Interrupted Time Series Analysis of Military and Civilian Regimes in Nigeria: A Statistical Evidence from Gross Domestic Product (GDP)

Governments influence the economy by changing the level and types of taxes, the extent and composition of spending, and the degree and form of borrowing. Governments directly and indirectly influence the way resources are used in the economy. Higher taxes, fees, and greater regulations can stymie businesses or entire industries and the resulting impact is reflected on the country’s economy status (strong or weak). The growth rate of GDP is often used as an indicator of the general health of the economy. In broad terms, an increase in real GDP is interpreted as a sign that the economy is doing well. So it is important to study and pay more attention to country’s GDP growth rate. In this paper, an intervention analysis approach was applied to Nigeria GDP data in order to evaluate the performances of military and civilian rules in the country. Data on Nigeria GDP were collected and subjected to interrupted (intervention) time series model. Based on the Alkaike Information Criterion (AIC), Bayesian Information Criterion (BIC) and sigma2 values, the interrupted time series model ARIMA (1, 1, 0) with exogenous variables (per capita per capita GDP, intervention, year and yearAfter) was identified as the best model amongst other competing models. It was observed that the intervention (civilian rule) was significant at the 10% level of significance in increasing the Nigeria GDP by 10B US$ on the average since 2005 till 2021 while controlling for the effects of other determinants. Also, the ARIMA (1, 1, 0) forecasts indicate that the Nigeria GDP will continue increasing during the civilian rule. As a result, changing from military rule to civilian rule in Nigeria significantly increased the GDP of the country.

Interrupted Time Series Analysis of Military and Civilian Regimes in Nigeria: A Statistical Evidence from Gross Domestic Product (GDP)

Governments influence the economy by changing the level and types of taxes, the extent and composition of spending, and the degree and form of borrowing. Governments directly and indirectly influence the way resources are used in the economy. Higher taxes, fees, and greater regulations can stymie businesses or entire industries and the resulting impact is reflected on the country’s economy status (strong or weak). The growth rate of GDP is often used as an indicator of the general health of the economy. In broad terms, an increase in real GDP is interpreted as a sign that the economy is doing well. So it is important to study and pay more attention to country’s GDP growth rate. In this paper, an intervention analysis approach was applied to Nigeria GDP data in order to evaluate the performances of military and civilian rules in the country. Data on Nigeria GDP were collected and subjected to interrupted (intervention) time series model. Based on the Alkaike Information Criterion (AIC), Bayesian Information Criterion (BIC) and sigma2 values, the interrupted time series model ARIMA (1, 1, 0) with exogenous variables (per capita per capita GDP, intervention, year and yearAfter) was identified as the best model amongst other competing models. It was observed that the intervention (civilian rule) was significant at the 10% level of significance in increasing the Nigeria GDP by 10B US$ on the average since 2005 till 2021 while controlling for the effects of other determinants. Also, the ARIMA (1, 1, 0) forecasts indicate that the Nigeria GDP will continue increasing during the civilian rule. As a result, changing from military rule to civilian rule in Nigeria significantly increased the GDP of the country.

Using Interrupted Time Series Design to Analyze Changes in Hand, Foot, and Mouth Disease Incidence during the Declining Incidence Periods of 2008-2010 in China

Objective To identify patterns of hand, foot and mouth disease （HFMD） incidence in China during declining incidence periods of 2008, 2009, and 2010. Methods Reported HFMD cases over a period of 25 months were extracted from the National Disease Reporting System （NDRS） and analyzed. An interrupted time series （ITS） technique was used to detect changes in HFMD incidence rates in terms of level and slope between declining incidence periods of the three years. Results Over 3.58 million HFMD cases younger than 5 years were reported to the NDRS between May 1, 2008, and May 31, 2011. Males comprised 63.4% of the cases. ITS analyses demonstrated a significant increase in incidence rate level （P〈0.0001） when comparing the current period with the previous period. There were significant changes in declining slopes when comparing 2010 to 2009, and 2010 to 2008 （all P〈O.O05）, but not 2009 to 2008. Conclusion Incremental changes in incidence rate level during the declining incidence periods of 2009 and 2010 can potentially be attributed to a few factors. The more steeply declining slope in 2010 compared with previous years could be ascribed to the implementation of more effective interventions and preventive strategies in 2010. Further investigation is required to examine this possibility.

Does Monetary Support Increase the Number of Scientific Papers？ An Interrupted Time Series Analysis

Purpose： One of the main indicators of scientific production is the number of papers published in scholarly journals. Turkey ranks 18th place in the world based on the number of scholarly publications. The objective of this paper is to find out if the monetary support program initiated in 1993 by the Turkish Scientific and Technological Research Council （TUBITAK） to incentivize researchers and increase the number, impact, and quality of international publications has been effective in doing so.Design/methodology/approach： We analyzed some 390,000 publications with Turkish affiliations listed in the Web of Science （WoS） database between 1976 and 2015 along with about 157,000 supported ones between 1997 and 2015. We used the interrupted time series （ITS） analysis technique （also known as ＂quasi-experimental time series analysis＂ or ＂intervention analysis＂） to test if TOBITAK＇s support program helped increase the number of publications. We defined ARIMA （1,1,0） model for ITS data and observed the impact of TOBiTAK＇s support program in 1994, 1997, and 2003 （after one, four and 10 years of its start, respectively）. The majority of publications （93%） were full papers （articles）, which were used as the experimental group while other types of contributions functioned as the control group. We also carried out a multiple regression analysis.Findings： TUBITAK＇s support program has had negligible effect on the increase of the number of papers with Turkish affiliations. Yet, the number of other types of contributions continued to increase even though they were not well supported, suggesting that TUBITAK＇s support program is probably not the main factor causing the increase in the number of papers with Turkish affiliations. Research limitations： Interrupted time series analysis shows if the ＂intervention＂ has had any significant effect on the dependent variable but it does not explain what caused the increase in the number of papers if it was not the intervention. Moreover, except the＂intervention＂, other ＂event（s）＂ that might affect the time series data （e.g., increase in the number of research personnel over the years） should not occur during the period of analysis, a prerequisite that is beyond the control of the researcher. Practical implications： TUBITAK＇s ＂cash-for-publication＂ program did not seem to have direct impact on the increase of the number of papers published by Turkish authors, suggesting that small amounts of payments are not much of an incentive for authors to publish more. It might perhaps be a better strategy to concentrate limited resources on a few high impact projects rather than to disperse them to thousands of authors as ＂micropayments.＂ Originality/value： Based on 25 years＇ worth of payments data, this is perhaps one of the first large-scale studies showing that ＂cash-for-publication＂ policies or ＂piece rates＂ paid to researchers tend to have little or no effect on the increase of researchers＇ productivity. The main finding of this paper has some implications for countries wherein publication subsidies are used as an incentive to increase the number and quality of papers published in international journals. They should be prepared to consider reviewing their existing support programs （based usually on bibliometric measures such as journal impact factors） and revising their reward policies.

An Interrupted Time Series Analysis of COVID-19 Positivity before, during and after Lockdown in Four States of India

Objectives: The objective of this study was to examine the impact of large scale non-pharmaceutical interventions on COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: We used interrupted time series analysis (ITS), a quasi-experimental model to evaluate the effect of interventions in four states of India by comparing the COVID-19 positivity before lockdown, during lockdown and opening-up period. Results: The positivity in all the four states declined during lockdown and the trends reversed soon after the lockdown measures were relaxed as the states opened-up. The rate of reduction of positivity was significantly different between states. Between the lockdown and opening-up period, an increase in positivity was recorded in all the states with significant variation between states. Conclusion: The analysis provides conclusive evidence that the lockdown measures had a positive effect in reducing the burden of COVID-19 and establishes a causal relationship.

ECCM scheme against interrupted sampling repeater jammer based on time-frequency analysis

The interrupted sampling repeater jamming（ISRJ） is an effective deception jamming method for coherent radar, especially for the wideband linear frequency modulation（LFM） radar. An electronic counter-countermeasure（ECCM） scheme is proposed to remove the ISRJ-based false targets from the pulse compression result of the de-chirping radar. Through the time-frequency（TF） analysis of the radar echo signal, it can be found that the TF characteristics of the ISRJ signal are discontinuous in the pulse duration because the ISRJ jammer needs short durations to receive the radar signal. Based on the discontinuous characteristics a particular band-pass filter can be generated by two alternative approaches to retain the true target signal and suppress the ISRJ signal. The simulation results prove the validity of the proposed ECCM scheme for the ISRJ.

基于间断时间序列分析的医院DRG付费改革成效评价研究

目的:分析DRG付费改革对天津市某三级医疗机构运行的影响。方法:收集2020年1月~2022年12月改革试点医疗机构医疗服务能力、医疗服务效率、医疗服务质量3个维度的月度数据,采用间断时间序列数据模型分析改革前后各类指标趋势的变化。结果:试点医院医疗服务能力提升效果显著,医疗服务效率存在较大提升空间,改革对于医疗服务质量影响甚微。结论:在当前诊疗能力稳步提升的情况下、医保支付改革所倡导的降本增效要求下以及“以治疗为中心”转向“以健康为中心”的医疗服务发展模式下,应完善DRG付费改革促进医疗服务能力、医疗服务效率和医疗服务质量提升的关键机制,多措并举实现公立医院高质量发展。

长期护理保险对失能人员医疗服务利用及费用的影响——基于中断时间序列分析

目的:研究长期护理保险政策对长期护理保险待遇享受人员医疗服务利用及费用的影响,探讨长期护理保险实施效果并提出建议。方法:采用卡方检验、中断时间序列分析,综合分析待遇享受人员的医疗服务利用及费用在长期护理保险实施前后的变化情况。结果:研究发现,对不同医疗保险类型、失能等级和年龄的失能人员选择不同的照护方式存在显著差异(P<0.05),待遇享受人员医疗服务利用频次及费用均有降低。结论:医疗保险类型、失能等级和年龄是照护方式选择的影响因素,待遇享受人员的医疗服务利用和费用显著降低,长期护理保险可能减少了“社会性住院”行为。政策建议:缩小城乡待遇差异、促进一体化发展,探索居家照护与机构上门结合、促进护理机构综合发展,健全照护服务体系、减轻家庭压力。

DRG支付方式改革对医院运营管理影响研究

目的:评估DRG支付方式改革对医院运营管理的治理效果,为进一步完善医药卫生体制改革提供结果性证据与参考。方法:以2019-2022年某三甲医院运行数据作为研究样本,使用中断时间序列进行实证检验。结果:DRG付费实施后,样本医院的医疗服务能力不断增强,医疗服务效率持续提升,医疗质量安全得到有效保证,医保监管效果显著。结论:DRG支付方式改革作为优化医疗资源配置的杠杆,能有效发挥其治理效能。在此背景下,医院应细化预算底层逻辑,整合绩效核算方法,有针对性地制定运营战略。

DRG支付对急性胰腺炎患者住院费用影响分析——基于中断时间序列模型研究

目的:本研究选取浙江省某三甲医院2019年至2021年的急性胰腺炎患者结算数据,评估DRG改革前后患者住院费用的变化,旨在为政策的持续优化提供实证依据。方法:采用中断时间序列模型分析政策执行前后住院费用变化趋势,并通过Spearman相关分析探讨住院总费用与各构成部分费用的关联度。结果:分析显示,改革前住院总费用每月上升1639.3元(P<0.001),改革后每月下降1924.1元(P<0.001),药品费和医疗服务费每月分别下降910.0元和480.3元(P<0.001)。改革后,医疗服务费与住院总费用的相关性最强(r=0.941,P<0.001)。结论:研究发现,随着DRG改革实施,样本医院急性胰腺炎患者的住院费用逐年下降,表明改革效果显著。医疗机构通过加强药品和耗材管控及规范医疗行为,有效体现了政策要求。为进一步提升DRG政策的调控作用,建议调整医疗服务价格以激励医务人员,同时建立动态调整机制,优化DRG分组方案,确保政策更好地适应临床需求和医疗实践。

基于间断时间序列分析的三明市公立医院DRG改革效果的综合评估

[目的]分析三明市C-DRG和CN-DRG医保支付方式改革对二级、三级公立医院医疗收入、服务效率和患者负担的影响。[方法]采用间断时间序列、灰色关联度和结构变动度分析方法对2015-2019年22家公立医院的医药收入等指标进行回顾性分析。[结果]三明市实施DRG医保支付方式改革后二级医院的医疗收入降低5.2%,对三级医院的医疗收入没有显著影响;二级、三级医院的平均住院天数和病床使用率无显著改变;三级医院的门急诊次均费用增长2%,出院例均费用未受显著影响;二级医院的出院例均费用降低10.8%后增长8.4%。[结论]在三明市的DRG改革下,公立医院情况稳中向好;DRG可以完善临床路径,促进医疗机构的成本管控,未来的医改进程中,应考虑不同等级医院特点,加强改革的监督管理。

基于医疗机构真实世界数据的丙型肝炎医保报销政策实施效果评估

目的:基于医疗机构真实世界数据,评估丙型肝炎医保报销政策实施效果,为丙型肝炎防治工作和医保政策提供参考和依据。方法:提取四川省成都市某三甲医院2014年1月至2020年12月的电子病历数据,采用间断时间序列分析等方法,从诊疗情况、医疗费用、药物使用和治疗效果等方面分析丙型肝炎患者诊疗行为和疾病负担的变化情况。结果:在诊疗情况方面,成都市门诊特病报销政策实施后就诊人次和治疗人次均出现瞬时增长,实行口服直接抗病毒药物(direct-acting antiviral agents,DAA)单行支付政策后诊疗情况无显著变化;在医疗费用方面,丙型肝炎患者的门诊疗程总费用、自付费用和药品费用均在单行支付政策实施后明显降低。结论:成都市丙型肝炎医保报销政策能够促进丙型肝炎患者积极就医,推动DAA方案的广泛使用,减轻患者负担,提高丙型肝炎的治疗效率。

DRG支付方式下医院运营现状分析——以山东省青岛市某民营专科医院为例

目的:本研究从民营专科医院角度出发,分析DRG付费模式下民营专科医院的运营现况,总结医院运营发展面临的挑战与问题,并提出针对性的运营发展策略。方法:选取青岛市某三级民营专科医院2022年1月1日至8月31日以及2023年1月1日至8月31日住院病例共6006份。运用描述性分析法,从医疗服务能力、财务类、医疗质量及运营效率四个维度指标出发,对入组DRG病例情况进行基本分析,采用间断时间序列模型评估DRG付费对该院运营的影响程度。结果:在DRG付费改革下,该院面临病组权重赋分值低,诊疗价值难体现;运营收益下降,学科建设发展受影响;医疗服务质量下降,诱发不合理诊疗行为;科室缺乏DRG付费政策认知,存在执行不足等问题。结论:民营专科医院需明确DRG政策要求,通过精准病组权重赋分,规范病案管理体系;构建精细化管理体系,助推医院运营发展;以医疗质量为核心,优化绩效考核方案;提升DRG培训质量,促进学科建设等对策,并结合医院发展实际作出动态调整,提升医院的可持续发展能力。

DRG点数法付费实施效果实证研究——基于间断时间序列模型

[目的]评价DRG点数法付费实施效果,为医院管理和政策完善提供借鉴。[方法]以泰州市某三甲医院2017-2023年医保住院患者为研究对象,通过描述性分析、卡方检验及间断时间序列分析等方法分析DRG点数法实施对运营效率、医疗费用、就医负担和医保基金支出的影响。[结果]DRG实施后,平均住院日、次均住院费用、次均药品费用和次均自付费用呈下降趋势(P值均小于0.05),次均检验检查和次均医疗服务费用呈上升趋势(P值均小于0.05),月出院人次、次均耗材费用和次均统筹基金支出趋势变化差异无统计学意义(P值均大于0.05)。[结论]DRG实施对提高运营效率、降低次均住院费用、优化费用结构、减轻就医负担起到积极作用,但对医院服务量和医保基金支出影响较小。

基于“中心—多学科诊疗团队”架构的综合医院罕见病管理探索

目的对基于“中心—多学科诊疗团队”架构的综合医院罕见病管理模式进行初步研究。方法采用间断时间序列等分析方法,对样本医院2021—2023年出院的罕见病患者基本情况、相关医疗服务量进行了测量。结果2021—2023年,样本医院共为19825人次的罕见病患者提供住院服务,患者主诊断为罕见病的占比约为27%。经间断时间序列分析,2022年罕见病诊治中心成立当月,罕见病患者占比的预期值瞬时提高1.89个千分点,提示医院罕见病诊断能力显著提高。面向罕见病患者的生物信息学分析服务量呈现出增长趋势。结论基于“中心—多学科诊疗团队”架构的罕见病管理模式,可在不明显增加医院投入负担的条件下,提高医务人员对罕见病的关注程度,强化罕见病诊断能力,患者管理更加连续,学科合作更加高效。

COVID-19疫情前后28个国家生育率变化及影响因素研究:线性模型和中断时间序列分析

目的分析COVID-19疫情暴发前后不同国家经季节和日历调整后的生育率(seasonally and calendar adjusted fertility rate,SAFR)趋势的变化及其影响因素。方法使用国际人类生育力数据库(Human Fertility Database,HFD)中28个国家自2012年1月至2022年12月的月度SAFR数据,以2020年12月(2020年3月疫情暴发起点加9个月妊娠过程)为节点划分为疫情前(2012.1-2020.11)和疫情后(2020.12-2022.12)进行比较,使用中断时间序列方法分析各国疫情前后的SAFR趋势(短期波动和长期趋势)是否发生变化,使用秩和检验分析疫情前SAFR、人均GDP、公共卫生和社会措施(public health and social measures,PHSM)和失业率是否与SAFR趋势变化有关。结果疫情后28个国家中19个国家的SAFR出现短期下降,随后反弹。对于长期趋势,2个国家由下降趋势转为上升趋势,8个国家由上升趋势转为下降趋势,6个国家的SAFR保持不变。SAFR变化率下降主要集中在部分中欧国家以及地中海西岸的国家,而SAFR变化率增加的国家主要分布在北欧以及西欧地区。SAFR无短期波动的国家疫情前的SAFR低于有短期波动的国家(P=0.041),SAFR变化率下降国家的疫情前SAFR(P=0.005)与人均GDP(P=0.027)均低于SAFR变化率上升国家。未发现SAFR短期波动或长期趋势与PHSM严重程度指数或失业率存在关联。结论COVID-19疫情对28个国家的SAFR造成了不同的短期和长期影响,特别是经济水平和疫情前SAFR相对较低的国家可能更易遭到进一步打击。COVID-19疫情对各国人口的更长期影响值得进一步关注。

三孩政策实施前后山东某县出生人数和三孩及以上孩次占比研究

目的描述2019年下半年至2023年上半年山东某县出生人数和孩次构成情况,分析三孩政策对出生人数和三孩及以上孩次占比的影响。方法依托2019年7月至2023年6月山东某县分娩登记常规统计资料,获取新生儿出生日期、母亲产次等数据,将母亲产次作为新生儿孩次的近似指标。依据三孩政策出台时间并参考既往研究将2019年7月至2022年2月定义为基线期,2022年3月至2023年6月定义为三孩政策效应期,采用中断时间序列模型研究三孩政策对月度出生人数和月度三孩及以上孩次占比的影响。结果2019年7月至2023年6月研究地区出生人数为26642人;基线期出生人数为18007人,月均出生人数为562.72人;三孩政策效应期出生人数为8635人,月均出生人数为539.69人。中断时间序列分析显示,研究地区总的出生人数在基线期内月均减少4.56人(P=0.094);三孩政策生效之初出生人数瞬时减少91.19人(P=0.075),随后政策效应期内月均增加8.78人(P=0.075)。但上述变化均不具有统计学意义。研究期间共出生一孩11956人,二孩11733人,三孩及以上2128人;三孩及以上孩次占比为8.24%,其中基线期为7.77%,三孩政策效应期为9.18%。中断时间序列分析显示,基线期内三孩及以上孩次占比月均增加0.05个百分点(P=0.048);三孩政策生效之初瞬时减少0.64个百分点(P=0.417),随后政策效应期内月均增加0.14个百分点(P=0.200),三孩政策生效后三孩及以上孩次占比瞬时水平及随后趋势变化不具有统计学意义。结论三孩政策实施后研究地区总的出生人数未见明显变化,三孩及以上孩次占比也未见显著增加,提示三孩政策的实施在短期内对研究地区育龄妇女的生育行为无显著影响。

公立医院科室绩效方案改革对DIP患者住院费用影响——基于中断时间序列分析

目的 探讨医保按病种分值付费(Diagnosis-Intervention Packet,DIP)背景下公立医院科室绩效方案改革对DIP患者住院费用的影响,为优化公立医院科室绩效管理制度、降低DIP患者住院费用提供参考。方法 收集广东省某县级人民医院2020年7月—2023年7月DIP患者的住院费用数据,采用中断时间序列分析法描述例均住院费用变化趋势,分析该院科室绩效方案改革对DIP患者住院费用的影响。结果 医院科室绩效方案改革后,DIP患者总费用下降1 071.93元,并且每月继续下降116.39元。同时,科室绩效方案改革主要对居民医保DIP患者发挥作用,对职工医保DIP患者没有明显影响。结论 公立医院科室绩效方案改革明显降低了DIP患者的总费用及其分项费用,但是对不同险种DIP患者的影响不同。应进一步完善公立医院科室绩效管理机制,建立与医疗效能、医疗质量等相关的多维度绩效考核指标体系,因地制宜推动公立医院科室绩效方案改革,促进公立医院高质量发展。

基于中断时间序列分析的江苏省某三甲综合医院冠脉支架集中带量采购政策实施效果研究

目的:通过分析江苏省某三甲综合医院冠脉支架集中带量采购政策实施前后的冠脉支架使用情况,评估冠脉支架集中带量采购政策实施效果,为冠脉支架集中带量采购政策协议期满后接续采购的持续优化及完善提供建议。方法:提取2018年10月~2022年10月江苏省某三甲综合医院冠脉支架使用量数据,采用中断时间序列分析方法分析江苏省冠脉支架集中带量采购政策和国家组织冠脉支架集中带量采购政策对江苏省某三甲综合医院冠脉支架使用数量的影响,同时分析该院实施冠脉支架集中带量采购政策前后的进口和国产冠脉支架使用情况。结果:江苏省冠脉支架集中带量采购政策执行后,冠脉支架使用量呈显著上升趋势(β_(3)=4.62,P=0.017);国家组织冠脉支架集中带量采购政策执行后,冠脉支架使用量的水平变化和趋势变化均不显著。江苏省冠脉支架集中带量采购政策实施后,国产冠脉支架和进口冠脉支架使用量都呈不显著上升趋势(β_(3)=2.46,P=0.232;β_(3)=2.16,P=0.173);国家组织冠脉支架集中带量采购政策实施后,国产冠脉支架使用量无显著变化(β_(5)=-1.09,P=0.589),进口冠脉支架使用量瞬间下降(β_(4)=-46.6,P=0.018),随后呈上升趋势,但变化不显著(β_(5)=0.16,P=0.919)。结论:该院总体上冠脉支架集中带量采购政策实施效果良好,江苏省冠脉支架集中带量采购政策实施后增加了该院冠脉支架使用量;国家组织冠脉支架集中带量采购政策促使该院冠脉支架使用量稳中有涨,其中国产冠脉支架整体呈上升趋势,进口冠脉支架使用量整体下降。后续国家冠脉支架集中带量采购政策建议探索多元化的分配方式,合理分配国产冠脉支架和进口冠脉支架中选品种,规范冠脉支架合理使用。

基于间断时间序列分析DIP改革对医疗费用的影响——以山东省滨州市为例

目的:本研究评估滨州市DIP改革前后患者住院费用的变化,并比较DIP政策在二级及以下医疗机构和三级医疗机构之间的效果差异,旨在基于真实世界数据评估医保政策效果,并为政策持续优化提供证据。方法:选取滨州市2020年10月至2023年12月的以急性心内膜下心肌梗死为主要诊断住院患者费用数据,采用间断时间序列模型分析DIP政策执行前后患者住院费用的变化趋势,并通过Spearman相关分析探究构成费用对住院总费用变化的贡献程度。结果:分析显示,改革前急性心内膜下心肌梗死住院患者的总费用及各部分费用均无显著变化;DIP改革后短期内,总费用呈每月降低2152.25元的趋势(P<0.05),长期来看无显著变化,但DIP改革后住院总费用和医疗服务费相关性最高(r=0.881)、和耗材费相关性最低(r=0.757)。就不同级别医疗机构来看,二级及以下医疗机构改革前总费用无显著变化,改革后的瞬间降费效果明显,长期来看每月降低297.918元(P<0.05),主要来源于检查检验费、医疗服务费和耗材费;三级医疗机构改革前后总费用并无显著变化。结论:滨州市DIP政策在短期内对住院费用降低有显著影响,长期无显著变化;DIP的实施优化了住院费用结构,在一定程度上体现了医疗服务价值;二级及以下医疗机构对DIP政策较为敏感。