A Hydrodynamic Model for Dimpled Mechanical Gas Seal Considering Interaction Effect

The mechanical gas seal of aero engine has to face the problems of high wear rate and short lifetime.Surface texture has shown beneficial effects over the tribological characteristics.Here,a hydrodynamic model for dimpled annular area of mechanical gas seal considering the″interaction effect″between adjacent dimples is developed based on the Reynolds equation.Different multi-row columns are chosen and the dimensionless pressure in radial and circumferential directions is calculated.The results indicate that the″interaction effect″is more obvious in the circumferential direction than in the radial direction,even when the area and depth of the dimples are same.Moreover,for the 5×5column,the dimensionless average pressure considering the″interaction effect″increases by45.41% compared with the 1×5column.Further analysis demonstrates that the model with the 5×5column can be more reasonable with the consideration of reducing the calculation error caused by boundary conditions to investigate the hydrodynamic effect for dimpled mechanical gas seal.

Interaction effects on heat conduction and thermal stress in an infinite elastic plane with two circular holes

Numerous researches have focused on the physical behavior of an elastic material in the vicinity of a single hole under the assumption that the interaction effects arising from the introduction of multiple holes remain negligible if the holes are placed sufficiently far from each other.In an effort to understand hole interaction effects on heat conduction and thermal stress,we consider the case when two circular holes are embedded in an infinite elastic material and use complex variable methods together with numerical analysis to obtain solutions describing temperature and elastic fields in the vicinity of the two circular holes.The results indicate that the interaction effects on temperature distribution and stress strongly depend on the relative size of the two holes and the distance placed between them but not on the actual size of the holes.

Strong Interaction Effect on Jet Energy Loss with Detailed Balance

The strong force effect on gluon distribution of quark-gluon plasma and its influence on jet energy loss with detailed balance are studied. We solve the possibility equation and obtain the value of non-extensive parameter q. In the presence of strong interaction, more gluons stay at low-energy state than the free gluon case. The strong interaction effect is found to be important for jet energy loss with detailed balance at intermediate jet energy. The energy gain via absorption increases with the strong interaction. This will affect the nuclear modification factor RAA and the parameter of q at intermediate jet energy.

STUDY ON THE STABILITY AND STACKING INTERACTION EFFECT OF THE TERNARY M(Ⅱ)(ATP)AND PYRIDINE-LIKE LIGANDS

The stabilities of the complexes of three pyridine-like ligands with M(II)(ATP)^(2-) and M(II)(M=Ni,Co)were studied by spectrophotometry and by comparing the stability constants of the ternary complexes with these of the binary complexes.A stacking interaction between the pyridine ring and the purine ring of ATP is indicated.The general existence of the stacking interaction encourages us to interpret the antitumor mechanism of a new class of antitumor drugs.

A comparison of two wave energy converters’power performance and mooring fatigue characteristics-One WEC vs many WECs in a wave park with interaction effects

The production of renewable energy is key to satisfying the increasing demand for energy without further increasing pollution.Harnessing ocean energy from waves has attracted attention due to its high energy density.This study compares two generations of floating heaving point absorber WEC,WaveEL 3.0 and WaveEL 4.0,regarding their power performance and mooring line fatigue characteristics,which are essen-tial in,e.g.,LCoE calculations.The main differences between the two WECs are the principal dimensions and minor differences in their geometries.The DNV software SESAM was used for simulations and anal-yses of these WECs in terms of buoy heave motion resonances for maximising energy harvesting,motion characteristics,mooring line forces,fatigue of mooring lines,and hydrodynamic power production.The first part of the study presents results from simulations of unit WEC in the frequency domain and in the time domain for regular wave and irregular sea state conditions.A verification of the two WECs’motion responses and axial mooring line forces is made against measurement data from a full-scale installation.In the second part of the study,the influence of interaction effects is investigated when the WECs are installed in wave parks.The wave park simulations used a fully-coupled non-linear method in SESAM that calculates the motions of the WECs and the mooring line forces simultaneously in the time domain.The amount of fatigue damage accumulated in the mooring lines was calculated using a relative tension-based fatigue analysis method and the rainflow counting method.Several factors that influence the power performance of the wave park and the accumulated fatigue damage of the mooring lines,for example,the WEC distance of the wave park,the sea state conditions,and the direction of incoming waves,are simulated and discussed.The study’s main conclusion is that WaveEL 4.0,which has a longer tube than WaveEL 3.0,absorbs more hydrodynamic energy due to larger heave motions and more efficient power production.At the same time,the accumulated fatigue damage in the moorings is lower compared to WaveEL 3.0 if the distance between the WECs in the wave park is not too short.Its motions in the hor-izontal plane are larger,which may require a larger distance between the WEC units in a wave park to avoid losing efficiency due to hydrodynamic interaction effects.

INTERACTION MODELS FOR EFFECTIVE THERMAL AND ELECTRIC CONDUCTIVITIES OF CARBON NANOTUBE COMPOSITES

The present article provides supplementary information of previous works of analytic models for predicting conductivity enhancements of carbon nanotube composites. The models, though fairly simple, are able to take account of the effects of conductivity anisotropy, nonstraightness, and aspect ratio of the CNT additives on the conductivity enhancement of the composite and to give predictions agreeing well with existing experimental data. The omitted detailed derivation of this model is demonstrated in the present article with a more systematical analysis, which may help with further development in this direction. Furthermore, the effects of various orientation distributions of CNTs are reported here for the first time. The information may be useful in design or fabrication technology of CNT composites for better or specified conductivities.

Effects of the Interaction between Hydroxyapatite Nanoparticles and Hepatoma Cells

To gain a better understanding of the anticancer effects of hydroxyapatite （HAP） nanoparticles in vivo and in vitro, the effects of the interaction of HAP nanoparticles with hepatoma cells were explored. HAP nanoparticles were prepared by homogeneous precipitation and characterized by laser particle analysis and transmission electron microscopy （TEM）. HAP nanoparticles were observed to be uniformly distributed, with rod-like shapes and diameters in the range of 42.1-87.1 nm. Overnight attached, suspended, and proliferating Bel-7402 cells were incubated with HAP nanoparticles. Inverted microscopy observation revealed that HAP nanoparticles with a cell membrane showed good adsorption. TEM demonstrated that HAP nanoparticles were present on the surface of cells, continuously taken up by cells through endocytosis, and transported in vesicles close to the nucleus. Fluorescence microscopy showed that the concentrations of intracellular Ca2＋ labeled with Fluo-3 calcium fluorescent probe were significantly enhanced. In addition, inverted microscopy observation revealed that suspended cells treated with HAP nanoparticles did not adhere to the culture bottle, resulting in cell death. After the overnight attached cells were treated with HAP nanoparticles for 96 h with increasing doses of HAP nanoparticles, inverted microscopy observation revealed that cell proliferation was slowed and ceU-ceU adhesion was weakened. Feulgen staining and image analysis indicated that the nuclear DNA content of the cells was markedly reduced, and argyrophilic nucleolar organizer region （AgNOR） staining and image analysis indicated that the number of AgNORs was significantly decreased. Therefore, hepatoma cells brought about the adsorption, uptake, transport and degradation of HAP nanoparticles. In addition, HAP nanoparticles affected hepatoma cells with regard to cell-cell adhesion, cell and extracellular matrix adhesion, and DNA and protein synthesis; thus inhibiting cell proliferation. This understanding of the effects of interaction between HAP nanoparticles and hepatoma cells is useful for further study of the anticancer mechanisms of HAP nanoparticles.

Interaction between cracks and effect of microcrack zone on main crack tip

Mechanism interaction between cracks with different orientation angles is analyzed based on the principle of superposition and a flattening method. It is found that the maximum interaction effect does not occur when the microcrack is along the direction parallel or perpendicular to the principal tensile stress, which is different from the conclusion drawn by Ortiz （1987）. The mechanism of microcrack generation and the effect of the microcrack zone on the main crack tip are studied. It is concluded that the microcrack zone has effect on the main crack tip, which increases with the increase of microcrack density and length.

The Weather Temperature and Air Pollution Interaction and Its Effect on Hospital Admissions due to Respiratory System Diseases in Western China

Air pollution has ever become a global major public health problem.Previous studies showed that air pollution is associated with excessive mortality and morbidity of respiratory disease[1-2].The extreme weather temperature can impact human health and the thermal stresses can lead not only to direct deaths and illnesses,but also to aggravation of respiratory disease[3-4].Though the independent

Particles inside electrolytes with ion-specific interactions, their effective charge distributions, and effective interactions

In this work, we explore the statistical physics of colloidal particles that interact with electrolytes via ion-specific interactions. Firstly we study particles interacting weakly with electrolyte using linear response theory. We find that the mean potential around a particle is linearly determined by the effective charge distribution of the particle, which depends both on the bare charge distribution and on ion-specific interactions. We also discuss the effective interaction between two such particles and show that, in the far field regime, it is bilinear in the effective charge distributions of two particles. We subsequently generalize the above results to the more complicated case where particles interact strongly with the electrolyte.Our results indicate that in order to understand the statistical physics of non-dilute electrolytes, both ion-specific interactions and ionic correlations have to be addressed in a single unified and consistent framework.

Coupling effects of depletion interactions in a three-sphere colloidal system

In a three-sphere system, the middle sphere is acted upon by two opposite depletion forces from the other two spheres. It is found that, in this system, the two depletion forces are coupled with each other and result in a strengthened depletion force. So the difference of the depletion forces of the three-sphere system and its corresponding two two-sphere systems is introduced to describe the coupling effect of the depletion interactions. The numerical results obtained by Monte- Carlo simulations show that this coupling effect is affected by both the concentration of small spheres and the geometrical confinement. Meanwhile, it is also found that the mechanisms of the coupling effect and the effect on the depletion force from the ~eometry factor are the same.

Effect of Interaction on the Majorana Zero Modes in the Kitaev Chain at Half Filling

The one-dimensional interacting Kitaev chain at half filling is studied. The symmetry of the Hamiltonian is examined by dual transformations, and various physical quantities as a function of the fermion-fermion interaction U are calculated systematically using the density matrix renormalization group method. A special value of interaction Up is revealed in the topological region of the phase diagram. We show that at Up the ground states are strictly two-fold degenerate even though the chain length is finite and the zero-energy peak due to the Majorana zero modes is maximally enhanced and exactly localized at the end sites. Here Up may be attractive or repulsive depending on other system parameters. We also give a qualitative understanding of the effect of interaction under the self-consistent mean field framework.

Effects of Pure Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya Interaction with Magnetic Field on Entanglement in Intrinsic Decoherence

We investigate the effects of pure Dzyaloshinskii Moriya （DM） interaction with magnetic field on entanglement in intrinsic decoherence, assuming that the system is initially in four Bell states ｜φ±〉 = （｜00） ± ｜11〉）/√2 and ｜ψ±〉 = （｜01） ±｜10〉）/√2, respectively. It is found that if the system is initially in the state p1（0） = ｜φ＋〉〈φ＋1, the entanglement can obtain its maximum when the DM interaction vector D is in the plane of XOZ and magnetic field B = By with the infinite time t, moreover the entanglement is independent of By and t when By is perpendicular to D. In addition, we obtain similar results when the system is initially in the states p2（0） = ｜φ-〉〈φ-｜ or p3 （0） = ｜ψ＋〉〈ψ＋1. However, we find that if the system is initially in the state P4 （0） = ｜ψ-〉〈ψ-l, the entanglement can obtain its maximum for infinite t, when the DM vector is in the plane ofYOZ, XOZ, or XOY, with the magnetic field parallel to X, Y, or Z axis, respectively. Moreover, when the axial B is perpendicular to D for the initial state p4（O）, the negativity oscillates with time t and reaches a stable value, the larger the value of B is, the greater the stable value is, and the shorter the oscillation time of the negativity is. Thus we can adjust the direction and value of the external magnetic field to obtain the maximal entanglement, and avoid the adverse effects of external environment in some initial state. This is feasible within the cun＇ent experimental technology.

Bootstrap inference of the skew-normal two-way classification random effects model with interaction

In this paper,we consider the statistical inference problems for the fixed effect and variance component functions in the two-way classification random effects model with skewnormal errors.Firstly,the exact test statistic for the fixed effect is constructed.Secondly,using the Bootstrap approach and generalized approach,the one-sided hypothesis testing and interval estimation problems for the single variance component,the sum and ratio of variance components are discussed respectively.Further,the Monte Carlo simulation results indicate that the exact test statistic performs well in the one-sided hypothesis testing problem for the fixed effect.And the Bootstrap approach is better than the generalized approach in the one-sided hypothesis testing problems for variance component functions in most cases.Finally,the above approaches are applied to the real data examples of the consumer price index and value-added index of three industries to verify their rationality and effectiveness.

Neuroimmune actions in the brain and interactions with the effects of alcohol

The neuroimmune system of the brain:Early studies(1990’s)on the neurological consequences of human immunodeficiency virus-1(HIV-1)infection in the brain were instrumental in establishing that specific brain cell types can function as an innate immune system within the brain and in that role influence cognitive function(Kaul et al.,2005).

Effect of Electron Correlation and Breit Interaction on Energies, Oscillator Strengths, and Transition Rates for Low-Lying States of Helium

The transition energies, E1 transitional oscillator strengths of the spin-allowed as well as the spin-forbidden and the corresponding transition rates, and complete M1, E2, M2 forbidden transition rates for 1s^(2), 1s2s, and 1s2p states of He I, are investigated using the multi-configuration Dirac–Hartree–Fock method. In the subsequent relativistic configuration interaction computations, the Breit interaction and the QED effect are considered as perturbation, separately. Our transition energies, oscillator strengths, and transition rates are in good agreement with the experimental and other theoretical results. As a result, the QED effect is not important for helium atoms, however, the effect of the Breit interaction plays a significant role in the transition energies, the oscillator strengths and transition rates.

Effects of Hyperfine and Dopant Cation Interactions on theDC-Electrical Conductivity of MnZn Ferrites

Samples of undoped, and CuO, CaO, Al2O3 as well as V2O5 doped MnZn ferrite were prepared using standard ceramic method. The X-ray diffraction results for the base and doped ferrite samples show a single phase with spinel cubic structure. The Mossbauer spectrum of the base sample indicates line broadening and overlapping due to relaxation of magnetic dipoles. The temperature dependence of DC-electrical conductivity has been discussed on the basis of electronic conduction (electron hopping) and ionic conduction mechanism.

The Effect of the Interaction among Multi-Scale Systems and the Asymmetric an

ＴＨＥＥＦＦＥＣＴＯＦＴＨＥＩＮＴＥＲＡＣＴＩＯＮＡＭＯＮＧＭＵＬＴＩ－ＳＣＡＬＥＳＹＳＴＥＭＳＡＮＤＴＨＥＡＳＹＭＭＥＴＲＩＣＤＹＮＡＭＩＣＡＮＤＴＨＥＲＭＯＤＹＮＡＭＩＣＳＴＲＵＣＴＵＲＥＯＦＴＲＯＰＩＣＡＬＣＹＣＬＯＮＥＯＮＩＴＳＴＲＡＣＫＸｕ...

The Effect of Magnetic Field on Resistivity of Hg_(0.89)Mn_(0.11)Te in Different Temperature Range

The resistivity of Hg0.89Mn0.11Te has been measured by the superconducting quantum interference device magnetometer in the temperature range from 5 to 200 K under the applied magnetic field of 1, 2, 4 and 6.5 Tesla, respectively, compared with that of no-magnetic field. The results show that the resistivity increases with increase applied magnetic field at higher temperature from 80 to 200 K, but decreases at lower temperature from 5 to 25 K. There exists a transitive range from 25 to 80 K, where the variation of the resistivity shows different tendencies depending on the strength of magnetic field. Maximum difference of resistivity under 6.5 Tesla from that without magnetic field in the temperature range from 30 to 200 K is only about 5 Ω·cm, but it increases up to 3 orders of magnitude at 5 K. The analysis shows that the variation of resistivity of Hg0.89Mn0.11Te under the magnetic field is the algebraic sum of the transverse direction magnetoresistance effect and the sp-d exchange interaction effect. TDRME plays major role in the high temperature range. However, with the decrease of temperature, the effect of sp-d EI on the resistivity gradually exceeds that of the transverse direction magnetoresistance effect through the transitive range, and becomes the dominant effect in the temperature range from 5 to 25 K, which leads to the dramatic decrease of resistivity.

Effects of water and nitrogen addition on vegetation carbon pools in a semi-arid temperate steppe

Global change will lead to increases in regional precipitation and nitrogen（N） deposition in the semi-arid grasslands of northern China. We investigated the responses of vegetation carbon（C） pools to simulated precipitation and N deposition increases through field experiments in a typical steppe in Inner Mongolia. The treatments included NH4NO3 addition at concentrations of 0（CK）, 5（LN, low nitrogen）, 10（middle nitrogen, MN）, and 20（HN,high nitrogen）（g m^（-2）a^（-1）） with and without water. After three consecutive years of treatment, from 2010 to 2012,water addition did not significantly change the size of the total vegetation C pools, but it significantly decreased the ratio of root：shoot（R：S）（P = 0.05） relative to controls. By contrast, N addition significantly increased the total vegetation C pools. The C pools in the LN, MN and HN treatments increased by 22, 39 and 44 %, respectively. MN produced the largest effect among the N concentrations,although differences between N-added treatments were not significant（P ？ 0.05）. N addition significantly reduced the ratio of root：shoot（R：S）（P = 0.03）. However, there were no significant interactive effects of water and N addition on the vegetation C pools.