The Rights of Persons Charged with Penal Offences to Access to Lawyers——A comparison between international and domestic laws

I. Getting help from lawyers and its realization according to international standards The right to defense for a person involving in a law suit is a universal human right. Article 11 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights provides： ＂Everyone charged with a penal offence has the right to be presumed innocent until proved guilty according to law in a public trial at which he has had all the guarantees necessary for his defence.＂ This means （1） the right to defence is a basic human right due to all persons charged with a penal offence; （2） it is a basic requirement for the principle of presumption of innocence and fair trial; and （3） the realization of the fight needs practical and effective guarantees.

A comparison study of prevalence,awareness,treatment and control rates of hypertension and associated factors among adults in China and the United States based on national survey data

Objective:This study compared the prevalence,awareness,treatment and control of hypertension and associated factors in China and the United States(US).Methods:Adult data from nationally representative samples were derived from the Chronic Disease and Risk Factors Surveillance in 2010 and 2013 in China and the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey in 2010 and 2013 in the US.Multivariable logistic and Poisson regression analysis were conducted to assess associations of the four outcomes with body weight status and behavioral factors.Results:Age-standardized prevalence rates of hypertension was 35.7%(95%confidence interval[CI]:35.4%to 36.1%)in 2010 and 29.8%(95%CI:29.4%to 30.2%)in 2013 in China,and 35.3%(95%CI:33.6%to 37.1%)in 2010 and 37.9%(95%CI:36.0%to 39.7%)in 2013 in the US.Among hypertensive participants,the age-standardized rates of treatment were 18.4%(95%CI:17.9%to 1&9%)in 2010 and 23.8%(95%CI:23.1%to 24.6%)in 2013 in China and 54.5%(95%CI:50.3%to 5&7%)in 2010 and 50.9%(95%CI:46.5%to 55.3%)in 2013 in the US;the age-standardized hypertension control rates were 3.2%(95%CI:3.0%to 3.5%)and 5.7%(95%CI:5.3%to 6.0%)in 2010 and 2013 in China and 50.6%(95%CI:46.2%to 55.0%)and 55.3%(95%CI:50.3%to 60.3%)in the US.Obesity was significantly associated with prevalence,awareness and control rates in both countries.Different from the US,obesity was negatively associated with hypertension control in China.Conclusion:Hypertension prevalence in China is similar to that in the US,but the control rate in China was significantly lower.Obesity was a critical risk factor for poor hypertension control in China.

国际比对CCQM-P77a血清中氢化可的松测定

The concept of metrological traceability in laboratory medicine has increasingly received considerable recognition worldwide.The Consultative Committee for Amount of Substance (CCQM) which concerned international comparisons and establishment of international equivalence between national laboratories had organized international comparison CCQM-P77a: determination of serum cortisol in 2006.National Institute of Metrology (NIM) took part in the comparison as the representative of China and received good performance according to the results published by CCQM.

国内外生物类似药发展的立法比较与启示

概述美国、欧盟、日本、韩国、中国等国家和地区在生物类似药物发展的立法现状,运用比较分析的方法,对比上述国家和地区在生物类似药发展的关键环节中的立法共性和差异,初步论证我国生物类似药发展的立法必要性,探讨国内生物类似药立法可行性的法律启示与建议。

How Digital Economy Affects High-Quality Economic Development:Based on International Comparison

This paper estimates the size of the digital economy in 38 countries between 2005 and 2018 and conducts an empirical study on this foundation.The results show that the digital economy has a significant role in promoting highquality economic development,primarily through industrial digitalizaion.Further research shows regional heterogeneity in the impact of the digital economy,which is greater in developed countries.Analysis of the underlying mechanisms shows that the digital economy promotes high-quality economic development in both developed and developing countries by improving technological eficiency and technological progress.However,the effect of technological progress in developing countries is clearly weaker than that in developed countries.In addition,scale efficiency in developing countries are not strengthened by the digital economy.Therefore,high-quality economic development requires the digital transformation of traditional industries and promoting their integration with digital technologies.

Dynamic Changes of China’s Functional Specialization in Export and International Comparison under Global Value Chains

The functional specialization in export of a country(and its sectors)in different activities,such as fabrication,R&D,management and marketing,is crucial to its governance and control on the value chains,which magnifies the shortage of the existing aggregate value added studies on our understanding of global value chains(GVCs).Considering production fragmentation at both the spatial and functional levels,this paper defines the modified functional specialization indicators at the national and sectoral levels from the forward linkage(rather than backward linkage).Based on the World Input-Output Database together with the newly compiled Labor Occupations Database,this paper re-estimates and analyzes the functional specialization and changes in China and major developed economies’exports.The results show that China’s export is mainly specialized in fabrication activity,which is among the world leading level,while it is weak in headquarter activities(especially R&D and management),which is almost locked at the lowest level in the world and could not pose an export threat to the developed economies.China’s manufacturing basically follows the functional development path of“relying on fabrication,entering market,targeting management and R&D”,featuring the coexistence of“strong”fabrication and“weak”management and R&D.The fabrication specialization of the typical processing sector“electronic and optical equipment”has reached the international leading level.The level of functional specialization of China’s service industry is generally lower than that of manufacturing and generally lags behind in the world,indicating that China still has a long way to go before becoming a major power of service in the world.Finally,this paper proposes policy implications and further researches that can be extended.

Problems and Solutions of China’s Real Estate Market Based on International Comparison

On the basis of determining the international comparison method and framework of the real estate market, this paper makes a comparative analysis on the development of China’s real estate market and those of some comparable countries (or regions). The prominent problem of the real estate market in our country is the rapid rise of urban house price and the high ratio of house price to income. The direct reason is that the social funds, especially the excessive credit funds flow into the real estate market. The indirect reason is that the land supply mode makes the land price increase too fast and account for high proportion in house price, which leads to the result that the development of real estate industry is beyond the stage of economic development. These problems are not isolated, but related to each other. The rapid rise of house prices in most of the cities, especially in the first-tier cities, is the comprehensive reflection of a large amount of credit funds promoting and the drawbacks of the land supply system in essence. The main ideas to solve the problem are correctly understanding the status, role and influence of the real estate market, stabilizing and improving the short-term control policy of the real estate market, and accelerating the establishment of a long-term mechanism for the healthy development of the real estate market.

Comparison of the Development of CDMO at Home and Abroad and Its Enlightment to China

Objective To analyze the development status of contract development manufacturing organization(CDMO)at home and abroad,and to make some suggestions for the development of CDMO in China.Methods The relevant literature was searched and reviewed,and the development status of CDMOs in the United States,France,Japan and China was compared from the aspects of market scale,development process,development focus,advantages and disadvantages,and policy support.Then,some suggestions for the development of CDMO enterprises in China were summarized.Results and Conclusion Through the comparison of CDMO development at home and abroad,it can be seen that China started CDMO late,there were many technical barriers and its globalization layout were not sufficient.However,the development trend was good and it focused on the field of chemical drugs and biological drugs to constantly develop innovative drugs.China needs to continuously improve its own technical capabilities to carry out innovative research.Therefore,cost reduction and efficiency increase will be the key elements for the development of CDMOs,and they are expected to have a rapid and comprehensive development in the future.

Should China Expand Its Medical Education Scale?Evidence From Comparative Research

Purpose:This study compares doctor staffing level and the scale of medical education in China with those of other countries and proposes policy recommendations for future adjustments to the scale of China's medical education.Design/Approach/Methods:This study employs a literature review and descriptive analysis.Findings:China had 1.98 medical doctors per 1,000 people in 2018,ranking 85th out of the 193 member-states of the World Health Organization(WHO).In 2017,China had I.99 practicing doctors per I,oo0 people,only ranking above Turkey(1.88)in Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development(OECD)countries.China had only 10.28 medical graduates per 100,000 people placing in the bottom third of OECD countries.China's provision of 1.4 medical schools per IO million people was also significantly lower than the global average(3.9).However,the average number of students enrolled in medical schools(509)in China was significantly higher than the global average(160).Originality/Value:Although the scale of admission in undergraduate medical education must be expanded in China,this needs to be achieved while controlling the average number of medical students per school and reducing enrollment in low-quality medical schools.Furthermore,it is necessary to establish new medical schools while improving the operating level of existing ones.

How Could Evidence-Based Reform Advance Education?

Purpose:This article presents a definition and rationale for evidence-based reform in education,and a discussion of the current state of evidence-based research,focusing on China,the U.S.,and the UK.Design/Approach/Methods:The article contrasts the state of educational research in the U.S.,the UK,and China,world leaders in evidence-based reform.Findings:The article suggests ways in which Chinese,U.S.,UK,and other scholars might improve the worldwide quality of evidence-based reform in education.One indicator of this partnership is an agreement among the Chinese University of Hong Kong,Nanjing Normal University,and Johns Hopkins University to work together on Chinese and English versions of the website Best Evidence in Brief and a collaboration between Johns Hopkins and the ECNU Review of Education at East China Normal University.Originality/Value:This article is the first to compare developments in evidence-based reform in education in China with parallel developments in the U.S.and UK Building understanding of current evidence-based policies should help all countries learn how evidence can play a greater role in education policy and benefit many students.

Investigating social media spatiotemporal transferability for transport

Social Media have increasingly provided data about the movement of people in cities making them useful in understanding the daily life of people in different geographies.Particularly useful for travel analysis is when Social Media users allow(voluntarily or not)tracing their movement using geotagged information of their communication with these online platforms.In this paper we use geotagged tweets from 10 cities in the European Union and United States of America to extract spatiotemporal patterns,study differences and commonalities among these cities,and explore the nature of user location recurrence.The analysis here shows the distinction between residents and tourists is fundamental for the development of city-wide models.Identification of repeated rates of location(recurrence)can be used to define activity spaces.Differences and similarities across different geographies emerge from this analysis in terms of local distributions but also in terms of the worldwide reach among the cities explored here.The comparison of the temporal signature between geotagged and non-geotagged tweets also shows similar temporal distributions that capture in essence city rhythms of tweets and activity spaces.

Relationship between Science Teaching Practices and Students’Achievement in Singapore,Chinese Taipei,and the US:An Analysis Using TIMSS 2011 Data

The assumption that inquiry-based instruction is more effective in influencing student science achievement than traditional didactic teaching has been the driving force of science education reform in recent decades and in many countries.However,the empirical relationship between these two kinds of science teaching and student science performance is not soundly established,which is worth a careful examination.Framed through the theoretical perspectives of inquiry-based instruction and culturally relevant pedagogy,using a two-level hierarchical linear modeling(HLM)approach and simultaneous multiple regression,this study examines the above relationship using the Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study(TIMSS)20118th grade dataset from Singapore,Chinese Taipei,and the US.The study found that for the low-performing students,none of the inquiry-based teaching practice items measured had a significant relationship with the science achievements at any performance levels of students in any country/region except for the case of two inquiry-based teaching practice items that were positively related to Chinese Taipei students’achievements.No didactic teaching practice items were associated with the Singapore students’science achievement,three of these practice items were found negatively related to Chinese Taipei students’science achievement,and one traditional didactic teaching practice was negatively related to the science achievement of U.S.students.However,for medium-and high-performing students,none of these inquiry-based or traditional didactic science-teaching practices were found to be positive predictors of science performance in all three countries/regions.However,in the case of Chinese Taipei,one didactic teaching practice item was negatively related with the medium level performing students’achievement and two didactic teaching practices were found to hinder high-performing students’science achievements.

Quality Mathematics Instructional Practices Contributing to Student Achievements in Five High-Achieving Asian Education Systems:An Analysis Using TIMSS 2011 Data

Although teaching quality is seen as crucial in affecting students’performance,what types of instructional practices constitute quality teaching remains a question.With the theoretical assumptions of conceptual and procedural mathematics teaching as a guide,this study examined the types of quality mathematics instructional practices that affect students’mathematics learning across five high-performing Asian education systems using the Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study(TIMSS)2011 dataset.It found that no combinations of the components of conceptual and procedural mathematics teaching practices exist consistently across the five education systems.Results from the study provide important implications for practitioners and policy makers regarding how to improve mathematics teaching and learning in these Asian education systems as well as elsewhere.

Performance Analysis and Future Prospect of China’s Anti-bullying Policy and Practice:Evidence from PISA 2015 and PISA 2018

This paper analyzes the performance of China’s anti-bullying efforts with the data on school bullying in the Program for International Student Assessment(PISA)2015 and PISA 2018.It is found that China has fully demonstrated its high performance in anti-bullying actions with all three key performance indicators dropping dramatically,namely the prevalence of bullying,the index of exposure to bullying,and the percentage of frequently bullied students.Further,from the perspectives of personal characteristics and school features,two rounds of PISA data are adopted to make the longitudinal diachronic comparison and the cross-national horizontal comparison,followed by the analysis of the occurrence and development patterns of school bullying.Five suggestions are put forward for the deployment of China’s anti-bullying action plan.

Exploring Relationship between Teaching Practice and Student Learning:Comparative Analysis Using Large Data Bases

This special issue introduction specifies several rationales for its focus on the relationship between teaching practice and student learning.Worldwide teaching reforms show some converging policy patterns with shared assumptions around the role of teaching practices in shaping students’learning outcomes as their bases.These assumptions and policy patterns are seriously challenged by various countering arguments and critiques.Such a contentious situation demands extensive and solid empirical knowledge for its productive resolution at a conceptual level and for guiding the development of the relevant teaching reforms in different countries.However,such knowledge is not available readily in the exiting literature,which is fragmented and limited,with few studies based on large databases from a comparative perspective involving non-Western countries and regions.It goes on to introduce four studies in the special issue that use international databases and comparative analyses involving different countries/regions and highlights their contributions to the much-needed empirical knowledge.Finally,it calls for further and more extensive research along this line of empirical exploration.

Relationship Between Teacher Efficacy and Self-Reported Instructional Practices:An Examination of Five Asian Countries/Regions Using TIMSS 2011 Data

Teacher efficacy in a particular content area is seen as an important factor shaping teaching practice and student learning in the Western literature.However,inadequate efforts have been made to examine this assumption empirically.Drawing on the Trends of International Mathematics and Science Study(TIMSS)2011 mathematics teachers’data at the eighth grade level,this study examines the relationship between teacher efficacy in teaching mathematics and teachers’mathematical instructional practices in five Asian countries/regions.Guided with Bandura’s social cognitive theory,this study finds that overall teachers in the five countries/regions reported much lower teacher efficacy in teaching mathematics and lower levels of instructional practices than the international norms.The relationship between teacher efficacy and instructional practices varied within these countries/regions.Teacher efficacies in teaching mathematics are not always statistically and positively related to their instructional practices in engaging students.Together,these findings challenge the theoretical assumption about the positive relationship between teacher efficacy and instructional practices.Possible reasons of these findings and future directions are discussed.

The Facts and Figures Report of China's Education Development in 2020

This data report outlines the current situation,characteristics,and development trend of all kinds of education at all levels in China in 2020.China has built the largest education system in the world,including 537 thousand schools,289 million students,and 17.93 million full-time teachers.

An analysis of property income of households in China--A comparative study among China,the United States and Japan

Based on international comparison,this paper finds that the excessively low share of property income is a main cause for the low share of resident income in national income in China.During the past two decades,the average share of resident income in the primary distribution of national income in China is 25.32% and 16.76%,the share of property income is 15.62% and 3.36% and the share of labor remuneration is 12.84% and 12.77%,which are all lower than that of the United States and Japan respectively.Structural decomposition of national income distribution in China,the United States and Japan indicates that excessively low return on investment(ROI)of is the primary cause for excessively low property income in China.Contrary to economic logic,ROI in China has been lower than that in the United States and Japan where capital is more adequate for the past decade.After all,the excessively low real interest rate due to interest rate control is the primary cause for excessively low property income in China,while the lack of financial products caused by financial market access restrictions also restrains the growth of property income in China.

Focused research in emergency medical systems in Asia: a necessity for trauma system advancement

Since trauma is a growing health problem worldwide,emergency trauma care including emergency medical services(EMS)is becoming an integral part of the healthcare system.The optimal EMS which will improve access to trauma care,will be different in each country because of different healthcare systems,trauma etiology,and economic situations.To adopt models that have succeeded in developed countries is not always appropriate.In order to identify the optimal EMS model in developing countries,comparing the systems among many countries in detail and examining their advantages and disadvantages would be necessary.Therefore,this article tries to identify important elements of EMS to achieve mature EMS systems based on comparisons of 7 Asian countries,and discusses the need to conduct more detailed and extensive comparisons.