China's Criminal Law Reform from the Perspective of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights

The International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights reflects the world’s perception of human rights, and is of vital importance in the field of international human rights. The Covenant has been signed by Chinese government. Although not ratified yet, it will definitely have an impact on the reform of China’s Criminal Law. Therefore, it is necessary to further change our notion of the criminal law system by defining the boundary between public power and civil rights and developing the view of human rights protection. In terms of the specific system, it is necessary to further reduce the number of crimes punishable by the death penalty and limit the application of the death sentence, improve China’s Criminal Procedural Law to protect the fundamental rights of suspects and defendants in terms of compulsory measures, investigation means and judicial form, and add some charges like enslavement and illegal human experimentation, which are criminalized around the world, so as to be in line with the requirements of international human rights protection.

Universality and Relativism of Human Rights from Perspective of International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights

There has been much discussion in the recent decade on the universality or particularity or relativism or on the relations between the universal values and standard systems and cultural diversity or pluralism. But most of the discussions are concentrated on the abstract or conceptual terms, with few touching upon international human fights standards. This is strange, because the disputes will never end and it is impossible to arrive at any conclusions of value if discussions only focus on the different concepts and systems of different countries or civilizations instead of on what has been universally accepted or at least on the international human rights treaties and the customary international human rights laws that are binding to the great number of state parties.

The Modernization of State Governance Will Promote Protection of Civil and Political Rights

The modernization of state governance and innovation in governing measures will strengthen the protection of human rights in China, including civil and political rights. Firstly, legal control over public power will reduce arbitrary restrictions on civil rights. Secondly, public participation in policy-making will provide more opportunities for citizens to exercise their political rights. Thirdly, governing by law will better guarantee equal protection of law for all people. Fourthly, an effective accountability mechanism will reinforce people's right of supervision. Lastly, innovation in governing measures will help identify and satisfy citizens' demands.

Predicaments and Countermeasures of the Protection of Migrant Workers' Human Rights——From the Perspective of the International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families

International migration mainly happens between the North and the South Mig rant workers have made important contributions to the inclusive growth and sustainable development of world economy, but their human rights are often violated In recent years, frequent extreme terrorists attacks and large-scale refugee influxes have triggered anti-for eign sentiment and policies in developed countries, which expose migrant workers to an unprecedented human rights crisis The International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families is an important convention adopted by the United Nations that specially protects human rights of migrant workers However, as the convention has not been ratified by major developed countries where most migrant workers seek employment, the protection regime has an empty shell Developing countries where most migrant workers originate from should strengthen cooperation among themselves and urge developed countries to fulfill the duty of human rights protection by normalizing the status of migrant workers and that of members of their families in employment countries and ratifying the convention as soon as possible.

The Relationship Between Anti-terrorism and Human Rights Protection: Perspective of International Politics

This article briefly outlines how anti-terrorism struggles became linked and their relationship thereafter with human rights issues in international political life. With equal relevance and value to human development, anti-terrorism efforts and human rights protection are themselves not mutually exclusive or contradictory. Their conflict in everyday life has sometimes resulted from the fact that they are both manipulated in the service of certain political ends. What's more, there has never been p erfect human rights protection in the world so far, which often makes human rights problems an easy charge against almost every government. No anti-terrorist activities in either the US or Europe have been really constrained by the idea of human rights no matter how beautiful their rhetoric has been. Now both human rights and anti-terrorism have been made into a tool of diplomacy and international politics. With the war in Afghanistan over, the United States is enhancing its human rights diplomacy together with its anti-terrorism diplomacy. Truly efficient, comprehensive international cooperation on anti-terrorism is still far away.

The “Transcendental” Interpretation of the Concept of a Community with a Shared Future for Mankind: The Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities and Its Implementation in China

The concept of a Community with a Shared Future for Mankind provides new theoretical support for the special protection of the rights of persons with disabilities. The Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities is innovative in terms of its purposes and principles, logic and technology, and the actual implementation of the contracting parties, which is unique in the field of international human rights law. It is a "transcendental" interpretation of the concept of a community with a shared future for mankind and enhances the ethical values of international human rights law. The development of the cause of persons with disabilities in China is positively influenced by the values reflected in the concept of a community of shared Future for mankind and meanwhile highlights them, which provides "Chinese experiences" for the international cause of persons with disabilities.

The Formulation of Convention on the Rights of Older Persons:The Process and Prospects

Since its establishment,the United nations open-ended Working group on aging has shouldered the historical mission of exploring the“possibilities”and even laying the“foundation”for a Convention on the Rights of older Persons.Although the formulation of a convention on the protection of the rights of older persons has been widely supported by the general public and many countries,it still faces many problems.China should adhere to the combination of“human rights”and“development”and adjust its policies to adapt to the new changes in related fields.With successful case studies,concise expression of rights,and regional contracting practice,China could participate more fully in the reform of the international mechanism for the protection of the rights of older persons to improve the voice in future international human rights governance and make greater contributions to the protection of the rights of older persons worldwide.

International Human Rights Conventions in China——An interview with Research Fellow Mo Jihong of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences

On the advent of the ＂International Human Rights Day＂ on Dec. 10, 2007, our staff reporter Interviewed Research Fellow Mo Jihong of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences on how the international human rights conventions are implemented in China. Born in May 1965, Mo Jihong is a native of Jingjiang, Jiangsu Province. He is a research fellow at the Law Institute of the Chinese Academy of Social sciences and a tutor for Ph.D candidates in the International Human Rights Law. He also serves as an executive member of the Society for International Constitution Studies and vice-president of the Constitution Chapter of the China Society of Law. He was a visiting scholar at the Human Rights Institute of Norway, and the Raoul Wallenberg Institute of Human Rights and Humanitarian Law. His principal works include International Human Rights Convention and China （2005）, Principles of Constitutional Sciences in Practice （2007） and In Defense of Legislation （2007）. He was elected as one of the ten most outstanding young jurists in China. The following is the full text of the interview：

The Constitutional Analysis of Human Rights Legislative Protection

The paths for applying the international human rights conventions in China should be recognized as follows: On the premise of respecting the Constitution of China, systematic human rights which could coordinate the relationship between the Constitution of China and international human rights conventions. The source of the human rights legislation obligations of the legislative organs of China is the Constitution of China, not the international human rights conventions. The legislature should understand and grasp the main contents of the human rights legislation obligations of the legislature according to Paragraph 3 of Article 33 of the Constitution while the interpretation of this clause must be based on the relevant provisions of the international human rights conventions. Human rights legislative obligations of the legislature can be classified into two types: legislative protecting obligations and legislative relief obligations of human rights. The NPC and its Standing Committee should be structurally responsible for the human rights legislation obligation, and the State Council and other organs of the State not for the legislation protection of human rights. A special human rights law should be enacted by the NPC.

The Development of Legal Protection of Women's Human Rights in China

The legal confirmation process of women’s human rights has been undergoing great difficulties both in the United Nations and among nations. The Fourth World Conference on Women plays a role in promoting the legal protection of women’s human rights. Currently, the protection of women’s human rights has undoubtedly become the consensus of both international and domestic law. International conventions on human rights have become an important launching area for promoting international law on women’s human rights, owing to its legal binding force and supervising mechanism established under it. Domestic law has also become the first line of defense for protecting women’s human rights. However, it needs to be pointed out that, for international conventions on human rights and domestic legislation, the cognition and acceptance of social gender conception has not only promoted changes on forms, but, more importantly, on revolution at substantial level.

规制仇恨言论的国际法规则与实践

许多国家都存在仇恨言论这一丑恶现象。尽管对于仇恨言论的概念并不存在普遍接受的定义,但国际社会一直高度重视对仇恨言论的规制,提供了若干规则,形成了相应实践。规制仇恨言论的国际法依据可分为四类,即限制表达自由的规则、禁止滥用权利的规则、禁止仇恨言论的规则和规定仇恨言论为国际罪行的规则。普遍性和区域性人权机构以及国际刑事司法机构适用这些规则,在规制仇恨言论方面形成了丰富的案例,且规则适用的重点均落脚于如何平衡对表达自由的保障和对仇恨言论的规制。规制仇恨言论的国内法律规则和实践与国际法律规则和实践相互影响,研究国际相关法律规则和实践对于理解各国相关法律规则和实践、形成规制仇恨言论的国际共识和标准具有重要意义。

论习近平文化思想的原创性贡献

习近平文化思想是新时代中国共产党领导中国人民进行文化建设实践经验的理论总结。习近平文化思想以文化建设规律性的认识,科学阐述了精神文明对物质文明的能动作用,对以中国式现代化推进中华民族伟大复兴具有深刻意义。习近平文化思想鲜明体现了中国共产党对“文化领导权”和“文化主体性”的坚守,突出强调了中华优秀传统文化创造性转化、创新性发展的战略价值,是建设中华民族现代文明的思想保证和精神力量。习近平文化思想深化了对国际话语权和国家“软实力”的认识,为推动人类文明进步、应对全球共同挑战提供了强大的思想武器和科学行动指南,生动展现了构建人类命运共同体的世界胸怀和中国智慧。

欧陆“物文主义”民法观的兴衰

民法是调整经济关系的基本法的观念流行于我国,导致人们认为民法与经济的关系历来如此密切。实际上,结合民法与政治经济学的思潮在《法国民法典》之后才萌发于意大利,后传播到欧洲主要国家,其中的沙俄—苏联学派对我国影响最大,是我国商品经济民法观的母本,导致家庭法被剥离出民法。在1980年后,意大利兴起了民法的“去财产法化”的思潮,人们发现,把民法单纯作为调整经济生活的工具是一个错误,并开始纠偏,承认民法具有广泛的非经济功能。我国《民法典》设立独立的人格权编并迎归家庭法,已经完成了民法的“去财产法化”。一些学者基于惯性,还在宣传民法是市场经济的基本法,这样的错论应得到纠正。

1843—1845年马克思“颠倒”方法运用及对当代破除惯性思维的启示

纵观马克思主义创立及发展过程,“颠倒”是马克思惯用一个重要研究方法。1843年至1845年期间,马克思在其著作《〈黑格尔法哲学批判〉导言》、《1844年经济学哲学手稿》、《德意志意识形态》(与恩格斯合著)里通过对国家与市民关系、私有制和异化劳动关系以及意识与存在关系的“颠倒”,引出了马克思主义唯物史观、资本主义制度批判等内容。中国共产党的自我革命,离不开破除惯性思维的思维革命,“颠倒”方法的使用对于世界百年未有之大变局下破除惯性思维、继续解放思想、不断开拓中国特色社会主义现代化新局面有着深刻的现实意义。

青年马克思的私有财产批判和市民社会转向——以《黑格尔法哲学批判》为中心

以私有财产和国家制度间的矛盾关系为问题聚焦,通过对比普鲁士国家的“政治图景”和黑格尔伦理国家的“理论形象”,马克思确证了私有财产之于黑格尔法哲学结构的关键地位。在批驳以意志为起点的抽象法哲学基础上,马克思既揭示出黑格尔法哲学在政治层面得以现实化的实践限度,又实现了以该限度为前提的市民社会转向,这在根本上关乎唯物史观立场的确立。由此可见,青年马克思在私有财产批判语境中,对作为社会历史特定阶段的市民社会的现实表征与内在局限的透视,构成他日后以政治经济学批判方法解剖市民社会,并探究人类社会历史变迁规律的理论前奏。

全过程人民民主推动公民权利保障从形式到实质的渐进实现

“全过程人民民主”逐渐成为当代中国政治生活与学术研究中的一个重要概念。依循马歇尔等人的公民权利综合构成论,当代中国在公民权利保障领域的成就显然是有目共睹的。我国的国情和政治现实,使我们在公民权利保障事业中引入全过程人民民主的理念和实践成为必要。对公民权利理论最为激烈的批判在于公民权利的虚幻性,而积极有效的政治参与所体现的政治权利是否真实有效是公民权利保障的“试金石”。全过程人民民主实践,可以使先前相对形式化的公民权利具有实质性意义,从而更好地实现公民权利与公民政治效能感等方面的长足发展。

《欧洲人权公约》与国际体育仲裁的关系综述

目前学界对《欧洲人权公约》(ECHR)与国际体育仲裁的关系研究,主要从ECHR对国际体育仲裁院(CAS)仲裁程序、CAS案件实体问题的适用两个方面展开。除了ECHR第6.1条对CAS仲裁程序具有直接横向效力这一已为实践支持的结论外,学界对ECHR的刑事程序性条款和实体性人权条款在CAS仲裁中的适用效力,仍存在争议。虽然否定其效力者解释了当前实践的合理性,但是支持其效力者的论述更有说服力,他们通过分析体育纪律处罚的准刑事性、体育仲裁的强制性和体育组织规则与人权保护的冲突,呼吁国际体育纠纷解决机构以合体系的方式统一直接适用ECHR相关条款,并建议改革CAS内部机制。既有研究为未来研究奠定了坚实的基础,未来研究可以补充国际法视角:联结ECHR与国际人权法,丰富CAS仲裁的法源;结合传统法理学和新兴国际法学理论,加强规范研究;从不同主体、具体条款着手探索ECHR在CAS仲裁中的适用,以及CAS仲裁对ECHR的作用。

禁诉令成文立法模式探讨——以国际民事诉讼管辖冲突为背景

禁诉令与行为保全的互动纠葛引发国际私法与民事诉讼法学界的双向关注,两项制度虽同有“禁止一定行为”的内涵,却不能据此得出行为保全容纳禁诉令的结论,国内司法将禁令制度划入行为保全的做法并不可取。面对禁诉令的引入与建构,应充分研究禁诉令的成文立法模式,尤其是该制度在民事程序法中的体系定位。以行为保全为禁诉令之法律依据实为忽略了两者之间的深层差异:从功能特性入手,我国的行为保全与德国法中定暂时状态之假处分相似,是维持诉讼状态的预防性程序措施;孕育自英美法系司法实践的禁诉令,天然呈现出衡平特征,除限制个案当事人以保障内国诉讼程序之外,已成为公认的调节国际平行诉讼的支柱性工具,具有独立创制的必要性与可行性。

国家赔偿制度发展的宪法支撑研究

国家赔偿取得权、人权保障和政治文明分别是宪法支撑国家赔偿制度发展的“一体”和“两翼”。国家赔偿取得权是公民的基本权利,国家赔偿制度的发展应当以保障国家赔偿取得权为重点。第四次修宪特别突出的“人权保障”和“政治文明”分别对国家赔偿实体和程序制度的发展提供了宪法支撑,国家赔偿制度的修改必须体现这些宪法精神。