Dark Galaxies, Sun-Earth-Moon Interaction, Tunguska Event—Explained by WUM

Great experimental results and observations achieved by Astronomy in the last decades revealed new unexplainable phenomena. Astronomers have conclusive new evidence that a recently discovered “dark galaxy” is, in fact, an object the size of a galaxy, made entirely of dark matter. They found that the speed of the Earth’s rotation varies randomly each day. 115 years ago, the Tunguska Event was observed, and astronomers still do not have an explanation of It. Main results of the present article are: 1) Dark galaxies explained by the spinning of their Dark Matter Cores with the surface speed at equator less than the escape velocity. Their Rotational Fission is not happening. Extrasolar systems do not emerge;2) 21-cm Emission explained by the self-annihilation of Dark Matter particles XIONs (5.3 μeV);3) Sun-Earth-Moon Interaction explained by the influence of the Sun’s and the Moon’s magnetic field on the electrical currents of the charged Geomagma (the 660-km layer), and, as a result, the Earth’s daylength varies;4) Tunguska Event explained by a huge atmospheric explosion of the Superbolide, which was a stable Dark Matter Bubble before entering the Earth’s atmosphere.

Earth vitality:An integrated framework for tracking Earth sustainability

The Anthropocene era is characterized by the escalating impact of human activities on the environment,as well as the increasingly complex interactions among various components of the Earth system.These factors greatly affect the Earth's evolutionary trajectory.Despite notable strides in sustainable development practices worldwide,it remains unclear to what extent we have achieved Earth sustainability.Consequently,there is a pressing need to enhance conceptual and methodological frameworks to measure sustainability progress accurately.To address this need,we developed an Earth Vitality Framework that aids in tracking the Earth sustainability progress by considering interactions between spheres,recognizing the equal relationship between humans and nature,and presenting a threshold scheme for all measures.We applied this framework at global and national scales to demonstrate its usefulness.Our findings reveal that the current Earth Vitality Index is 63.74,indicating that the Earth is in a"weak"vitality.Irrational social institutions,unsatisfactory life experiences and the poor state of the biosphere and hydrosphere have remarkably affected the Earth vitality.Additionally,inequality exists between high-income and low-income countries.Although most of the former exhibit poor human-nature interaction,all of them enjoy good human well-being,while the opposite is true for the latter.Finally,we summarize the challenges and possible options for enhancing the Earth vitality in terms of coping with spillover effects,tipping cascades,feedback,and heterogeneity.

Control of Earth system evolution on the formation and enrichment of marine ultra-deep petroleum in China

Taking the Paleozoic of the Sichuan and Tarim basins in China as example,the controlling effects of the Earth system evolution and multi-spherical interactions on the formation and enrichment of marine ultra-deep petroleum in China have been elaborated.By discussing the development of“source-reservoir-seal”controlled by the breakup and assembly of supercontinents and regional tectonic movements,and the mechanisms of petroleum generation and accumulation controlled by temperature-pressure system and fault conduit system,Both the South China and Tarim blocks passed through the intertropical convergence zone(ITCZ)of the low-latitude Hadley Cell twice during their drifts,and formed hydrocarbon source rocks with high quality.It is proposed that deep tectonic activities and surface climate evolution jointly controlled the types and stratigraphic positions of ultra-deep hydrocarbon source rocks,reservoirs,and seals in the Sichuan and Tarim basins,forming multiple petroleum systems in the Ediacaran-Cambrian,Cambrian-Ordovician,Cambrian-Permian and Permian-Triassic strata.The matching degree of source-reservoir-seal,the type of organic matter in source rocks,the deep thermal regime of basin,and the burial-uplift process across tectonic periods collectively control the entire process from the generation to the accumulation of oil and gas.Three types of oil and gas enrichment models are formed,including near-source accumulation in platform marginal zones,distant-source accumulation in high-energy beaches through faults,and three-dimensional accumulation in strike-slip fault zones,which ultimately result in the multi-layered natural gas enrichment in ultra-deep layers of the Sichuan Basin and co-enrichment of oil and gas in the ultra-deep layers of the Tarim Basin.

Characterization and Modeling of Reinforced Earth Structures

The aim of this study is to characterize soil/reinforcement interaction in reinforced earth structures. The study showed that the internal behavior of this type of structure depends on a number of factors, including the engineering backfill, the reinforcement and the soil/reinforcement interaction. The study also showed that the soil-reinforcement interaction phenomenon is a fairly complex mechanism that depends on the applied load, the geometry of the structure, the characteristics of the soil and a set of parameters characterizing the nailing: density, number and length of reinforcements, inclination of the reinforcements in relation to the sliding surface, mechanical characteristics of the reinforcements and, in particular, the relative stiffness of the reinforcements and the soil. The results showed that the tensile forces developed in the reinforcement are not entirely reversible, and that the soil at the interface undergoes permanent deformation, leading to the appearance of irreversible tensile forces in the reinforcement.

Electronic Theoretical Study of the Interaction between Rare Earth Elements and Impurities at Grain Boundaries in Steel

The model of dislocations was used to construct the model of grain boundary (GB) with pure rare earths, and rare earth elements and impurities. The influence of the interaction between rare earth elements and impurities on the cohesive properties of 5.3° low angle GB of Fe was investigated by the recursion method. The calculated results of environment sensitive embeding energy( E ESE ) show that the preferential segregation of rare earth elements towards GBs exists. Calculations of bond order integrals (BOI) show that rare earth elements increase the cohesive strength of low angle GB, and impurities such as S, P weaken the intergranular cohesion of the GB. So rare earth element of proper quantity added in steel not only cleanses other harmful impurities off the GBs, but also enhances the intergranular cohesion. This elucidates the action mechanism of rare earth elements in steel from electronic level and offers theoretical evidence for applications of rare earth elements in steels.

Review of Rare Earths and Fluid-Rock Interaction

As demonstrated by a great amount of geologic and experimental evidences, RE of rock systems may be mobilized during fluid-rock interaction when solutions are rich in F -, Cl -, CO 3 2-, HCO 3 -, CO 2, HPO 4 2-, HS -, S 2-, SO 4 2-, though little has been known about the mobilizing mechanism of these anions or ligands. The fractionation of RE resulted from hydrothermal alterations, i. e., fluid-rock interactions, are distinctive. One set of field data implies the preferential mobility of the LRE, while another set of field observations demonstrates the dominant mobilization of the HRE, and some theoretical prediction is not consistent with the field evidence. The Eu anomalies caused by fluid-rock interaction are complex and compelling explanation is not available due to inadequate experimental approaches. To know the exact behavior of RE during fluid-rock interaction and to solve the contradiction between some theoretical predictions and field observations, the following works remain to be done: (1) experimental investigations of RE mobility and fractionation as a function of fluid chemistry, e.g., the activity of F -, Cl -, CO 3 2-, HCO 3 -, CO 2, HPO 4 2-, HS -, S 2-, SO 4 2-, etc.; (2) experimental determination of RE mobility and fractionation as a function of T, P, pH, E h and water/rock ratios; (3) investigation of the mechanism and the controlling factors of RE partitioning between hydrothermal minerals and fluids. It was demonstrated that RE mobility is a potentially useful method for exploration.

Influence of non-covalent interactions on properties of lanthanide systems with aromatic ligands

Two series of lanthanide compounds, namely, chlorides containing different numbers of both 1,10-phenanthroline （Phen） molecules and chloride anions in the first coordination sphere, and Schiff Bases （SBs） derived from Pyridoxal （PL） and amino acids, were characterized by single crystal X-ray diffraction and luminescence techniques. The combined use of these techniques for the analysis of long-distance europium non-covalent interactions was performed for the first time. As a result, the correlation between supramolecular organization and the features of the Eum electronic transitions was found for the compounds of the first series. Strong non-covalent interactions between pyridoxal tings of SBs （the second series of compotmd） led to the formation of 1：2 species and four-dentate coordination function of these SBs in aqueous solution.

Interaction Rule between Rare Earths and LowMelting Point Elements in Fe-,Cu-,AI-,Ni-Base Liquid Solutions

Interaction rule between representative RE and Sn, Sb, Pb, Cu, S, P low melting point elements respectively in Fe , Cu , Al , Ni base liquid solutions including totally 34 ternary and quarternary systems was investigated. For each system some thermodynamic properties were obtained, such as the standard free energies of equilibrium reactions, activity interaction coefficients etc ..

Improved Simulation Method for Soil-Geogrid Interaction of Reinforced Earth Structure in FEM

The interaction between geogrid and soil is crucial for the stability of geogrid-reinforced earth structure. In finite element （FE） analysis, geogrids are usually assumed as beam or truss elements, and the interaction between geogrid and soil is considered as Coulomb friction resistance, which cannot reflect the true stress and displacement developed in the reinlbrcement. And the traditional Lagrangian elements used to simulate soil always become highly distorted and lose accuracy in high-stress blocks. An improved geogrid model that can produce shear resistance and passive resistance and a soil model using the Eulerian technique, in combination with the coupled Eulerian-Lagrangian （CEL） method, are used to analyze the interaction between geogrid and soil of reinforced foundation test in ABAQUS. The stress in the backfill, resistance of geogrid, and settlement of foundation were computed and the results of analysis agree well with the experimental results. This simulation method is of referential value for FE analysis of reinforced earth structure.

Mechanism of interaction relation between the rare-earth element Ce and impurity elements Pb and Bi in Ag-based filler metal

The mechanism of interaction relation between the rare-earth element Ce and elements Pb and Bi in Ag-based filler metal has been studied. The results show that the compounds CePb and CeBi with high melting point can be easily produced between these three elements in the filler metal, which greatly limited the formation of the isolated phase Pb or Bi and also eliminated the bad effect of impurity elements Pb and Bi on the spreading property of Ag-based filler metal. The metallurgical and quantum-mechanical bond formation analysis show that a strong chemical affinity was existed between the rare-earth element Ce and impurity elements Pb and Bi, which was proved by the XRD analysis results.

Calculation of Interaction Parameters from Immiscible Phase Diagram of Alkali Metal or Alkali Earth Metal-Halide System by Means of Subregular Solution Model

In this paper, the interaction parameters in the subregular solution model, λ1 and λ2, are regarded as a linear function of temperature, T. Therefore, the molar excess Gibbs energy of A-B binary system may be reexpressed as follows:Gm^E=xAxB[(λ11+λ12T)+(λ21+λ22T)xB]The calculation of the model parameters, λ11, λ12, λ21and λ22, was carried out numerically from the phase diagrams for 11 alkali metal-alkali halide or alkali earth metal-halide systems. In addition, artificial neural network trained by known data has been used to predict the values of these model parameters. The predicted results are in good agreement with the .calculated ones. The applicability of the subregular solution model to the alkali metal-alkali halide or alkali earth metal-halide systems were tested by comparing the available experimental composition along the boundary of miscibility gap with the calculated ones which were obtained by using genetic algorithm. The good agreement between the calculated and experimental results across the entire liquidus is valid evidence in support of the model.

Behaviors of Rare Earths during Fluid-Rock Interaction and Its Significance of Geochemistry

Rare earths in ores, altered and unaltered sericite phyllite, altered and unaltered dacite porphyry were determined in order to examine behaviors of rare earths in hydrothermal alteration associating with ore-forming processes of Yinshan deposit. It is not sufficient to show the mobility only by the absolute abundance of trace elements changes before and after alteration. This can simply result from dilution or concentration if other elements are added to or removed from the rock. As shown by that in Yinshan deposit, less than 20% of the increment of RE was caused by the 'condensed' of leaching some of major elements (e.g. Si, Na) from the rock. The principal factor which should be responsible for the higher contents of RE in altered rock is the addition of RE into the rock by hydrothermal fluids. Eu is selectively leached from the altered sericite phyllite by a mild acidity and reducing fluid which is characterized by much lower LRE/HRE ratio and a large positive Eu anomaly. A major effect on the RE patterns is the tendency to develop relatively flatter chondrite-normalized patterns. The RE characteristics may be used to distinguish between small and large ore bodies at a later stage of exploration.

Investigation on Interaction Mechanism of Components in Fiction Materials Doping Rare Earths

Semi-metal friction material was applied widely in brake process of traffic and dynamical system. The friction materials with rare earth additive were manufactured by heating press molding process. The effects of different reinforcing fibers and adhesives on the properties of the materials were studied by changing the formula. The results showed that the friction materials with YSM resin adhesive and hybrid fibers (Kevlar pulp and steel fiber) had higher and more stable friction coefficient and lower wear rate. Semi-metal friction materials with rare earths formed iron-rich surface layer in the worn surface, and the mechanisms of wear had obvious differences at typical temperature ranges.

Study on the Interaction of Rare Earth with 3, 5, 3'-Triiodothyronine

The stability constants for rare earth complexes with 3, 5, 3'-triiodothyronine were determined at 37℃ and an ionic strength of 0.15 mole/L NaCl,The lanthanide induced shifts were measured for 1H nuclei of 3, 5, 3'-triiodothyrouine. The coordination of rare earth with 3, 5, 3'-triiodothyronine was discussed.

The Role of the Neutron-proton Interaction in Anomalous Band Crossing of Rare Earth Nuclei

Experimental estimate values of the n-p interaction between the odd protonand the aligning neutron pairs for odd proton nuclei in the first band crossing region areextracted based on the experimental quasi-particle routhians.The reliability of thismethod and the relation between the anomalous band crossing and the neutron-protoninteraction are discussed.

Application of engineered compressible inclusions to mitigating soilstructure interaction issues in integral bridge abutments

The thermally induced cyclic loading on integral bridge abutments causes soil deformation and lateral stress ratcheting behind the abutment wall due to the expansion and contraction of the bridge deck.The forward and backward movements of the abutment in response to the expansion/contraction of the bridge deck lead to the formation of settlement trough and surface heaving,frequently creating a bump at the bridge approach and increasing the lateral earth pressure behind the abutment.Measures to reduce the bump at the bridge approach,including several treatment methods,such as compaction of selected backfill materials,grout injection,installation of approach slab,and using a layer of compressible inclusion material behind the abutment were proposed.However,these guidelines still lack sufficient design details and there are limited experimental findings to validate design assumptions.In this paper,the use of engineered compressible materials to alleviate the lateral earth pressure ratcheting and settlement at the bridge approach is investigated.The comparative study is presented for the soil-inclusion,material-structure and soil-structure interactions for an integral bridge under three different backfill conditions,i.e.(a)sand,(b)sand and EPS geofoam,and(c)sand and Infinergy®.The study was conducted in a special large-scale test chamber with a semi-scale abutment to gain better insights into the soil-structure interaction(SSI).The kinematics and rearrangement of the soil during the cyclic loading have been investigated to identify the mitigating effects of compressible inclusions.The comparative study indicates that both compressible inclusions perform comparatively well,however,Infinergy®is a better alternative than the medium-density EPS geofoam,as it works more effectively to reduce the backfill settlement and heaving as well as soil ratcheting effects under cyclic translational movement.

地球系统演化对中国海相超深层油气形成与富集的控制作用

以四川盆地和塔里木盆地古生界为例,详细论述了地球系统演化和多圈层相互作用对中国海相超深层油气形成与富集的控制作用。通过探讨超大陆散聚和区域构造运动控制下的盆地“源-储-盖”叠置发育和匹配程度,以及温压系统和断裂输导体系控制的油气生成和富集机制,发现华南和塔里木陆块同步漂移过程中,两次经过低纬度哈德里环流带的热带辐合区(ITCZ),均形成了优质烃源岩;提出深部构造活动和地表气候演变共同控制了四川盆地和塔里木盆地超深层烃源岩、储层和盖层的类型和发育层位,形成了埃迪卡拉系—寒武系、寒武系—奥陶系、寒武系—二叠系和二叠系—三叠系的多个油气系统。源-储-盖匹配程度、烃源岩母质类型、盆地深部热体制和跨构造期埋深-隆升过程,联合控制油气从生成到富集的全过程,形成了台缘带近源充注成藏、高能滩远源断裂连通成藏、走滑破裂带立体成藏3种油气富集模式,最终促使四川盆地超深层多层系天然气富集和塔里木盆地超深层油气共富集。

黄色黏球菌/铜绿假单胞菌-离子型稀土矿相互作用比较研究

以稀土矿区环境中常见的黄色黏球菌和铜绿假单胞菌为对象,比较研究这两种细菌及其发酵液与离子型稀土矿相互作用过程中的溶液行为;利用扫描电子显微镜、透射电子显微镜、X射线衍射和傅里叶红外光谱等手段分析作用前后细胞和矿物相的形态、结构、稀土元素分布和官能团变化。结果表明,黄色黏球菌、铜绿假单胞菌对稀土矿物作用过程具有一定差异性,在溶浸稀土矿过程中,铜绿假单胞菌直接作用体系相比发酵液间接作用体系溶浸稀土离子效果更好,而黄色黏球菌直接作用体系弱于发酵液间接作用体系。此外,稀土矿物的存在可以促进黄色黏球菌脂质和蛋白组分的分泌,抑制其多糖组分的分泌,而对铜绿假单胞菌,稀土矿物的存在对脂质和蛋白组分分泌影响较小,但促进了多糖组分的分泌。

Multi-spherical interactions and mechanisms of hydrocarbon enrichment in the Southeast Asian archipelagic tectonic system

Global cooling began since 50 Ma,but a warm climate was maintained in the archipelagic tectonic system in Southeast Asia where a wealth of Cenozoic oil and gas resources was formed and preserved.From the perspective of Earth system,this study analyzes Cenozoic tectonic activities,climatic and environmental evolution,and petroleum enrichment in Southeast Asia,and provides the following insights:(1)Subduction of oceanic plates and the extension of overlying continental lithosphere resulted in widespread volcanic eruptions as well as the formation of rift basins and shallow marine shelves,leading to complex interactions between deep tectonic processes and Earth’s surface including mountains,basins,and seas.(2)Microcontinental accretion and prolonged stay in equatorial low-latitude regions have changed trade winds into monsoons,altered ocean current pathways and flow rates,and profoundly affected rainfall and climate.(3)The archipelagic tectonic system,coupled with a hot and rainy climate,fostered tropical rainforests,mangroves,and phytoplankton,providing abundant organic matter and promoting the development of petroleum resources.(4)Combinations of rift basin development and marine transgression and regression led to an effective superposition of source-reservoir-seal combinations from multiplepetroleum systems.Rapid deep burial of organic matter and high geothermal gradients facilitated the generation and large-scale accumulation of oil and gas.(5)Multi-spherical(such as atmosphere,biosphere,hydrosphere and lithosphere)interactions on the Earth,which resulted from the convergence of multiple tectonic plates,are believed as the primary driver for exceptional enrichments of Cenozoic oil and gas resources in Southeast Asia.These understandings are significant for developing theories of oil and gas enrichment under the guidance of Earth System Science.In order to continue making significant oil and gas exploration discoveries in the deep-layers,deep-waters,and unconventional oil and gas fields of Southeast Asia,attention should be paid to the oil and gas resource effects of the collision between Australia and Sunda blocks and the high-temperature and high-rainfall climate environment,and efforts should be made to develop economic development and CO_(2)sequestration technologies for offshore CO_(2)-rich gas fields.

基于DEW模型的地球深部流体组成与水岩相互作用计算方法综述

水岩相互作用会导致流体中元素的价态、赋存形式等发生改变,进而对元素的富集成矿、循环通量等产生影响。由于地球深部样品与实验数据有限,建立和使用地球深部流体模型可以有效地增加人们对深部流体及水岩相互作用的认知。Deep Earth Water(DEW)模型是一种描述地球深部流体热力学性质的数据库,其可以与矿物热力学数据库联用,实现对地球深部水岩相互作用过程的模拟研究。本文阐释了使用DEW模型描述深部流体的必要性,叙述了应用DEW模型进行深部流体物种和水岩相互作用计算的基本原理,介绍了一种基于DEW模型计算流体物种的软件——FluidsLab,列举了地球深部流体以及水岩相互作用的应用案例与研究现状,最后对DEW模型后续的应用与发展方向进行展望。