An extended input-output table for environmental and resources accounting

Environmentally Extended Input-Output(EEIO)tables have become a powerful element in supporting information-based environmental and economic policies.National-and provincial-level 10 tables are currently published by the National Bureau of Statistics of the People's Republic of China according to well-defined conventions.However,county-level 10tables are not provided as a rule by official statistics organizations.This paper conducts an overview of compiling EEIO tables for environmental and resources accounting at the county level and then answers several questions:First,what kind of data should be prepared for the compilation of county-level EEIO tables?Second,how can we set up comprehensive EEIO tables at the county level?Third,regarding the survey methods and the indirect modeling,which one should be chosen to build EEIO tables at the county level?Finally,what policy questions could such a table answer?EEIO tables at the county level can be used to predict the economic impacts of environmental policies and to perform trend and scenario analysis.

Estimation of regional physical imports and exports of EW-MFA in China using monetary input-output tables

Given the statistical gaps in material flow among provinces in China, a method was introduced to estimate regional physical imports and exports （RPIE）, which includes international and interregional imports/ exports. This method uses provincial monetary input- output tables （MIOT） and international trade statistics. A coefficient matrix representing correlations between monetary value and physical mass for years 2000-2009 was obtained based on a detailed commodity classification and 22 material production sectors in MIOT. With the coefficient matrix as reference, RPIE was measured. Pilot calculation of both regional physical trade balance and domestic material consumption, as well as a brief analysis of these methods, were conducted using 2002 data.

Measuring I/O-Production in Digital Economy

According to OECD standards(United Nations,2008),“productivity is commonly defined as a ratio of a volume measure of output to a volume measure of input use”.This ratio indicates how efficiently production inputs,such as labour and capital,are being used in an economy to produce a given level of outputs.Productivity stays aside the main aggregates of national accounts,as the national income(a proxy of GDP),the total output and the circulating capital.Assume the existence of a Leontief-type national Input-Output Table with the vector of total output and the vector of intermediate inputs,situated on its right and lower border.In this paper a measure of capital productivity is proposed.It is called the productiveness,and results from the solution of a boundary value problem,elaborated for Input-Output Tables,involving the vector of total output and the vector of intermediate inputs.

中国八大区域间碳排放转移研究

我国国土幅员辽阔,各区域的经济发展水平和产业结构差异很大。在全国尺度上,发展低碳经济需要切实贯彻区域统筹原则,这就需要对中国区域间的碳排放转移问题进行深入分析。本研究利用EIO-LCA方法及1997年中国区域间投入产出表来核算中国八大区域间产品(服务)以及隐含的碳排放在区域之间流动和转移总量。研究发现,经济拉动作用收支方面,东北区域、京津区域、南部沿海区域、西北区域和西南区域对区域经济拉动作用总量大于其承接其他区域拉动作用的总量,北部沿海区域、东部沿海区域和中部区域反之。区域间隐含的碳排放转移收支方面,北部沿海区域和中部区域碳排放转入量大于转出量,承接了其他区域的高碳负荷产业转移,其他六个区域情况相反。另外,本研究还采用万元碳排放量表示区域间经济拉动的碳负荷系数,来衡量经济拉动作用的碳环境友好程度,即碳效率。区域承接的拉动作用的碳效率从大到小顺序是:京津,西南,东部沿海,北部沿海,西北,东北,南部沿海,中部区域。

基于投入产出模型的省际间货运量模拟研究

现有货运量模拟研究多针对某一区域的货运总量,较少涉及货运流向。在2012年中国31省市投入产出表的基础上,采用引力模型估算区域间贸易系数矩阵,采用列系数模型编制中国31省市42部门的区域间投入产出表,将价值流量转化成货运流量得到省际间货运量。利用2012年资料对模型参数进行率定,利用2017年资料对模型进行验证。研究结果表明:模型在考虑GDP增长和产业结构调整对货运量的影响下,可以较好地模拟各区域货运总量和区域间的货运流向,可为研究GDP和产业结构对货运量的影响提供量化方法,为规划未来交通基础设施的建设规模提供参考。

基于产业和区域层面的R&D溢出效应分析——以区域间投入产出模型为例

R&D活动对地区经济增长产生着举足轻重的作用,在产业间和区域间存在着溢出效应。笔者分析了R&D在产业和区域间的技术扩散强度,同时计算了技术乘数。研究结果显示,技术乘数较小的部门生产技术,而技术乘数较大的部门使用技术,R&D溢出主要从技术生产部门流向技术使用部门;各区域的产业技术结构具有一定的相似性。

中国出口增加值的区域分布格局及其演变趋势

利用2002、2007和2010年中国非竞争型区域间投入产出表,对这3个年份中国八大区域出口增加值进行测算,揭示出口增加值的区域分布和经济贡献率格局,并探讨了格局演变的趋势特征和主要原因。结果显示:中国的出口增加值在规模、产业结构和经济贡献率指标上都存在东中西部的梯度差异;2002年以来中西部地区出口增加值的快速增长,在全国出口增加值中的占比由2002年的14.6%增长到2010年的23.2%,改变了其分布格局;在区域政策和要素成本变化的共同作用下,中部与西南地区在劳动与技术密集型产业的出口增加值增速加快,而东部和南部沿海地区在资源与劳动密集型产业的出口增加值增速放缓,推动了分布格局的演变。最后为区域出口增加值的提质增效提出了几点建议。

A process-level hierarchical structural decomposition analysis (SDA) of energy consumption in an integrated steel plant

A hierarchical structural decomposition analysis(SDA) model has been developed based on process-level input-output(I-O) tables to analyze the drivers of energy consumption changes in an integrated steel plant during 2011-2013. By combining the principle of hierarchical decomposition into D&L method, a hierarchical decomposition model for multilevel SDA is obtained. The developed hierarchical IO-SDA model would provide consistent results and need less computation effort compared with the traditional SDA model. The decomposition results of the steel plant suggest that the technology improvement and reduced steel final demand are two major reasons for declined total energy consumption. The technical improvements of blast furnaces, basic oxygen furnaces, the power plant and the by-products utilization level have contributed mostly in reducing energy consumption. A major retrofit of ancillary process units and solving fuel substitution problem in the sinter plant and blast furnace are important for further energy saving. Besides the empirical results, this work also discussed that why and how hierarchical SDA can be applied in a process-level decomposition analysis of aggregated indicators.

Parameterless Pruning Algorithms for Similarity-Weight Network and Its Application in Extracting the Backbone of Global Value Chain

Purpose:With the availability and utilization of Inter-Country Input-Output(ICIO)tables,it is possible to construct quantitative indices to assess its impact on the Global Value Chain(GVC).For the sake of visualization,ICIO networks with tremendous low-weight edges are too dense to show the substantial structure.These redundant edges,inevitably make the network data full of noise and eventually exert negative effects on Social Network Analysis(SNA).In this case,we need a method to filter such edges and obtain a sparser network with only the meaningful connections.Design/methodology/approach:In this paper,we propose two parameterless pruning algorithms from the global and local perspectives respectively,then the performance of them is examined using the ICIO table from different databases.Findings:The Searching Paths(SP)method extracts the strongest association paths from the global perspective,while Filtering Edges(FE)method captures the key links according to the local weight ratio.The results show that the FE method can basically include the SP method and become the best solution for the ICIO networks.Research limitations:There are still two limitations in this research.One is that the computational complexity may increase rapidly while processing the large-scale networks,so the proposed method should be further improved.The other is that much more empirical networks should be introduced to testify the scientificity and practicability of our methodology.Practical implications:The network pruning methods we proposed will promote the analysis of the ICIO network,in terms of community detection,link prediction,and spatial econometrics,etc.Also,they can be applied to many other complex networks with similar characteristics.Originality/value:This paper improves the existing research from two aspects,namely,considering the heterogeneity of weights and avoiding the interference of parameters.Therefore,it provides a new idea for the research of network backbone extraction.

Evolution trends and structural decomposition of China's green value-added over 40 years of reform and opening-up

China's 40-year history of reform and opening-up includes rapid economic development as well as pollution and environmental governance.Using a four-stage division,this study explores the evolution trend and structural decomposition of China's green value-added by constructing a non-competitive input-output table for environmental pollution from 1978 to 2017.The results indicate that pollution production coefficients increased continuously,and the green value-added index decreased.Additionally,the structural decomposition showed that investment and export were critical for economic growth during the period,though they were accompanied by serious pollution problems.The pollution generated by the raw material(represented by coal mining)and processing industries(represented by the textiles)were not controlled effectively.Pollution treatment for these industries should be strengthened in the future.The study has implications for government officials,policy makers,and academics.First,China should make green development a core concept for economic development,increase environmental pollution governance,develop a“green GDP,”incorporate the external costs of environmental pollution into the national economic accounting system.Second,it must change the investment and export structure as well as the traditional economic development pattern that exacerbates pollution.Specifically,the country should develop industries with low pollution and promote the export of industries producing high value-added products and increase green GDP per capita.Third,it should closely monitor the development of highly polluting industries.Upgrading technology to reduce pollution and strengthening pollution treatment will reduce the number of polluting industries and improve environmental governance efficiency.

China's comparative advantage still in low-tech manufacturing sector

This paper represents an attempt to estimate the level of vertical specialization in China's manufacturing industry using China's input-output tables (1995-2005) compiled by the OECD; describe the trends of evolution in the trade competitiveness of China's manufacturing industry using the 1995-2006 trade data of 24 Chinese industries; and examine the key factors affecting the trade competitiveness of China's manufacturing industry in accordance with the analytical framework of Hummels et al (2001). The estimation results indicate that i) the rapid increase in the vertical specialization levels of China's merchandise sectors (especially the high-tech manufacturing sector) has to some extent explained the explosive growth of China's exports (especially high-tech exports) in recent years; ii) there have been no substantive changes in China's comparative advantages. Such advantages are still attributed to the low-tech manufacturing sector. However, the comparative advantage and trade competitiveness of the high-tech manufacturing sector have been on the rise; iii) vertical specialization has signif icantly enhanced the trade competitiveness of China's manufacturing industry. Foreign market dependence, domestic intermediate input intensity and R&D intensity have an obvious promoting effect on the trade competitiveness of China's manufacturing industry.

先富地区带动了落后地区共同富裕吗?——基于国内价值链的视角

实现区域经济协调发展,缩小区域经济差距将是下一步中国经济的重要任务之一。通过国内价值链实现先富地区带动落后地区经济发展是区域经济协调发展的一条重要途径。运用区域间非竞争型投入产出模型分析发现区域经济增长通过国内生产网络和贸易网络对其他区域产生溢出效应,带动其他区域经济增长,进一步分析发现技术、生产和需求等不同的因素影响区域间溢出效应。采用1997年、2002年、2007年、2012年、2017年中国区域间投入产出表测算,结果显示富裕地区存在明显的向落后地区的溢出效应,虽然存在波动,但这种溢出效应整体上不断增加。结构分解的结果显示落后地区部门增加值率的影响不如人意,产业关联的影响波动较大,富裕地区最终需求的影响虽然也存在波动,但一直处于正值。在全球价值链全面受挫之际,应加强国内价值链的构建,积极应对外部不确定性,扩大富裕地区向落后地区的溢出。

Analysis of urban metabolic processes based on input-output method： model development and a case study for Beijing

Discovering ways in which to increase the sustainability of the metabolic processes involved in urbanization has become an urgent task for urban design and management in China. As cities are analogous to living organisms, the disorders of their metabolic processes can be regarded as the cause of ＂urban disease＂. Therefore, identification of these causes through metabolic process analysis and ecological element distribution through the urban ecosystem＇s compartments will be helpful. By using Beijing as an example, we have compiled monetary input- output tables from 1997, 2000, 2002, 2005, and 2007 and calculated the intensities of the embodied ecological elements to compile the corresponding implied physical input-output tables. We then divided Beijing＇s economy into 32 compartments and analyzed the direct and indirect ecological intensities embodied in the flows of ecological elements through urban metabolic processes. Based on the combination of input-output tables and ecological network analysis, the description of multiple ecological elements transferred among Beijing＇s industrial compartments and their distribution has been refined. This hybrid approach can provide a more scientific basis for management of urban resource flows. In addition, the data obtained from distribution characteristics of ecological elements may provide a basic data platform for exploring the metabolic mechanism of Beijing.

增值税省际转移与政府间横向财政平衡——基于我国42部门区域间投入产出表的分析

我国现行税制下增值税收入的征收及地方政府对收入的分享基于“生产地”原则,而经过层层转嫁后增值税负担的最终归宿却处于货物或劳务(服务)的“消费地”,由此导致增值税收入的省际转移。基于31个省(区、市)42部门的区域间投入产出表并对各行业中间投入品中包含的税负予以充分考虑,可对我国增值税收入省际转移的情况进行更为科学的测算,结果显示:大部分的中西部省份为增值税的净流出地,而少数东部省份为增值税的净流人地,“营改增”改革并未改变这一现状。基于测算结果可设计出负担和收入相匹配的政府间增值税收入分享新方案,该方案可显著促进我国政府间的横向财政平衡。

基于投入产出技术的全球生产网络时空格局演变及驱动因素分析

Global production networks have become the most important organizational platforms for coordinating international production activities,and their evolution patterns profoundly affect value distribution across the world.In this study,we shall firstly carry out an in-depth quantitative research to analyze the patterns and evolution of global production networks,using a long time-sequenced multi-region input-output table and the network analysis approach.Then based on the method of value-added decomposition,we will develop an index system to measure the degree of participation of regions in global production networks.Finally,we will try to identify the factors affecting the degree of participation of countries in global production networks by constructing a regression model.The results show that from 1995 to 2015,the evolution of global production networks measured by input-output linkages experienced four stages:expansion,contraction,re-expansion,and re-contraction.In addition,the core communities of global production networks evolved from two major production communities(Europe and the Americas)to three pillars(Europe,Americas,and Asia)while more segmented communities are mainly affected by geographical proximity.The latter consists of European,North American,South American,African and Asian communities.The evolution of the global production network pattern primarily manifests as a process of cooperation strengthening or weakening among communities,based on changes in the external environment and the need for individual development strategies.Meanwhile,the United States,Germany,and the United Kingdom have consistently ranked among the top entities in global production networks,whereas China,Russia,and Southeast Asia have the fastest rises in ranking.In addition,government efficiency,resources endowment,infrastructure conditions and technology levels play important roles in the participation in global production networks.

Impact of the US Economic Crisis on East Asian Economies:Production Networks and Triangular Trade through Chinese Mainland

This paper investigates the impact of the 2008 economic crisis on industries in East Asia. It attempts to identify the transmission mechanism and the magnitude of the impact of the crisis on industries in East Asia using the updated Asian international input-output table for 2008. The analyses reveal that the crisis significantly affected industrial output of the nine East Asian economies included in the present study. The economies that are deeply involved in production networks were affected most seriously. Our analyses also show that the impact was transmitted to East Asian industries through triangular trade, in which Chinese mainland imports parts and components from neighboring East Asian economies and then exports final products to the US and EU markets. Although such intricate production networks have improved the competitiveness of East Asian economies, they have also increased vulnerability to external shocks.

Value, Structure and Spatial Distribution of Interprovincial Trade in China

This study uses two different datasets to explore the stylized facts of interprovincial trade in China during the recent two decades. One dataset provides the magnitude of bilateral interprovincial goods trade calculated using firms ＇ value-added tax invoices. The other supplies estimates of interprovincial trade using provincial input-output tables. We find that China has both a large value and a high growth rate of interprovincial trade, but there still exists a home bias in internal trade for most provinces. In addition, disaggregation by product shows that the manufacturing sector has the largest share of interprovincial trade and this share continues to grow. Finally, the spatial distribution of trade suggests that all provinces can be clustered into a smaller number of trade areas with large intra-cluster trade. Therefore, China＇s central government should make more effort to reduce local protection, stimulate domestic demand and coordinate interregional trade among local jurisdictions.

价格测算模型解的存在性定理

价格测算模型解的存在性定理曹国钧，王健（重庆医药设计院６３００００）（渝州大学数学系）ＡＴｈｅｏｒｅｍｆｏｒＥｘｉｓｔｅｎｃｅｏｆｔｈｅＳｏｌｕｔｉｏｎｏｎＰｒｉｃｅＥｓｔｉｍａｔｅＭｏｄｅｌＣａｏＧｕｏｊｕｎＷａｎｇＪｉａｎ（ＣｈｏｎｇＱｉｎｇＰｈ...

Productivity Growth in the Chinese Economy by Industry and the Role of Foreign Capital

The purpose of this paper is to estimate total factor productivity （TFP） growth in China by industry. As well as reviewing some previous studies on TFP growth in China, the authors present their estimation of TFP growth in China for two periods, 1987-1992 and 1992-1997. During both periods, output growth was as high as double digits. However, the differences in TFP growth between these two periods were remarkable. In the first period, wide-ranging TFP growth was observed, whereas in the latter period, high TFP growth was concentrated in industries such as ＂transportation equipment＂ and ＂electric machinery＂, which are known for actively introducing foreign capital and technologies. In fact, positive relations were confirmed among TFP growth, export performance, and the introduction of foreign capital. Foreign capital made a large contribution to China＇s exportled growth.

Exports-driven primary energy requirements and the structural paths of Chinese regions

As the major primary energy importer in the world,China has engaged in considerable efforts to ensure energy security.However,little attention has been paid to China’s embodied primary energy exports.Separating the international export from regional final demand,this paper focuses on quantifying provincial primary energy requirement arising from China’s exports,and tracing its concrete interprovincial supply chains using multi-regional input-output analysis and structural path analysis.Results show that China’s embodied primary energy uses in exports(EEE)reached 633.01 Mtce in 2012,compared to 565.15 Mtce in 2007.Four fifths of the EEE were supplied through interprovincial trade.Eastern coastal provinces accounted for nearly 70%of the national total EEE,while their primary energy supply mainly sourced from the central and western provinces.Most interprovincial supply chain paths of embodied primary energy exports were traced to the coal mining sectors of Shanxi,Inner Mongolia and Shaanxi.Critical receiving sectors in the final export provinces were Chemical industry,Metallurgy,Electronic equipment,Textile and other manufacturing sectors.Important transmission sectors were Electricity and hot water production and supply and Petroleum refining,coking,etc.In view of the specific role of exports in primary energy requirements,provincial energy uses are largely dependent on its domestic trade position and degrees of industrial participation in the global economy.Managing critical industrial sectors and supply chain paths associated with the international exports provide new insights to ensure China’s energy security and to formulate targeted energy policies.