviewed in this article.The performance of integrated systems is compared with non-integrated solutions,followed by a discussion on the trend in future research avenues and applications.

Low Power Single-Chip RF Transceiver for Human Body Cormunication

Human body communication is proposed as a promising body proximal comanunication tech- nology for body sensor networks. To achieve low power and slmll volume ill the sensor nodes, a Ra-dio Frequency （RF） application-specific integrated circuit transceiver tbr Human Body Commnunication （HBC） is presented and the characteristics of HBC are investigated. A high data rate On-Off Keying （OOK）/Frequency-Shift Keying （FSK） modulation protocol and an OOK/FSK delrodulator circuit are introduced in this paper, with a data-rate-to-carrier-frequency ratio up to 70%. A low noise amplifier is proposed to handle the dynamic range problem and improve the sensitivity of the receiver path. In addi-tion, a low power autonmatic-gain-control system is realized using a novel architecture, thereby render-ing the peak detector circuit and loop filter unneces-sary. Finally, the complete chip is fabricated. Simula-tion results suggest receiver sensitivity to be-75 dBm. The transceiver shows an overall power con-smxption of 32 mW when data rate is 5 Mbps, de-livering a P1dB output power of - 30 dBm.

CMOS mm-wave transceivers for Gbps wireless communication

The challenges in the design of CMOS millimeter-wave （mm-wave） transceiver for Gbps wireless com- munication are discussed. To support the Gbps data rate, the link bandwidth of the receiver/transmitter must be wide enough, which puts a lot of pressure on the mm-wave front-end as well as on the baseband circuit. This paper discusses the effects of the limited link bandwidth on the transceiver system performance and overviews the band- width expansion techniques for mm-wave amplifiers and IF programmable gain amplifier. Furthermore, dual-mode power amplifier （PA） and self-healing technique are introduced to improve the PA＇s average efficiency and to deal with the process, voltage, and temperature variation issue, respectively. Several fully-integrated CMOS mm-wave transceivers are also presented to give a short overview on the state-of-the-art mm-wave transceivers.

基于CY7C68013A的USB通信程序开发设计

USB总线(Universal Serial Bus通用串行总线)是用来连接外围设备与计算机的新式接口,文中给出了利用CY7C68013芯片上所集成的I2C控制器来控制USB设备上数据传输的实现方法。该方法同时利用NI公司的LabVIEW来对上位机进行编程,而对USB设备则采用控制传输方式,这样同时保证了传输速度和数据的正确性。