World Cities and International Organizations: Political Global-city Status of Chinese Cities

In this study, the authors use a political perspective to explore the relative global status of cities in China. Two questions are addressed. Firstly, by using international organizations as the subjects and quantitative analysis of the spatial distribution of their offices, the overall position of Chinese cities in the global distribution of international organizations is estimated. The results show that 22 Chi- nese cities are involved in international political affairs. Beijing, Shanghai and Guangzhou dominate these activities and have high po- litical global-city status. Secondly, through qualitative analysis of Guangzhou City, the authors explore how its status as a center for intemational organizations has been shaped in recent years. The locational decision-making process is analyzed and the factors are demonstrated at both national and city scales. The definition of international organizations as used in this study refers not only to those supranational bodies that have the ability to manage relations across states （such as the European Union）, but also those in- ter-governmental organizations （IGOs）, international non-governmental organizations （INGOs） and diplomatic representatives and delegations that today also manage and regulate relations between and among states.

The International Union of Forest Research Organizations （IUFRO） and Debates About Forest-Water Relations During the Late 19th Century

Examining the International Union of Forest Research Organizations （IUFRO） and its research on forest-water relations, the article investigates the relation between scientific internationalism and national expertise. It juxtaposes existing arguments regarding the paradigmatic character of 19th century arguments about deforestations. In particular, in 1999, Christian Pfister and Daniel Br^indli argued that, in Switzerland during the second half of the 19th century, forestry administrators forged an argument that deforestations in mountainous regions lead to floods in the valleys. As this argument helped to install new Swiss forest legislation in 1876, forbidding deforestations in the mountains, Pfister and Brandli called it a ＂deforestation paradigm＂. In contrast, sources of the IUFRO provide a different picture. At IUFRO meetings, i.e., at the international level of debate, no such paradigm existed. Instead, IUFRO participants discussed various conclusions that could be drawn fi＇om research on deforestations. Regarding the outcome of IUFRO projects, participants reported partly in opposing ways about the results of the research projects in forestry journals in their respective countries. Exploring these reports, the article provides an explanation for these different national representations of international research projects.

General Elements of the ICAO-International Civil Aviation Organization Activities

The International Civil Aviation Organization （ICAO） is a specialized agency of the United Nations. Functionally, it has emerged as the organizational necessity of both the universal complex structure and the importance of its overall activity. It was created on the basis of Article 57 of the United Nations Charter, stipulating that the specialized UN agencies are autonomous international organizations. They enjoy their autonomy on the basis of the contract they were established by, being engaged in activities within the United Nations system. On the territories the organization member states comprise, they enjoy privileges and immunities, having the international legal capacity to carry out their activities in accordance to the Statute. The 1944 Multilateral Convention was to establish both protection and efficient development of international civil aviation. In accordance to that rights and obligations of member states were established. It is of a special importance to emphasize obligation of parties to take their parts in both co-operation and programs aimed at improvement of international transport, navigational equipment, and installations. In the globalized world of today, air traffic is an irreplaceable part of the system of communication. It enables fast and timely business contacts between the people from various continents, as well as transport of goods.

Developing ISO International Standards for the Animal and Vegetable Fats and Oils Sector

Increasing volumes of oils and fats are produced annually with a large section that are traded internationally. The International Organization for Standardization(ISO) body develops international standards covering almost all aspects of technology and manufacturing with 23,882 standards currently published. Standards in the animal and vegetable fats and oils sector is developed by Technical Committee ISO/TC 34, Food products, Subcommittee SC 11, Animal and vegetable fats and oils. Standards are developed through consensus by national members that represent ISO in their country. Each Standard is developed within a determined timeframe and goes through various pre-determined stages such as project proposal, development, national voting and commenting on the draft Standard to final publication. ISO TC34/SC11 Standards range from sampling of oils and fats, sample preparation to analysis of its composition, the minor components, and quality and identity parameters as well as contaminants. The analysis results are used by industry for product development, labelling, research and to provide peace of mind for consumers on its safety. An important future trend is the focus on the safety concerns from either environmental contamination(e.g. mineral oils) or processing contaminants such as esters of 3-MCPDs(3-monochloropropane-1,2-diol or 3-chloropropane-1,2-diol).

Visualization analysis of the international standard ISO/TC 249 for traditional Chinese medicine

Objective This study proposes to visually review the current situation and progress of standards sets by the International Organization for Standardization/Technical Committee on Traditional Chinese Medicine(ISO/TC 249). The review aims to explore the development strategies of the standards, which will exhibit the considerable impact on the economy, trade and exchanges, and cooperation in the area of traditional Chinese medicine(TCM).Methods ISO/TC 249 standards were searched on the ISO website, and their title, proposed time, current stage, scope, and classification were obtained for further summarization. Gephi was utilized to portray the co-occurrence network graph of the ISO/TC 249 standards subject.Results In ISO/TC 249, there were 116 standards, including 81 published standards and 35 developing standards by April 30, 2022. Two withdrawal standards were published after revision, which were not counted in the total standards. The number of published standards has been increasing since the first standard was published in 2014, whose title was “Sterile acupuncture needles for single use”. Among these standards, 17.24%(20/116) standards were in review, 56.03%(65/116) in publication, 3.45%(4/116) in approval, 5.17%(6/116) in enquiry,3.45%(4/116) in committee, and 14.66%(17/116) in preparation, respectively. With 116 standards, most of the research focused on the medicament, as its classification of the International Classification for Standards(ICS) showed the proportion reaching 49.54%. The network analysis data revealed that the top five most frequent words were “materials” “root” “requirements” “products” and “system”, after removing the noise data, such as prepositions,conjunctions, and pronouns. Additionally, the word “system” co-exists with the terms “computerized” “coding” “image” “tongue” and “analysis”;the word “requirement” co-exists with“manufacturing” “decoction” “process” and “materials”;whereas the word “devices” coexists with “pulse” “electric” “skin” and “measurement”.Conclusion With the increased diversification and complexity of problems, the development of standards is also oriented to multidisciplinary fields to cultivate the interdisciplinary talents, and especially the international standardization talents of compound TCM. Multi-angle analysis, formulation, and demonstration of standards, in line with industry needs in different disciplines, enhance the availability of standards and the ability to serve the industry.

The International Organization of Palaeobotany Conference held in China

The sixth International Organization of Palaeobotany Conference (IOPC-Ⅵ) was held from July 31 to August 3 at Qinhuangdao, a seaside city in the north part of China. The conference’s theme is to showcase the latest development and accomplishments achieved

The Second International Conference on HSLA Steels Beijing,China,October 1990 Organized by THE CHINESE SOCIETY OF METALS

GENERAL INFORMATIONThe Chinese Society of Metals is pleased to announcethat The Second International Conference on HSLASteels(HSLA’90)will be held in Beijing,China inOctober 1990.Much progress in research and devel-opment of HSLA steels has been achieved by theworld’s metallurgical and materials community since

The World's Largest Exhibition of Textile Machinery Goes to Italy in 2015 after 20 Years——MP International appointed to organize the show for the second time

Italy will host the 17th edition of ITMA, the world’s largest exhibition of textile machinery.It will be held at the Fiera Milano Rhoexhibition centre in Milan,from 12 to 19 November 2015.

Decarbonizing in Maritime Transportation: Challenges and Opportunities

As global warming caused by greenhouse gases grows (GHGs) into a global environmental threat, carbon dioxide emissions are drawing increasing attention in these years. Among all emission sources, transportation is a major contributor to climate change because of its high dependence on fossil fuels. The International Maritime Organization (IMO) has therefore been promoting the reduction of fuel usage and carbon emissions for container ships by such measures as improving shipping route selection, shipping speed optimization, and constructing clean energy propulsion systems. In this paper, a review of the impact of carbon dioxide emissions on climate change is presented;the current situations of carbon dioxide emissions, decarbonizing methods, IMO regulations, and possible future directions of decarbonizing in the maritime transportation industry are also discussed. Based on the result, it is found that in the case that non intelligent ships still occupy the vast majority of operating ships, the use of new energy as the main propulsion fuel has the defects of high renewal cost and long effective period. It is more likely to achieve energy conservation and emission reduction in the shipping industry in a short period of time by using intelligent means and artificial intelligence to assist ship operation. .

Detection of Quantitative Trait Loci Associated with Several Internal Organ Traits and Teat Number Trait in a Pig Population

Quantitative trait loci （QTL） were detected for 8 internal organ traits, 3 carcass length traits, and teat number trait in 214 pigs in a resource population that included 180 F2 individuals. A total of 39 microsatellite markers were examined on SSC4, SSC6, SSC7, SSC8, and SSC13. The genetic traits included heart weight （HW）, lung weight （LW）, liver and gallbladder weight （LGW）, spleen weight （SPW）, stomach weight （STW）, small intestine weight （S1W）, large intestine weight （LIW）, kidney weight （KW）, carcass length to the first cervical vertebra （CL1）, carcass length to the first thoracic vertebra （CL2）, rib numbers （RNS）, and teat numbers （TNS）. Results indicated that, 3 highly significant QTL （P≤0.01 at chromosome-wise level） for HW （at 30 cM on SSC6）, RNS （at 115 cM on SSC7）, TNS （at 110 cM on SSC7）, and 6 significant QTL （P≤0.05 at chromosome-wise level） for LW （at 119 cM on SSC13）, LGW （at 94 cM on SSC6）, SPW （at 106 cM on SSC8）, SIW （0 cM on SSC4）, LIW （170 cM on SSC 4）, and TNS （at 95 cM on SSC6） were detected. The phenotypic variances for which these QTL were accounted ranged from 0.04 % to 14.06 %. Most of these QTL had not been previously reported.

Quantitative studies of the regular distribution pattern for Salmonella enteritidis in the internal organs of mice after oral challenge by a specific real-time polymerase chain reaction

AIM： To identify and understand the regular distribution pattern for Salmonella enteritidis （S. enteritidis） in the internal organs of mice after an oral challenge over a 3 wk period. METHODS： Assays based on the serovar-specific DNA sequence of S. enteritidis from GenBank, and a serovar-specific real-time, fluorescence-based quantitative polymerase chain reaction （FQ-PCR） were developed for the detection of S. enteritidis. We used this assay to detect genomic DNA of S. enteritidis in the blood and the internal organs, including heart, liver, spleen, kidney, pancreas, and gallbladder, from mice after oral challenge at different time points respectively.RESULTS： The results showed that the spleen was positive at 12 h post inoculation （PI）, and the blood was at 14 h PI. The organism was detected in the liver and heart at 16 h PI, the pancreas was positive at 20 h PI, and the final organs to show positive results were the kidney and gallbladder at 22 h PI. The copy number of S. enteritidis DNA in each tissue reached a peak at 24-36 h PI, with the liver and spleen containing high concentrations of S. enteritidis, whereas the blood, heart, kidney, pancreas, and gallbladder had low concentrations. S. enteritidis populations began to decrease and were not detectable at 3 d PI, but were still present up to 12 d PI in the gallbladder, 2 wk for the liver, and 3 wk for the spleen without causing apparent symptoms.CONCLUSION： The results provided significant data for understanding the life cycle of S. enteritidis in the internal organs, and showed that the liver and spleen may be the primary sites for setting itself up as a commensa over a long time after oral challenge. Interestingly, it may be the first time reported that the gallbladder is a site of carriage for S. enteritidis over a 12 d period. This study will help to understand the mechanisms of action of S. enteriCdis infection in vivo.

Development of a Porcine cDNA Microarray:Analysis of Clenbuterol Responding Genes in Pig(Sus scrofa) Internal Organs

Pig （Sus scrofa） fat accumulation can be reduced by feeding with high dosages of clenbuterol, but the molecular mechanism has not yet been explained. In our study, a porcine cDNA microarray representing 3 358 pig genes was successfully developed. This microarray is the first porcine DNA microarray in China and its false positive rate is 0.98%, which means the microarray platform is reliable. The microarray can be used to study gene expression profiles in multiple pig tissues because the present genes percentage of adipose, skeletal muscle, heart, liver, lung, kidney, and spleen were all more than 60%. This microarray was used to identify the genes responding to clenbuterol stimulation in pig internal organs, including heart, liver, lung, spleen, and kidney. Many genes were identified including enzymes involved in lipids metabolism （lipoprotein lipase up-regulated in liver, heart and lung, ATP-citrate lyase and carnitine palmitoyltransferase II precursor up-regulated in liver, succinyl-CoA up-regulated in lung, mitochondrial malate dehydrogenase down-regulated in spleen）, and signaling pathway genes （cAMP-protein kinase A signaling pathway was found up-regulated in liver, heart, lung, and kidney as reported previously, while transforming growth factor was found down-regulated in heart and lung）. However, no common gene responding to clenbuterol administration was found in all tissues. The expression levels of 14 genes were analyzed using real-time PCR with 82.1% of them induced to express similar magnitudes as in the microarray analyses. This work offers some understanding of how clenbuterol so effectively reduces pig adipose accumulation on the molecular level.

International non-governmental organizations’provision of communitybased tuberculosis care for hard-to-reach populations in Myanmar,2013-2014

Background:National tuberculosis(TB)programs increasingly engage with international non-governmental organizations(INGOs),especially to provide TB care in complex settings where community involvement might be required.In Myanmar,however,there is limited data on how such INGO community-based programs are organized and how effective they are.In this study,we describe four INGO strategies for providing community-based TB care to hard-to-reach populations in Myanmar,and assess their contribution to TB case detection.Methods:We conducted a descriptive study using program data from four INGOs and the National TB Program(NTP)in 2013-2014.For each INGO,we extracted information on its approach and key activities,the number of presumptive TB cases referred and undergoing TB testing,and the number of patients diagnosed with TB and their treatment outcomes.The contribution of INGOs to TB diagnosis in their selected townships was calculated as the proportion of INGO-diagnosed new TB cases out of the total NTP-diagnosed new TB cases in the same townships.Results:All four INGOs implemented community-based TB care in challenging contexts,targeting migrants,post-conflict areas,the urban poor,and other vulnerable populations.Two recruited community volunteers via existing community health volunteers or health structures,one via existing community leaderships,and one directly involved TB infected/affected individuals.Two INGOs compensated volunteers via performance-based financing,and two provided financial and in-kind initiatives.All relied on NTP laboratories for diagnosis and TB drugs,but provided direct observation treatment support and treatment follow-up.A total of 21995 presumptive TB cases were referred for TB diagnosis,with 7383(34%)new TB cases diagnosed and almost all(98%)successfully treated.The four INGOs contributed to the detection of,on average,36%(7383/20663)of the total new TB cases in their respective townships(range:15-52%).Conclusion:Community-based TB care supported by INGOs successfully achieved TB case detection in hard-toreach and vulnerable populations.This is vital to achieving the World Health Organization End TB Strategy targets.Strategies to ensure sustainability of the programs should be explored,including the need for longer-term commitment of INGOs.

Preliminary Measurement of Internal Organs of Congjiang Fragrance Pig and Huanjiang Fragrance Pig

Fragrance pig is a famous miniature local breed in China,which is similar to human on the aspects of physical structure,anatomy,nutrition,metabolism and blood biochemical indicators. The internal organs of Congjiang fragrance pig and Huanjiang fragrance pig with different month ages were weighed. The results showed that the proportion of stomach in body weight in Congjiang fragrance pig was higher than that in Min pig,Harbin white and Landrace,and the proportion of large intestine in body weight in Congjiang fragrance pig was also higher than that in ordinary pigs; the weights of heart,liver and kidney in 8- 10 months old Congjiang fragrance pig were similar to that in Chinese adults. This provided reference data for future in-depth development and utilization of fragrance pig.

The post-Paris approach to mitigating Arctic warming——perspectives from shipping emissions reduction

The availability of increased Arctic shipping as a consequence of sea ice decline is a regional issue that is closely linked with international climate governance and global governance of the maritime industry. Sea ice decline creates favorable circumstances for the development of merchant shipping, but is accompanied by increases in greenhouse gas emissions. Reduction of greenhouse gas emissions from the shipping industry is of utmost importance to prevent the destruction of the fragile Arctic ecosystem. This paper focuses on the core content of the Paris Agreement and suggests that the International Maritime Organization could guide the shipping industry to reach a fair agreement with states that includes market-based measures, capacity building, and voluntary actions of shipping companies as non-state actors.

Research on governance of HFO use and carriage on ships in accordance with the Polar Code

In this paper, we discuss the environmental damages caused by the use and carriage of Heavy Fuel Oil(HFO) by ships in Arctic waters. We also review efforts made by major international and regional organizations in governing the use and carriage of HFO by ships in Arctic waters after implementation of the Polar Code, and analyze the obstacles and difficulties that lie ahead. By illustrating the features of the Arctic Council and the International Maritime Organization(IMO), which govern Arctic waters, we examine measures taken by these two organizations in tackling HFO issues. These include: assessing indigenous and local community’s reliance on HFO transportation in the Arctic, developing risk prevention measures for ships operating in Arctic waters, seeking economic alternatives to HFO that contribute to a greener economy, developing a package of HFO governance measures, strengthening cooperation between relevant international and regional organizations that govern HFO to provide suggestions for follow-up discussions on HFOs, and optimize governance by relevant organizations and determine a better global solution to governing the use and carriage of HFO by ships. In addition, we discuss the feasibility of an IMO-imposed HFO ban from the perspective of the Arctic governance to clearly grasp the path of its future development.

The Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia Data Management System for the Arctic Sciences

The brokering approach can be successfully used to overcome the crucial question of searching among enormous amount of data （raw and/or processed） produced and stored in different information systems. In this paper, authors describe the Data Management System the DMS （Data Management System） developed by INGV （Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia） to support the brokering system GEOSS （Global Earth Observation System of Systems） adopted for the ARCA （Arctic Present Climate Change and Past Extreme Events） project. This DMS includes heterogeneous data that contributes to the ARCA objective （www.arcaproject.it） focusing on multi-parametric and multi-disciplinary studies on the mechanism （s） behind the release of large volumes of cold and fresh water from melting of ice caps. The DMS is accessible directly at the www.arca.rm.ingv.it, or through the IADC （Italian Arctic Data Center） at http：//arcticnode.dta.cnr.it/iadc/gi-portal/index.jsp that interoperates with the GEOSS brokering system （http：//www.geoportal.org0 making easy and fast the search of specific data set and its URL.

An Accuracy Improvement for the Clinical Test Result by United ISO-GUM and QE

This research developed the technology which united ISO-GUM （International Organization of Standard-Guide to Express of Uncertainty in Measurement） and QE （Quality Engineer） strategically and employed both feature efficiently. Although to tow technology of purpose use is same, each has future. The purpose is scheduled to improve the accuracy as a result of the clinical examinations. The result of research was used for diagnosis by equivalent Quality Control （eqQC） of the same level when and where, that are needed for broader-based medical system of the time of IT-era. Since National Institute of Standard and Technology （NIST） is recommend use of complicated operation by ISO-GUM for uniting, realization required the newest high quality computer technology. The algorithm of the complexity system of operation is that Fast Fourier Transform （FFT）, Inverse Fast Fourier Transform （IFFT） and Multi-variance Analysis （MA） are needed in Fig. 4. The main new improving points are changed of ambiguous expression method of data, and the pursuit which the cause of worsens accuracy put into data. All data with an assurance reported the final result for patient or donor. Medical laboratory quality system service is offered essential in the laboratory to be correct result for health care by Good Laboratory Practices （GLP） useful ISO 15189. Quality Assurance （QA） is achieved though system reliability.