Similar Single-Difference Model and Its Algorithm for Solving GPS Monitoring Deformation Directly at Single Epoch

A new similar single-difference mathematical model (SS-DM) and its corresponding algorithmare advanced to solve the deformationof monitoring point directly in singleepoch. The method for building theSSDM is introduced in detail, and themain error sources affecting the accu-racy of deformation measurement areanalyzed briefly, and the basic algo-rithm and steps of solving the deform-ation are discussed.In order to validate the correctnessand the accuracy of the similar single-difference model, the test with fivedual frequency receivers is carried outon a slideway which moved in plane inFeb. 2001. In the test,five sessions areobserved. The numerical results oftest data show that the advanced mod-el is correct.

Research on Kalman Filtering Algorithmfor Deformation Information Series ofSimilar Single-Difference Model

Using similar single-difference methodology(SSDM) to solve the deformation values of the monitoring points, there is unstability of the deformation information series, at sometimes.In order to overcome this shortcoming, Kalman filtering algorithm for this series is established,and its correctness and validity are verified with the test data obtained on the movable platform in plane. The results show that Kalman filtering can improve the correctness, reliability and stability of the deformation information series.

New Method for Solving GPS Deformation Monitoring Information at Single Epoch

Based on the analyses for the characteristics of high precise GPS defor-mation monitor,according to the spatial relationship among the satellite, base point and monitoring point a new model and its corresponding algorithm were presented to solve the monitoring point deformation directly at single epoch. In this method the carrier phases is used as the basic observations, and the initial condition is precise baseline vectors obtained in the first period observations between the base point and monitoring point. This model is called the similar single difference model (SSDM). The main error sources effecting the accuracy of deformations were analyzed briefly, the single epoch algorithm of the receiver clock offset was advanced. The numerical results of test data show that the SSDM and the single epoch algorithm of receiver clock offset advanced are reliable and correct.

On the Normative Structure of International Human Rights Treaties Monitoring Mechanisms and Its Legal Challenges

The Charter bodies established under the United Nations Charter and the treaty bodies established on the basis of international human rights treaties constitute the two major means of supervising the implementation of international human rights treaties.The treaty bodies responsible for monitoring the implementation of international human right treaties have gradually formed a four-fold supervision system consisting of state reporting,inter-state complaints,individual complaints and inquiry procedures.These quasi-judicial procedures are responsible for overseeing the implementation of international human right treaties.The practice of treaty body procedures has profoundly affected the development of modern international human rights law and is promoting the improvement of international human right treaty monitoring mechanisms.But due to the constraints of international politics,economic structure and related historical conditions,treaty bodies still face severe challenges.The improvement of the four major procedures will promote the development of the international human rights cause.