Analysis of Mobile and Internet Network Coverage: Propagation of Electromagnetic Waves and Concept of Digital Divide in Burundi

Mobile and Internet network coverage plays an important role in digital transformation and the exploitation of new services. The evolution of mobile networks from the first generation (1G) to the 5th generation is still a long process. 2G networks have developed the messaging service, which complements the already operational voice service. 2G technology has rapidly progressed to the third generation (3G), incorporating multimedia data transmission techniques. It then progressed to fourth generation (4G) and LTE (Long Term Evolution), increasing the transmission speed to improve 3G. Currently, developed countries have already moved to 5G. In developing countries, including Burundi, a member of the East African Community (ECA) where more than 80% are connected to 2G technologies, 40% are connected to the 3G network and 25% to the 4G network and are not yet connected to the 5G network and then still a process. The objective of this article is to analyze the coverage of 2G, 3G and 4G networks in Burundi. This analysis will make it possible to identify possible deficits in order to reduce the digital divide between connected urban areas and remote rural areas. Furthermore, this analysis will draw the attention of decision-makers to the need to deploy networks and coverage to allow the population to access mobile and Internet services and thus enable the digitalization of the population. Finally, this article shows the level of coverage, the digital divide and an overview of the deployment of base stations (BTS) throughout the country to promote the transformation and digital inclusion of services.

Mobile Ad Hoc Network与Internet互联的技术研究

分析了移动IP和AODV协议的工作机理,对MANET与Internet互联的关键技术,包括协议转换、地址分配、网关发现、路由发现与数据传输等问题进行了详细的讨论,并对今后的研究工作进行了展望。

Smart Service System(SSS)：A Novel Architecture Enabling Coordination of Heterogeneous Networking Technologies and Devices for Internet of Things

In Internet of Things(IoT), the devices or terminals are connected with each other, which can be very diverse over the wireless networks. Unfortunately, the current devices are not designed to communicate with the collocated devices which employ different communication technologies. Consequently, the communication between these devices will be realized only by using the gateway nodes. This will cause the inefficient use of wireless resources. Therefore, in this paper, a smart service system(SSS) architecture is proposed, which consists of smart service terminal(SST), and smart service network(SSN), to realize the Io T in a general environment with diverse communication networks, devices, and services. The proposed architecture has the following advantages: i) the devices in this architecture cover multiple types of terminals and sensor-actuator devices; ii) the communications network therein is a converged network, and will coordinate multiple kinds of existing and emerging networks. This converged network offers ubiquitous access for various sensors and terminals; iii) the architecture has services and applications covering all smart service areas. It also provides theadaptability to new services and applications. A SSS architecture-based smart campus system was developed and deployed. Evaluation experiments of the proposed smart campus system demonstrate the SSS's advantages over the existing counterparts, and verify the effectiveness of the proposed architecture.

Deployment Strategy of Wireless Sensor Networks for Internet of Things

This paper proposes an open hierarchical network architecture for the Internet of Things (IoT), which can provide a unified network topology by using heterogeneous Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs). With this proposed architecture, our research focuses on the optimal deployment strategy of the nodes on the convergence level. We aim at the maximization of the sub-network's lifetime while minimizing the deployment cost. Meanwhile, a novel metric named as the Ratio of Lifetime to Cost (RLC) is proposed to estimate the efficiency of convergence nodes deployment. Simulation results indicate that the proposed deployment algorithm can achieve the optimal number of convergence nodes. The proposed deployment strategy is able to achieve a balanced tradeoff between the network lifetime and the deployment cost.

A network condition classification scheme for supporting video delivery over wireless Internet*

Real-time video transport over wireless Internet faces many challenges due to the heterogeneous environment including wireline and wireless networks. A robust network condition classification algorithm using multiple end-to-end metrics and Support Vector Machine (SVM) is proposed to classify different network events and model the transition pattern of network conditions. End-to-end Quality-of-Service (QoS) mechanisms like congestion control, error control, and power control can benefit from the network condition information and react to different network situations appropriately. The proposed network condition classifica- tion algorithm uses SVM as a classifier to cluster different end-to-end metrics such as end-to-end delay, delay jitter, throughput and packet loss-rate for the UDP traffic with TCP-friendly Rate Control (TFRC), which is used for video transport. The algorithm is also flexible for classifying different numbers of states representing different levels of network events such as wireline congestion and wireless channel loss. Simulation results using network simulator 2 (ns2) showed the effectiveness of the proposed scheme.

Internet as a Growing and Dynamic Network: An Economic View

The past few decades have witnessed renewed interest and research efforts on the part of the scientific community. After spending decades to disassemble nature, focusing the attention on its components, scientists have shifted their attention on complex networks. These basic structures constitute a wide range of systems in nature and society, but their design is irregular, evolves dynamically over time and their components can fit in a large multiplicity of alternative ways. Nevertheless, the most recent studies of networks have made remarkable progresses by investigating some critical issues of structure and dynamics, thereby improving the understanding of the topology and the growth processes of complex networks. From an economic point of view, networks are especially interesting because they can be considered as a problem of allocation of a critical resource, information, under multiple constraints. They can also be viewed as forms of poliarchies that reproduce, for many aspects, the market paradigm, with surprising properties of self-organization and resilience, which go much beyond the characteristics that are generally attributed to general equilibrium structures. In this paper we first address the major results achieved in the study of complex network and then focus our attention on two specific, highly dynamic and complex networks: Internet and the World Wide Web.

Coordinated and Balanced Growth Between Telecom Networks and Internet

As two existing networks, the telecom network and the Internet differ greatly in terms of business patterns, service quality, security and regulations, whilst technical development makes services provided by the two networks penetrate each other. This article describes the status quo of the telecom network and the Internet as well as the problems faced by each of them, analyzes the causes of those problems, and makes suggestions on coordinated and balanced development of the telecom network and the Internet.

Internet and Telecom Network Technologies Study

The existing Internet technologies and the original Internet design concept cannot meet the requirement of development, due to the fast development of the Internet, great changes of the Internet user groups and the tremendous transformation of the Internet external environment. The Internet is at a development crossroad; and its direction of development has attracted great attention from the world. On the other hand, the telecom industry is in a rather passive position as the result of the great impact the Internet technology has posted on it. The telecom industry has failed in defining its own developing direction and technology breakthrough; therefore, it is also at a crossroad. The development of both the Internet and the telecom networks will lead to the development of Next Generation Network (NGN) technologies. Industrial attention and research should be focused on the key NGN technologies, solutions to problems in the development of these technologies, and their commercialization in a short term.

Performance Evaluation of an Internet Protocol Security (IPSec) Based Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS) Virtual Private Network

This paper evaluates the performance of Internet Protocol Security (IPSec) based Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS) virtual private network (VPN) in a small to medium sized organization. The demand for security in data networks has been increasing owing to the high cyber attacks and potential risks associated with networks spread over distant geographical locations. The MPLS networks ride on the public network backbone that is porous and highly susceptible to attacks and so the need for reliable security mechanisms to be part of the deployment plan. The evaluation criteria concentrated on Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) and Video conferencing with keen interest in jitter, end to end delivery and general data flow. This study used both structured questionnaire and observation methods. The structured questionnaire was administered to a group of 70 VPN users in a company. This provided the study with precise responses. The observation method was used in data simulations using OPNET Version 14.5 Simulation software. The results show that the IPSec features increase the size of data packets by approximately 9.98% translating into approximately 90.02% effectiveness. The tests showed that the performance metrics are all well within the recommended standards. The IPSec Based MPLS Virtual private network is more stable and secure than one without IPSec.

A Novel Load Balancing Strategy of Software-Defined Cloud/Fog Networking in the Internet of Vehicles

The Internet of Vehicles(IoV)has been widely researched in recent years,and cloud computing has been one of the key technologies in the IoV.Although cloud computing provides high performance compute,storage and networking services,the IoV still suffers with high processing latency,less mobility support and location awareness.In this paper,we integrate fog computing and software defined networking(SDN) to address those problems.Fog computing extends computing and storing to the edge of the network,which could decrease latency remarkably in addition to enable mobility support and location awareness.Meanwhile,SDN provides flexible centralized control and global knowledge to the network.In order to apply the software defined cloud/fog networking(SDCFN) architecture in the IoV effectively,we propose a novel SDN-based modified constrained optimization particle swarm optimization(MPSO-CO) algorithm which uses the reverse of the flight of mutation particles and linear decrease inertia weight to enhance the performance of constrained optimization particle swarm optimization(PSO-CO).The simulation results indicate that the SDN-based MPSO-CO algorithm could effectively decrease the latency and improve the quality of service(QoS) in the SDCFN architecture.

A Dual-Channel Secure Transmission Scheme for Internet-Based Networked Control Systems

Two significant issues in Internet-based networked control systems （ INCSs）, transport performance of different protocols and security breach from Internet side, are investigated. First, for improving the performance of data transmission, user datagram protocol （UDP） is adopted as the main stand for controllers and plants using INCSs. Second, a dual-channel secure transmission scheme （DCSTS）based on data transmission characteristics of INCSs is proposed, in which a raw UDP channel and a secure TCP （transmission control protocol） connection making use of SSL/TLS （secure sockets layer/transport layer security） are included. Further, a networked control protocol （NCP） at application layer for supporting DCSTS between the controllers and plants in INCSs is designed, and it also aims at providing a universal communication mechanism for interoperability of devices among the networked control laboratories in Beijing Institute of Technology of China, Central South University of China and Tokyo University of Technology of Japan. By means of a networked single-degree-of-free- dom robot arm, an INCS under the new protocol and security environment is created. Compared with systems such as IPSec or SSL/TLS, which may cause more than 91% network throughput deduction, the new DCSTS protocol may yield results ten times better, being just 5.67%.

Identification and Prediction of Internet Traffic Using Artificial Neural Networks

This paper presents the development of an artificial neural network (ANN) model based on the multi-layer perceptron (MLP) for analyzing internet traffic data over IP networks. We applied the ANN to analyze a time series of measured data for network response evaluation. For this reason, we used the input and output data of an internet traffic over IP networks to identify the ANN model, and we studied the performance of some training algorithms used to estimate the weights of the neuron. The comparison between some training algorithms demonstrates the efficiency and the accu-racy of the Levenberg-Marquardt (LM) and the Resilient back propagation (Rp) algorithms in term of statistical crite-ria. Consequently, the obtained results show that the developed models, using the LM and the Rp algorithms, can successfully be used for analyzing internet traffic over IP networks, and can be applied as an excellent and fundamental tool for the management of the internet traffic at different times.

The Application of Artificial Neural Network in Assessing Chinese Mobile Internet Service

This paper pays its attention on Chinese mobile Internet service( MIS). Chinese MIS is developing so rapidly that the research on the mechanism of the formation of MIS assessment makes significant sense and therefore the three layers construct of the artificial neural network( ANN) theory is applied to address the problem. The final research model contains MIS features including personalization,localization,reachability,connectivity,convenience and ubiquity as the input layer variables,perceived MIS quality and MIS satisfaction as the hidden layer variables and reuse intention as the output layer variable. MIS risk is identified as the mediating variable. Theoretically,the framework is robust and reveals the mechanism of how customers evaluate a certain mobile Internet service. Practically,the model based on ANN should shed some light on how to understand and improve customer perceived mobile Internet service for both MIS giants and new comers.

A Review of Artificial Intelligence Applications in Contemporary Computer Network Technologies

Rapid advancement in science and technology has seen computer network technology being upgraded constantly, and computer technology, in particular, has been applied more and more extensively, which has brought convenience to people’s lives. The number of people using the internet around the globe has also increased significantly, exerting a profound influence on artificial intelligence. Further, the constant upgrading and development of artificial intelligence has led to the continuous innovation and improvement of computer technology. Countries around the world have also registered an increase in investment, paying more attention to artificial intelligence. Through an analysis of the current development situation and the existing applications of artificial intelligence, this paper explicates the role of artificial intelligence in the face of the unceasing expansion of computer network technology.

Internet测量与分析综述

Internet的测量与分析为加强网络管理、提高网络利用率、防范大规模网络攻击提供了技术平台,已成为学术界、企业界和国家政府部门所普遍关心的重要问题之一.介绍了网络测量与分析的主要研究内容,以及国内外相关领域的研究现状,并对该领域的关键技术和难点问题进行了分析,同时给出了网络测量与分析的3个典型应用案例.

基于Internet的共享控制系统平台构建

研究基于因特网的共享控制系统这一全新的网络控制系统模型的构建方案.分析系统的组成结构和理论难点,融合控制技术、网络通信及资源共享技术,设计了系统的软硬件平台构建方案.构建的共享控制系统运行高效稳定,可扩展性强,已初步应用于实验教学环节.结果表明,所给方案有效可行,逐渐增加设备接入节点可以不断扩大共享控制系统的应用领域,实现控制决策技术、已有设备资源和信息资源的共享.

基于Internet的机器人遥外科手术的问题及对策

针对基于Internet的机器人遥外科手术面临的时延问题 ,提出了网络及其通讯协议的发展 ,如高可靠性通信链路和实时传输协议 ,是解决时延问题的根本 ;历史上形成的网络遥操作系统的控制策略 ,如基于事件的方法和无源性及耗散系统理论 。

Internet综合服务模型和分类服务模型

文章介绍了未来Ｉｎｔｅｒｎｅｔ中存在的两种服务模型，综合服务（Ｉｎｔ－Ｓｅｒｖ）和分类服务（Ｄｉｆｆ—Ｓｅｒｖ），并对它们进行了评价。

Internet常用的网络安全技术

介绍了两种常用的网络安全技术 ,数据加密技术和防火墙技术。并对数据加密技术中的加密算法和密钥管理作了比较详尽的分析。对防火墙技术的构成和防火墙的种类进行了比较全面的介绍。同时指出数据加密技术和防火墙技术的优势和缺陷 。