Five Years after the Entry of Force of the Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Economic,Social and Cultural Rights: Some Observations

The optional Protocol to the international covenant on economic, Social and cultural Right was adopted in 2008 and entered into force in 2013? During the five years after its entry into force, 23 States have ratified the optional Protocol, and 23 individual communications have been submitted to the committee on economic,Social and cultural Rights? comparing with the acceptance of individual communication procedures under other core international human rights treaties, the record of ratification of the optional Protocol is not satisfactory? in its examination of individual communications,the committee on economic, Social and cultural Rights has made detailed reasoning, extensively referred to its previous general comments, and in case of violations found, suggested both specific and general remedies? in its practice of examining individual communications, the committee on economic, Social and cultural Rights needs to clarify and define the rights under the covenant and their corresponding obligations, while maintaining its nature and role as a supervisory body, without expanding its competence to an unacceptable extent?

Driving Force to Socialize the International Norms of Human Rights

Human rights, as a great term and lofty goal, have unquestionably become a topic of mainstream talk in the present-day world.2 Such mainstream talk has been internal- ized into part of the social structure. The current international society is experiencing a profound reorganization and transition in values. All kinds of new interactions under the context of globalization have resulted in the development of the current norms of international human rights, which are constructed on the basis of law and ethics. Therefore, analyzing the dynamic factors of socialization that support the operation of human rights norms in international society has become increasingly important in today＇s mutually dependent society.

Business Ethics and Social Responsibility for the Multinational Corporation （MNC）

Business ethics and social responsibility in multinational corporations （MNCs） are more and more challenging, because they are operated in culturally varied environments, which vary from host to host country of each foreign subsidiary and are often very different from the MNC headquarters＇ （HQs） home country culture. A host country＇s societal and cultural factors, combined with local economic conditions and business practices, play major roles in determining the preferred business ethics and social responsibility in each foreign subsidiary. An MNC＇s global HQ should partner with all foreign subsidiaries to determine the global corporate business ethics, social responsibility core, general values, and objectives. Further, each foreign subsidiary should develop in partnership with the HQ, the customized details of its business ethics, social responsibility objectives, goals, strategies, and specific programs for its host country＇s environment.

Obstacles open the door—Negative shocks can motivate individuals to focus on opportunities

By responding to the call for research on negative career shocks and future time perspective,this study regarded internal social capital as a tool of resource retention which shifts attention to negative career shocks’positive effects.We test a moderated mediation model which illustrates the effect of negative career shocks on focus on opportunities—positive dimension of occupational future time perspective.Results revealed that internal social capital acts as the mediator between negative career shocks and focus on opportunities,and organizational embeddedness moderats the mediation effect.The relationship is stronger when individuals are highly embedded in organizations.

The influence of the corporate social responsibility disclosures on consumer brand attitudes under the impact of CO VID-19

This study focuses on the use of we-media by small-and medium-sized enterprises(SMEs)to disclose internal corporate social responsibility(ICSR)under the impact of the 2019 novel coronavirus disease(COVID-19).Study 1 interprets the catalyst effect of COVID-19 on the externalization of SMEs'ICSR.The fuzzy grading evaluation method is initially verified.Under the impact of COVID-19,SMEs fulfilling their ICSR can enhance consumer brand attitudes.Study 2 uses a structural equation model and empirical analysis of 946 effective samples and finds that consumers perceive the self-sacrifice of corporations during the coronavirus disease period.SMEs can fulfill their ICSR to enhance the internal explanation mechanism of consumer brand attitudes and the moderating role of enterprise losses.