Apparent quantum yield of photosynthesis of winter wheat and its response to temperature and intercellular CO_2 concentration under low atmospheric pressure on Tibetan Plateau

The Tibetan Plateau is characterized by lower atmospheric pressure, lower air temperature and high daily and seasonal variation due to high elevation. The photosynthesis of aaplants is significantly influenced by these alpine environmental factors. Apparent quantum yield (αA) is one of the basic parameters of photosynthesis and mass production. Its accuracy determination is of significance to model photosynthesis of C3 plants and global change on the plateau. In the Lhasa Plateau Ecological Station with 65.4 kPa of atmospheric pressure at an elevation of 3688 m, Li-Cor 6400 portable photosynthesis system was used to measure light response curves of winter wheat in different temperatures and intercellular CO2 concentration (C,). The slope of light response curve in weak light area of PFD from 0 to 150 μmol m-2 s-1 was used to evaluate the value of αA. The dependence of αA on temperature and intercellular concentration was analyzed. In 30℃, the average value of αA was 0.0476±0.0038. It is not quite different from the values in low elevation areas. αA is influenced both by temperature and by the ratio of CO2 and O2 partial pressure ([CO2]/[O2]). The measured values in the previous study were much lower. This might be due to systematic errors from instrument and data processing methods. The values of αA decreased linearly with temperature. It decreased 0.0007 in every 1℃ increase of temperature. The decrease slope is similar to those of C3 plants in the previous researches. While [O2] is constant,αA increases with Ciwith a hyperbolic relationship. In comparison with low elevation areas, the αA on the Tibetan Plateau is more sensitive to increase of CO2.

RELATIONSHIPS OF STARCH CONCENTRATION WITH SPECIFIC LEAF WEIGHT AND MINERAL CONCENTRATIONS IN POTATO LEAVES UNDER VARIED CO_2 AND TEMPERATURE

Foliar concentrations of starch and major nutrients N, P, K, Ca, and Mg along with specific leaf weight (SLW) were determined in the potato (Solanun tuberosum L.) cvs "Denali", "Norland "'and "Russet Burbank" grown for 35 days under the CO2 concentrations of 500, 1 000, 1 500 and 2 000 mol mol-1 at both 16 and 20℃ air temperature. The starch concentration, pooled from the three cultivars, increased with increasing CO2 concentration at both 16 and 20℃,, and was consistently higher at 16℃ than at 20℃. The SLW (g m-2) was positively related to the foliar starch concentration on the basis of leaf area or dry weight. The concentrations of N, P, Ca, and Mg in leaves were negatively related to starch concentration under 14% starch on a dry weight basis. Above 14%, there was no significant relationship between nutrient and starch concentrations . The similar patterns were seen when the SLW and nutrient concentrations were expressed on a starch-free basis. In contrast, the leaf concentration of K was not closely related to the starch concentration. The results indicated that the changes in SLW and concentrations of N, P, Ca, and Mg in potato leaves only partially resulted from the changed starch concentration.

Spatial variations in daily average CO_2 concentrations above wetland surface of Xianghai National Nature Reserve, China

Horizontal and vertical variations of daily average CO 2 concentration above the wetland surface were studied in Xianghai National Nature Reserve of China in August, 2000 The primary purpose was to study spatial distribution characteristics of CO 2 concentration on the four levels of height(0 1 m, 0 6 m, 1 2 m and 2 m) and compare the differences of CO 2 concentration under different land covers. Results showed that daily average CO 2 concentration above wetland surface in Xianghai National Natural Reserve was lower than that above other wetlands in northeast China as well as the worldwide average, suggesting that Xianghai wetland absorbed CO 2 in August and acted as “sink” of CO 2 The horizontal variations on the four levels of height along the latitude were distinct, and had the changing tendency of “decreasing after increasing” with the increase of height. The areas with obvious variations were consistent on different levels of height, and those with the highest variations appeared above surface of shore, sloping field, Typha wetland and Phragmites wetland; the vertical variations were greatly different, with the higher variations in Phragmites wetland and Typha wetland, and the lands near the shore and the sloping field with the lower variations. Spatial variations of daily average CO 2 concentrations above wetland surface were affected by surface qualities and land covers.

CO_2 CONCENTRATION AND FLUX NEAR GROUND IN MARSH OF THE SANJIANG PLAIN OF NORTHEAST CHINA

There is limited information available on CO2 concentration and flux over marsh. The objective of this work was to characterize CO2 concentration and flux within and above marsh plant (Cares lasiocarpa Ehrh. and C. pseudoucuaica F. Schm) canopy at heights 0. 5, 1. 0 and 1. 5 m.CO2 concentration was measured sequentially every 3 bars by using an infrared gas analyzer. Soil and air temperature, wind speed, net radiation and soil heat flux were also measured simultaneously. Extremely drily minimum and maximum CO2 concentration rangal from 250 to 754 μmd/mol for the 4-year work. The typical minimum and maximum values ranged from 314 to 464 μmol/mol at the height of marsh plant (about 0. 5 m) during the fruiting perioed and mature date. The seasonal changes in CO2 concentration show that the minimum CO2 concentration occurred in the fruiting period and mature date, and both of their minimum values were 314 μmol/mol. This illustrates that CO2 consumed by photosynthesis was stable during the period. The flux of CO2 can be thought as a turbulent diffusion phenomenon. By micrometeorological methods, the diurnal CO2 fluxes were measured in the flowering peried, fruiting period, early mature date, late mature date and yellow-ripe stage. Their values were -0. 18, 38. 15,24. 13, 10. 9 and 4. 91 μmol/mol respectively.

Effect of elevated ambient CO_2 concentration on water use efficiency of Pinus sylvestriformis

Pinus Syvestfiformis is an important species as an indicator of global climate changes in Changbai Mountain, China. The water use efficiency (WUE) of this species (11 -year old ) was studied on response to elevated Co, concentration at 500±μLL' L-1 by directly injecting CO2 into the canopy under natural condition in 1998-1999. The results showed that the elevated Co, concentration reduced averagely stomatal opening, stomatal conductance and stomatal density to 78%, 80% and 87% respectively, as compared to normal ambient. The elevated Co, reduced the transpiration and enhances the water use efficiency (WUE) of plant.

Effect of Different High CO_2 Concentrations on the Development of 2-cell Mouse Embryos in vitro

Objective To investigate effects of different high CO_2 concentrations on the development of 2-cell mouse embryos in vitro Methods At levels of 5% CO_2 (control group), 5.7% CO_2, 6.0% CO_2 and 15% CO_2, embryos were incubated in drops with CZB medium, respectively, and the drops were covered by paraffin oil which was treated with three-distilled water. In addition, at the level of 15% CO_2, there were another two groups, in which paraffin oil was treated with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) solution or the drops were uncovered. The development of embryos in all stages was noted. Results The developmental rates of blastocysts in five experimental groups were significantly lower than that of the control group (P<0.01). At the level of 5.7% CO_2, the developmental rate of blastocysts was 4.3%, and those of other experimental groups were 0. At the levels of 5.7% and 6.0% CO_2, embryos were blocked in the 2-cell or the 4-cell stage, and no significant difference was showed between the two groups (P>0.05). At the level of 15% CO_2, 15% embryos developed in the 4-cell stage with irregular blastomere and degenerated quickly in the group which paraffin oil was treated with distilled water; 2.2% embryos developed in the 4-cell stage in the group which paraffin oil was treated with PBS and the rest stagnated in the 2-cell stage. Conclusions High CO_2 concentrations had toxic effect on the in vitro development of 2-cell mouse embryos, and was responsible for the inhibition of the embryos. It is important for the development of embryos in vitro to detect strictly CO_2 concentration.

Global CO_(2) concentration change induced by“trigger-connectors”model,especially since about 24 Ma?A preliminary hypothesis

Background,aim,and scope The tectonic uplift of the Cenozoic Tibetan Plateau has produced a chain effect,which is an excellent location for Earth system science research,and its uplift process,mechanism and environmental effects are the hot spot and frontier of the current research.The“Tibetan Plateau uplift-weathering-CO_(2) concentration-global climate change”model was put forward by Raymo and Ruddiman to interpret the Late Cenozoic climate change.However,there are still some questions suspended,such as does the weathering of the Tibetan Plateau have the ability to control the global climate?How to explain the modern-like global CO_(2) concentration starting at about 24 Ma?Here,a short space was taken to present a brainstorm about the above questions on account of existing geological pieces of evidence.Materials and methods In this paper,we integrate the formation and evolution of the Yangtze River and Pearl River,the origin and development of the Asian inland aridification-monsoon system,the Cenozoic tectonic uplift process of the Tibetan Plateau,and the westerly winds to discuss and analyze the relationship between the Cenozoic CO_(2) concentration changes and the uplift of the Tibetan Plateau and why the CO_(2) concentration similar to the present was formed at about 24 Ma.Results Similar correspondence of the surface uplift history of Xizang,other global mountains,and the declining CO_(2) concentration could support the theory Tibetan Plateau weathering inf luences CO_(2) concentration.Starting from 24 Ma,the most important character was the uplift and erosion of Xizang and Himalaya,collaborating with Ocean Iron Fertilization(OIF)together as an entity to control the atmospheric CO_(2) concentration because the great Asian rivers,Asian monsoons,and westerlies connected Xizang and surrounded seas together through materials transportation.Discussion Paleogeographic reconstructions from 40 Ma to 20 Ma illustrate that the main topographic change occurred in the Andes,Cordillera orogenic belt,and Xizang.We comprise a comprehensive set of evidence from independent data,which correspond temporally with the tipping point(about 24 Ma)of the atmospheric CO_(2) and we noticed that modern-like Asia monsoon,inland aridity,Asian great rivers,and climate zone formed at about 24 Ma and also there are tectonic activities for the Andes and Rockies.We raised the possibility that the modern-like atmospheric CO_(2) concentration at about 24 Ma was caused by the above geological factors.Here the rivers,monsoon,and westerlies are termed as“connectors”.In addition,these Asian rivers originated from Xizang,the monsoon,and inner Asian aridification are strongly a function of the uplift and growth of Xizang,thus,Xizang here is named as“trigger”.The distinct character of“trigger-connectors”model is that this not only takes the monsoon,westerlies,and the global great rivers into consideration but also expands the range which inf luences atmospheric CO_(2) concentration,from local points to a vast area since about 24 Ma,such as from Tibetan Plateau to Asia,including surrounded seas,after about 24 Ma.However,because the opening of the Late Oligocene-Early Miocene Antarctic periphery straits is highly coincident with the onset of modern-like global atmospheric CO_(2) concentration,we are forced to consider that they also had a significant impact on the reduction of atmospheric CO_(2) concentrations at this time.Conclusions“Trigger-connectors”was put forward to explain the Cenozoic CO_(2) variation,especially modern-like global CO_(2) concentration since about 24 Ma.Recommendations and perspectives Here we use the“trigger-connectors”model to explain the formation of modern-like CO_(2) concentrations starting at about 24 Ma,but there are still some problems.The most important premise for the“trigger-connectors”model is the constructed Cenozoic CO_(2) concentration record is reliable,which is the foundation of our hypothesis.In the future,potential improvements should focus on topographic reconstructions of Xizang and the global mountains.Here we have concentrated on Xizang in the considered timeslices but still,pay less attention to other global orogenic belts.Collaborations with geologist experts in those regions could provide valuable feedback to evaluate their potential role of them in CO_(2) evolution.What is more,considerable progress may be achieved with the addition and consideration of more and new geological data.

Stomatal response of Pinus sylvestriformis to elevated CO2 concentrations during the four years of exposure

Four-year-old Pinus sylvestriformis were exposed for four growing seasons in open top chambers to ambient CO2 concentration (approx. 350 μmol·mol-1) and high CO2 concentrations (500 and 700 μmol·mol-1) at Research Station of Changbai Mountain Forest Ecosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences at Antu Town, Jilin Province, China (42oN, 128oE). Stomatal response to elevated CO2 concentrations was examined by stomatal conductance (gs), ratio of intercellular to ambient CO2 concentration (ci/ca) and stomatal number. Reciprocal transfer experiments of stomatal conductance showed that stomatal conductance in high-[CO2]-grown plants increased in comparison with ambient-[CO2]-grown plants when measured at their respective growth CO2 concentration and at the same measurement CO2 concentration (except a reduction in 700 μmol·mol-1 CO2 grown plants compared with plants on unchambered field when measured at growth CO2 concentration and 350 μmol·mol-1CO2). High-[CO2]-grown plants exhibited lower ci/ca ratios than ambient-[CO2]-grown plants when measured at their respective growth CO2 concentration. However, ci/ca ratios increased for plants grown in high CO2 concentrations compared with control plants when measured at the same CO2 concentration. There was no significant difference in stomatal number per unit long needle between elevated and ambient CO2. However, elevated CO2 concentrations reduced the total stomatal number of whole needle by the decline of stomatal line and changed the allocation pattern of stomata between upper and lower surface of needle.

从树轮纤维素δ^(13)C序列看树木生长对大气CO_2浓度变化的响应

在新疆昭苏树轮碳同位素组成研究的基础上 ,初步分析了近 2 80a以来云杉内外CO2 浓度比(Ci/Ca)、云杉内部CO2 浓度 (Ci)和水分利用效率 (A/g)的变化 .结果表明 ,在整个分析时段内Ci/Ca相对恒定在 0 5 2左右 ,暗示树木生长对大气CO2 浓度升高的基本响应策略 ;Ci和A/g都有较明显的升高趋势 ,说明可能有更多的碳被固定在树木之中 ;进一步分析表明 ,它们的这种趋势与大气CO2 浓度变化有关 。

Effects of Atmospheric CO_2 Enrichment, Applied Nitrogen and Soil Moisture on Dry Matter Accumulation and Nitrogen Uptake in Spring Wheat

Spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L. cv. Dingxi No. 8654) was treated with twoconcentrations of atmospheric CO_2 (350 and 700 μmol mol^(-1)), two levels of soil moisture(well-watered and drought) and five rates of nitrogen fertilizer (0, 50, 100, 150, and 200 mgkg^(-1) soil) to study the atmospheric CO_2 concentration effect on dry matter accumulation and Nuptake of spring wheat. The effects of CO_2 enrichment on the shoot and total mass depended largelyon soil nitrogen level, and the shoot and total mass increased significantly in the moderate to highN treatments but did not increase significantly in the low N treatment. Enriched CO_2 concentrationdid not increase more shoot and total mass in the drought treatment than in the well-wateredtreatment. Thus, elevated CO_2 did not ameliorate the depressive effects of drought and nitrogenstress. In addition, root mass decreased slightly and root/shoot ratio decreased significantly dueto CO_2 enrichment in no N treatment under well-watered condition. Enriched CO_2 decreased shoot Ncontent and shoot and total N uptake; but it reduced root N content and uptake slightly. Shootcritical N concentration was lower for spring wheat grown at 700 μmol mol^(-1) CO_2 than at 350μmol mol^(-1) CO_2 in both well-watered and drought treatments. The critical N concentrations were16 and 19 g kg^(-1) for the well-watered treatment and drought treatment at elevated CO_2 and 21 and26 g kg^(-1) at ambient CO_2, respectively. The reductions in the movement of nutrients to theplant roots through mass flow due to the enhancement in WUE (water use efficiency) and the increasein N use efficiency at elevated CO_2 could elucidate the reduction of shoot and root Nconcentrations.

Recent progress of green sorbents-based technologies for low concentration CO_(2) capture

The increased concentration of CO_(2) due to continuous breathing and no discharge of human beings in the manned closed space,like spacecraft and submarines,can be a threat to health and safety.Effective removal of low concentration CO_(2) from the manned closed space is essential to meet the requirements of long-term space or deep-sea exploration,which is an international frontier and trend.Ionic liquids(ILs),as a widespread and green solvent,already showed its excellent performance on CO_(2) capture and absorption,indicating its potential application in low concentration CO_(2) capture.In this review,we first summarized the current methods and strategies for direct capture from low concentration CO_(2) in both the atmosphere and manned closed spaces.Then,the multi-scale simulation methods of CO_(2) capture by ionic liquids are described in detail,including screening ionic liquids by COSMO-RS methods,capture mechanism by density functional theory and molecular dynamics simulation,and absorption process by computational fluid dynamics simulation.Lastly,some typical IL-based green technologies for low concentration CO_(2) capture,such as functionalized ILs,co-solvent systems with ILs,and supported materials based on ILs,are introduced,and analyzed the subtle possibility in manned closed spaces.Finally,we look forward to the technology and development of low concentration CO_(2) capture,which can meet the needs of human survival in closed space and proposed that supported materials with ionic liquids have great advantages and infinite possibilities in the vital area.

Raman and infrared spectroscopic quantification of the carbonate concentration in K_(2)CO_(3)aqueous solutions with water as an internal standard

Carbonate-bearing fluids widely exist in different geological settings,and play important roles in transporting some elements such as the rare earth elements.They may be trapped as large or small fluid inclusions(with the size down to<1μm sometimes),and record critical physical-chemical signals for the formations of their host minerals.Spectroscopic methods like Raman spectroscopy and infrared spectroscopy have been proposed as effective methods to quantify the carbonate concentrations of these fluid inclusions.Although they have some great technical advantages over the conventional microthermometry method,there are still some technical difficulties to overcome before they can be routinely used to solve relevant geological problems.The typical limitations include their interlaboratory difference and poor performance on micro fluid inclusions.This study prepared standard ion-distilled water and K_(2)CO_(3)aqueous solutions at different molarities(from 0.5 to 5.5 mol/L),measured densities,collected Raman and infrared spectra,and explored correlations between the K_(2)CO_(3)molarity and the spectroscopic features at ambient P-T conditions.The result confirms that the Raman O-H stretching mode can be used as an internal standard to determine the carbonate concentrations despite some significant differences among the correlations,established in different laboratories,between the relative Raman intensity of the C-O symmetric stretching mode and that of the O-H stretching mode.It further reveals that the interlaboratory difference can be readily removed by performing one high-quality calibration experiment,provided that later quantifying analyses are conducted using the same Raman spectrometer with the same analytical conditions.Our infrared absorption data were collected from thin fluid films(thickness less than~2μm)formed by pressing the prepared solutions in a Microcompression Cell with two diamond-II plates.The data show that both the O-H stretching mode and the O-H bending mode can be used as internal standards to determine the carbonate concentrations.Since the IR signals of the C-O antisymmetric stretching vibration of the CO32ion,and the O-H stretching and bending vibrations from our thin films are very strong,their relative IR absorbance intensity,if well calibrated,can be used to investigate the micron-sized carbonate-bearing aqueous fluid inclusions.This study establishes the first calibration of this kind,which may have some applications.Additionally,our spectroscopic data suggest that as the K_(2)CO_(3)concentration increases the aqueous solution forms more large water molecule clusters via more intense hydrogen-bonding.This process may significantly alter the physical and chemical behavior of the fluids.

Spatial Inhomogeneity of Atmospheric CO_(2) Concentration and Its Uncertainty in CMIP6 Earth System Models

This paper provides a systematic evaluation of the ability of 12 Earth System Models(ESMs)participating in the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6(CMIP6)to simulate the spatial inhomogeneity of the atmospheric carbon dioxide(CO_(2))concentration.The multi-model ensemble mean(MME)can reasonably simulate the increasing trend of CO_(2) concentration from 1850 to 2014,compared with the observation data from the Scripps CO_(2) Program and CMIP6 prescribed data,and improves upon the CMIP5 MME CO_(2) concentration(which is overestimated after 1950).The growth rate of CO_(2) concentration in the northern hemisphere(NH)is higher than that in the southern hemisphere(SH),with the highest growth rate in the mid-latitudes of the NH.The MME can also reasonably simulate the seasonal amplitude of CO_(2) concentration,which is larger in the NH than in the SH and grows in amplitude after the 1950s(especially in the NH).Although the results of the MME are reasonable,there is a large spread among ESMs,and the difference between the ESMs increases with time.The MME results show that regions with relatively large CO_(2) concentrations(such as northern Russia,eastern China,Southeast Asia,the eastern United States,northern South America,and southern Africa)have greater seasonal variability and also exhibit a larger inter-model spread.Compared with CMIP5,the CMIP6 MME simulates an average spatial distribution of CO_(2) concentration that is much closer to the site observations,but the CMIP6-inter-model spread is larger.The inter-model differences of the annual means and seasonal cycles of atmospheric CO_(2) concentration are both attributed to the differences in natural sources and sinks of CO_(2) between the simulations.

Spatio-temporal variation of soil CO_(2) concentration in Loess Area of northwestern Shanxi Province,China

CO_(2) released by soil serves as an important link between terrestrial ecosystems and atmospheric CO_(2), whose small chang‐es may significantly affect the global carbon cycle. In order to reveal the spatio-temporal variations of CO_(2) concentrations in deep loess, this paper takes Qingliangsi Gully watershed in northwestern Shanxi Province, China as an example to sys‐tematically study soil CO_(2)concentration and its spatio-temporal variations and carbon sink significance under different watershed locations and different land use types. Results show that: (1) The release potential of the loess soil is larger in the depth range of 2 m, which is much more likely to be the CO_(2) release area. (2) Grassland and forest are more advanta‐geous in terms of soil microbial activity and soil carbon reserve compared with farmland. In addition, the change of land use type from farmland to grassland can increase soil organic carbon reserve, which is of far-reaching significance to the global carbon cycle. This is especially true in an area like the Loess Plateau with densely covered hills, gullies, and serious soil erosion in an area of 64×104 km2. (3) In the study area, the diurnal concentration of soil CO_(2) at different depths shows a weak "high-low-high-low" trend from 08:00 to 07:00 next day;and in deep soil it has a lag time compared with the daily change of temperature, generally about 4−12 h, which may be caused largely by the more compact loess structure. It is worth pointing out that the Loess Plateau in China, with a thickness of the loess of tens to hundreds of meters, has the most abundant soil resources in the world, and also stores a large amount of terrestrial soil carbon, which carries the hope of promoting the research of global carbon cycle.

室内人体呼吸代谢暴露对学生阅读效率影响的实验研究

高校教室是学生学习和生活的重要场所,其室内空气质量与学生健康及学习效率密切相关,而针对代谢污染暴露引起的健康影响量化研究还有待深化。本文以CO_(2)作为室内空气质量的表征参数,利用实验舱进行室内环境调控,通过主观舒适度评价、学习任务测试等方法,探讨不同工况(CO_(2)浓度分别为600 ppm、1000 ppm、1500 ppm、2000 ppm、2500 ppm、3000 ppm和4000 ppm)下人体代谢污染物对室内人员生理感知指标及各类型学习任务的影响关系。结果表明:第一,随着室内CO_(2)浓度升高,受试学生的热舒适度下降22.2%,其中人体的热感觉和病态建筑综合征(SBS)中各项生理反馈在室内CO_(2)浓度超过1500 ppm时发生显著变化;第二,CO_(2)浓度升高对校对任务速度的减缓影响更显著,而对文本阅读的影响主要表现在正确率上;第三,在高浓度工况下(4000 ppm)受试学生的综合阅读效率相比低浓度(1000 ppm)下降14.1%,而低于1500 ppm时维持更低的CO_(2)浓度对阅读效率的提高不会有明显收益。实验结果为教室空气质量调控和规范制定提供参考。

1979-2022年北极海冰变化及影响因素分析

海冰是海洋-大气交互系统的重要组成部分,是全球气候变化的指示器。深入分析海冰演变规律,探索全球气候变化与海冰范围之间的关联,对应对和减缓全球气候变化具有重要的理论意义。本文以北极海冰为研究对象,深入分析了1979-2022年北极海冰范围的季节、年际和年代际变化特征,并构建向量自回归模型(Vector AutoRegressive Model,VAR)检验全球平均气温、大气CO_(2)浓度与北极海冰范围之间的因果关系,并分析影响程度。结果表明:(1)北极海冰范围季节变化特征明显,一般在3月达到最大,9月达到最小,这主要与太阳辐射的年变化周期相关;(2)1979-2022年,北极海冰范围总体呈减小趋势,年变化量为5.3万km^(2);(3)北极海冰范围在年代际尺度上逐渐减小,2000-2009年,北极海冰范围较上一个十年减小最多(减少67万km^(2));(4)全球平均气温和大气CO_(2)浓度均对北极海冰范围变化造成了显著影响;(5)全球平均气温和大气CO_(2)浓度与北极海冰范围均有显著负相关关系,相关系数分别为-0.92和-0.95。

大气CO_(2)浓度升高背景下优化施氮对淹水稻田CH4排放的影响

为探讨未来气候变化条件下,合理管理氮肥以充分协调水稻产量与温室气体排放量之间的矛盾,实现低碳排放并保持水稻产量,本研究探讨了大气CO_(2)浓度升高120μmol·mol^(-1)与氮肥减施40%对淹水稻田水稻生产及CH4排放的影响及机理。利用开顶式气室(OTC)组成的CO_(2)浓度自动调控平台设置4个处理,即环境CO_(2)浓度+施氮250 kg·hm^(-2)(CK)、大气CO_(2)浓度升高120μmol·mol^(-1)+施氮250 kg·hm^(-2)(C+)、环境CO_(2)浓度+施氮150 kg·hm^(-2)(N-)、大气CO_(2)浓度升高120μmol·mol^(-1)+施氮150 kg·hm^(-2)(C+N-),分析了稻田CH4累积排放量(CAC)、水稻生物量及产量、土壤理化性质及酶活性等指标。结果表明:与CK处理相比,C+处理使CAC/产量显著提高了16.93%,N-处理使CAC/产量显著降低了13.33%,C+N-处理使CAC/产量降低了7.89%,但不显著;N-处理在一定程度上削弱了C+处理对CAC、CAC/产量、水稻生物量、土壤可溶性有机碳含量的促进作用;逐步回归分析表明,基于可溶性有机碳和硝态氮含量及土壤脲酶活性的线性模型,可解释稻田CH4累积排放64%的变异。综上,在大气CO_(2)浓度升高条件下,氮肥减施可通过影响土壤碳、氮基质及土壤脲酶活性来调节稻田CH4排放。

大兴安岭多年冻土区两种水体温室气体浓度动态与冬季储存特征

北方内陆水体是温室气体排放的热点,对量化区域碳收支起重要作用,但其排放的季节变化尚不清楚。观测了大兴安岭多年冻土区府库奇河及其改道形成的牛轭湖(演替晚期)冻结期冰层中储存的二氧化碳(CO_(2))和甲烷(CH_(4))浓度,并比较了两种水体中CO_(2)和CH_(4)浓度在三个不同时期(冻结期、非冻结期、春季融化)的差异。结果表明:两种水体CO_(2)和CH_(4)浓度季节变化存在差异。牛轭湖在冻结期水体中CO_(2)和CH_(4)浓度最高,有明显的冰下积累现象,其中CH_(4)浓度平均值为(2.21±0.54)μmo/L,分别是非冻结期和春季融化期水体CH_(4)浓度的5倍和14倍。河流水体中CO_(2)和CH_(4)浓度最高出现在春季融化期,显著高于非冻结期和冻结期(P<0.05)。水中CO_(2)和CH_(4)浓度受多种环境因子的影响,与可溶性有机碳(DOC)正相关(P<0.05),与溶解氧(DO)、水温为负相关(P<0.05)。冻结期冰层形成后,温室气体会以冰气泡的形式存储在冰层中,气泡的主要成分是CO_(2)和CH_(4),其中CO_(2)占90%以上。由于冰气泡中CO_(2)和CH_(4)浓度约为冰下水体浓度的1%—30%,忽略冰层中储存的温室气体将会增加北方水体碳排放的不确定性。研究明确了大兴安岭多年冻土区两种水体溶解性CO_(2)和CH_(4)的季节变化特征与冬季温室气体储存能力,为深入认知该区域水体碳循环过程提供重要数据支持。

北京地区办公建筑室内典型污染物日均浓度与工作时均浓度对比分析

以办公建筑为代表的具有明确作息规律的建筑中,以污染物浓度24 h平均值作为室内污染物评价指标的合理性尚不清楚。本文以北京某办公建筑为对象,利用为期1个月的室内CO_(2)和PM2.5浓度的实时监测数据,分析了24 h日均浓度和工作时均浓度(07:00—19:00)的关系。结果表明,对照我国GB/T 18883—2022,室内CO_(2)和PM2.5日均浓度的超标率小于2%,但工作时均浓度的超标率远高于日均浓度(1.25~20倍)。日均浓度与工作时均浓度之间存在较大偏差,PM2.5相对偏差的最大值为0.45,中位值为0.14;CO_(2)相对偏差的最大值为0.34,中位值为0.04。对照我国标准,室内CO_(2)的漏判率为100%,错罚率为0;室内PM2.5的漏判率为62.3%,错罚率为19.7%。错罚率和漏判率与所采用的评价标准密切相关,随着浓度标准的提高,即浓度限值减小,错罚率和漏判率均下降。因此,针对实际办公建筑的空气质量评价,应当同时关注污染物的工作时均浓度而非仅采用24 h日均浓度,并选择合适的评价标准和浓度限值。本文的研究结果为更加准确、有效地评价办公建筑的空气质量评价提供了新思路。

大气CO_(2)浓度升高背景下秸秆还田对小麦土壤氮矿化的影响

为探讨小麦土壤氮矿化对CO_(2)浓度升高、秸秆还田及其交互作用的响应,本研究利用人工控制气候室设置2种CO_(2)浓度处理CK(CO_(2)浓度为400μmol·mol^(−1))、EC(CO_(2)浓度为600μmol·mol^(−1)),3种秸秆处理:秸秆不还田(R)、秸秆掺入(I)、秸秆覆盖(M),测定小麦土壤理化性质、碳氮相关酶活性;通过为期35 d的室内培养试验,分析土壤硝态氮、铵态氮含量动态变化和净氮矿化速率等。结果表明,培养35 d后与秸秆不还田相比,两种秸秆还田方式均增加了土壤碳氮有效性,秸秆掺入和秸秆覆盖处理土壤净硝化速率在两种CO_(2)浓度处理下分别平均增加0.76和0.55 mg·kg^(-1)·d^(-1)。3种秸秆处理方式中,以秸秆掺入土壤净矿化速率最大;秸秆覆盖土壤净氨化速率较低,导致其净矿化速率低于秸秆掺入。与CK相比,CO_(2)浓度升高使土壤无机氮含量平均下降8.1%,土壤氮矿化量平均降低14.98 mg·kg^(-1)。与CK相比,CO_(2)浓度升高下秸秆还田使土壤无机氮含量增加74.2 mg·kg^(-1),主要是由于土壤硝态氮含量增加了73.8 mg·kg^(-1),导致土壤净硝化速率提高了0.57 mg·kg^(-1)·d^(-1);CO_(2)浓度升高下土壤净氨化速率整体下降,其中秸秆覆盖下降幅度较大,导致其净氮矿化速率低于CK。综上,CO_(2)浓度升高下秸秆还田增加了土壤氮的可利用性,其中秸秆覆盖提高了土壤氮固持能力,减少了氮素淋失,秸秆掺入增加了土壤氮矿化,可提供更多无机氮以供作物利用。本研究为未来气候变化背景下选择适宜秸秆还田措施以维持土壤供氮潜力提供了理论依据和技术支持。