Acute mechanical bowel obstruction: Clinical presentation, etiology, management and outcome

AIM: To identify and analyze the clinical presentation, management and outcome of patients with acute mechanical bowel obstruction along with the etiology of obstruction and the incidence and causes of bowel ischemia, necrosis, and perforation. METHODS: This is a prospective observational study of all adult patients admitted with acute mechanical bowel obstruction between 2001 and 2002. RESULTS: Of the 150 consecutive patients included in the study, 114 (76%) presented with small bowel and 36 (24%) with large bowel obstruction. Absence of passage of flatus (90%) and/or feces (80.6%) and abdominal distension (65.3%) were the most common symptoms and physical finding, respectively. Adhesions (64.8%), incarcerated hernias (14.8%), and large bowel cancer (13.4%) were the most frequent causes of obstruction. Eighty-eight patients (58.7%) were treated conservatively and 62 (41.3%) were operated (29 on the first day). Bowel ischemia was found in 21 cases (14%), necrosis in 14 (9.3%), and perforation in 8 (5.3%). Hernias, large bowel cancer, and adhesions were the most frequent causes of bowel ischemia (57.2%, 19.1%, 14.3%), necrosis (42.8%, 21.4%, 21.4%), and perforation (50%, 25%, 25%). A significantly higher risk of strangulation was noticed in incarcerated hernias than all the other obstruction causes. CONCLUSION: Absence of passage of flatus and/or feces and abdominal distension are the most common symptoms and physical finding of patients with acute mechanical bowel obstruction, respectively. Adhesions, hernias, and large bowel cancer are the most commoncauses of obstruction, as well as of bowel ischemia, necrosis, and perforation. Although an important proportion of these patients can be nonoperatively treated, a substantial portion requires immediate operation. Great caution should be taken for the treatment of these patients since the incidence of bowel ischemia, necrosis, and perforation is significantly high.

Acute cholangitis: Does malignant biliary obstruction vs choledocholithiasis etiology change the clinical presentation and outcomes?

BACKGROUND Whether clinical outcomes of acute cholangitis(AC)vary by etiology is unclear.AIM To compare outcomes in AC caused by malignant biliary obstruction(MBO)and common bile duct stones(CBDS).METHODS This retrospective study included 516 patients undergoing endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography(ERCP)due to AC caused by MBO(MBO group,n=56)and CBDS(CBDS group,n=460).Clinical and laboratory parameters were compared between the groups.Propensity score matching(PSM)created 55 matched pairs.Confounders used in the PSM analysis were age,sex,time to ERCP,and technical success of ERCP.The primary outcome comparison was 30-d mortality.The secondary outcome comparisons were intensive care unit(ICU)admission rate,length of hospital stay(LOHS),and 30-d readmission rate.RESULTS Compared with the CBDS group,the MBO group had significantly lower body temperature,percentage of abnormal white blood cell counts,and serum levels of aspartate aminotransferase,alanine aminotransferase,and creatinine.Body temperature,percent abnormal white blood cell count,and serum aspartate aminotransferase levels remained significantly lower in the MBO group in the PSM analysis.Platelet count,prothrombin time/international normalized ratio,and serum levels of alkaline phosphatase and total bilirubin were significantly higher in the MBO group.The MBO group had a significantly higher percentage of severe AC(33.9%vs 22.0%,P=0.045)and received ERCP later(median,92.5 h vs 47.4 h,P<0.001).However,the two differences were not found in the PSM analysis.The 30-d mortality(5.4%vs 0.7%,P=0.019),ICU admission rates(12.5%vs 4.8%,P=0.028),30-d readmission rates(23.2%vs 8.0%,P<0.001),and LOHS(median,16.5 d vs 7.0 d,P<0.001)were significantly higher or longer in the MBO group.However,only LOHS remained significant in the PSM analysis.Multivariate analysis revealed that time to ERCP and multiple organ dysfunction were independent factors associated with 30-d mortality.CONCLUSION MBO patients underwent ERCP later and thus had a worse prognosis than CBDS patients.Therefore,clinicians should remain vigilant in MBO patients with clinically suspected AC,and perform ERCP for biliary drainage as soon as possible.

Etiologies, Clinical Presentation and Outcome of Adult Patients Presenting with Bowel Obstruction on a Virgin Abdomen

Context: Generally in Africa, BO remains the leading cause of acute abdomen. We therefore sought to study the current etiological factors of intestinal obstruction on a virgin abdomen or unhealed abdomen at the central hospital of Yaoundé in order to better understand the main causes and to better anticipate and improve the diagnosis, management and the evolution of intestinal obstruction on a virgin abdomen. Method: The patients were prospectively included from June 2021 to May 2022, these patients were recruited from the digestive and emergency surgery units of the Yaoundé Central Hospital during the study period and who met the inclusion criteria, with suspicion of partial or total intestinal obstruction or those with an intraoperative confirmed diagnosis were enrolled. Results: We recruited 73 patients including 43 (60.3%) men and 29 (39.7%) women whose mean age was 42.5 years with extremes ranging from 16 to 70 years. Most of them consulted after 72 hours, i.e. 65.2% of cases due to self-medication or even prior consultations in the lower level center at the Central Hospital of Yaoundé. The patients retained for this work presented in majority the symptoms according to the abdominal pains, the stop of the materials and gases;meteorism and vomiting. Abdominal wall hernias with incarcerated intestinal loops were the most common cause of intestinal obstruction in an unscarred abdomen in adults at 38.4% of cases, followed by digestive tumors 23.3% and adhesions 17.8%. Exceptionally, a cluster of roundworms was found as the cause of intestinal obstruction in two of our patients. Complications occurred in 25 patients or 31.5% of cases and were dominated respectively by nausea and hematoma (36%), local infections (24%) and malaria (24%). Death occurred in 5 of our patients, or 6.8% of cases, and was mostly caused by hypovolemic shock (40%) and pulmonary embolism (40%). Conclusion: Intestinal obstructions on the abdomen without scarring remain the prerogative of young adults and are caused by strangulated hernias with incarcerated intestinal loops, tumors and adhesions. The rate of complications remains high and they are dominated by infectious pathology. Their mortality is clearly improving.

Acute pancreatitis:Etiology and common pathogenesis

Acute pancreatitis is an inflammatory disease of the pancreas.The etiology and pathogenesis of acute pancreatitis have been intensively investigated for centuries worldwide.Many causes of acute pancreatitis have been discovered,but the pathogenetic theories are controversial.The most common cause of acute pancreatitis is gallstone impacting the distal common bile-pancreatic duct.The majority ofinvestigators accept that the main factors for acute billiary pancreatitis are pancreatic hyperstimulation and bile-pancreatic duct obstruction which increase pancreatic duct pressure and active trypsin reflux.Acute pancreatitis occurs when intracellular protective mechanisms to prevent trypsinogen activation or reduce trypsin activity are overwhelmed.However,little is known about the other acute pancreatitis.We hypothesize that acute biliary pancreatitis and other causes of acute pancreatitis possess a common pathogenesis.Pancreatic hyperstimulation and pancreatic duct obstruction increase pancreatic duct pressure,active trypsin reflux,and subsequent unregulated activation of trypsin within pancreatic acinar cells.Enzyme activation within the pancreas leads to auto-digestion of the gland and local inflammation.Once the hypothesis is confirmed,traditional therapeutic strategies against acute pancreatitis may be improved.Decompression of pancreatic duct pressure should be advocated in the treatment of acute pancreatitits which may greatly improve its outcome.

Enteral stents for the management of malignant colorectal obstruction

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the 3rd most common cancer in the United States with more than 10000 new cases diagnosed annually. Approximately 20% of patients with CRC will have distant metastasis at time of diagnosis, making them poor candidates for primary surgical resection. Similarly, 8%-25% of patients with CRC will present with bowel obstruction and will require palliative therapy. Emergent surgical decompression has a high mortality and morbidity, and often leads to a colostomy which impairs the patient’s quality of life. In the last decade, there has been an increasing use of colonic stents for palliative therapy to relieve malignant colonic obstruction. Colonic stents have been shown to be effective and safe to treat obstruction from CRC, and are now the therapy of choice in this scenario. In the setting of an acute bowel obstruction in patients with potentially resectable colon cancer, stents may be used to delay surgery and thus allow for decompression, adequate bowel preparation, and optimization of the patient’s condition for curative surgical intervention. An overall complication rate (major and minor) of up to 25% has been associated with the procedure. Long term failure of stents may result from stent migration and tumor ingrowth. In the majority of cases, repeat stenting or surgical intervention can successfully overcome these adverse effects.

Prevalence and Etiologies of Obstructive Renal Failure in the Nephrology Department of the University Hospital Center of Point G, Bamako, Mali

Introduction: Obstructive renal failure (ORF) or obstructive uropathy is defined by the simultaneous presence of impaired renal function and urinary excretory tract dilatation on medical imaging. It accounts for 2% to 10% of the causes of acute renal failure (ARF). Objective: To determine the prevalence and etiologies of ORF in the nephrology department of the University Hospital Center of Point G. Methodology: This was a descriptive study with retrospective data collection conducted from January 1, 2017 to June 30, 2018. All patients hospitalized with renal failure due to urinary tract obstruction were included. The parameters studied were age, gender, etiology, type of renal impairment, procedures performed, surgical outcomes of the procedure, pre-and post-management creatinine levels. Information on these clinical and paraclinical variables was collected from individual hospitalization and patient follow-up records. Results: Among 1133 patients, 83 had obstructive renal failure, a prevalence of 7.32%. The sex ratio was 1.86. The mean age was 48.99 ± 6.81 years with extremes of 7 and 102 years. Signs suggestive of lower urinary tract obstruction were, in order of frequency: dysuria (50.6%), urinary burns (44.6%), urinary frequency (44.6%), pollakiuria (44.6%), macroscopic hematuria (25.3%), low back pain (21.6%), total anuria (18.1%). The etiologies were dominated by lithiasis 36 cases (43.4%), tumours 32 cases (38.55%) followed by sequelae of bilharziasis 12 cases (14.50%). Conclusion: Obstructive renal failure is becoming more and more common. The etiology is essentially of lithiasic and tumor origin. It must be treated early to allow total or partial recovery of renal function.

Acute Bowel Obstructions of the Elderly in a Low African Country

Background: Acute bowel obstruction is one of the main causes of non-traumatic gastro—intestinal surgical emergencies. When they occur in elderly patients, they seem to induce higher morbi-mortality. The aim of our study was to identify the causes of these bowel obstructions in elderly patients and to expose the results of their surgical management. Patients and Methods: Retrospective and analytical study of patients aged 65 years and over, operated on between January 2013 and December 2019 for acute bowel obstruction at the University Hospital of Bouake. Demographic, diagnostic, therapeutic and evolutionary data were analysed. Results: The study involved 36 men and 23 women (sex ratio = 1.6). The mean age of these patients was 70 ± 4.6 years (65 and 90 years). A history and/or co-morbidities were found in 67.8% of them. Patients were classified as ASA I (20.3%), ASA II (42.4%), ASA III (33.9%) or ASA IV (3.4%). The average consultation time was 5.3 ± 4.1 days (2 days and 28 days). Bowel obstructions were due to colonic volvulus (38.9%), colonic cancer (22%), postoperative adhesions (18.6%), strangulated groin hernia (16.9%) or internal bowel hernia (3.3%). Volvulated or necrotic bowel and resectable cancers were resected followed by immediate anastomosis or stoma. Near upstream stomas were performed for unresectable cancers. A herniorrhaphy for groin hernias and a mesenteric breach suture for internal hernia were performed after bowel disinterment. Adhesions were released. The time to surgery was 22.3 ± 12.4 hours (2 hours and 72 hours). The post-surgery morbidity was 32.2%, marked by parietal suppurations (47.4%). The post-surgery mortality was 16.9%. Hemodynamic or septic shock, ASA score ≥ III, bowel necrosis and ICU stay were the significant risk factors. Conclusion: Acute bowel obstructions in the elderly are dominated by colonic volvulus. The high mortality is related to various factors highlighting the frailty of the elderly. A multidisciplinary management involving the geriatrician could improve the prognosis.

Management of Obstructive Renal Failure in Adults at the Sylvanus Olympio University Hospital

Background: Obstructive nephropathies are a topical issue in urology and nephrology consultations, but no study has yet been conducted on the subject in our country. Objective: Describe the epidemiological, clinical, therapeutic and evolutionary profile of obstructive nephropathies at the Sylvanus Olympio University hospital of Togo. Method: It was a descriptive and cross-sectional study with a collection of retrospective data over a period of 08 years (2012-2019) which focused on obstructive nephropathies in the Urology-Andrology, Nephrology and Internal Medicine departments at the medical clinic of CHU SO. The diagnosis of obstructive nephropathy is retained on the basis of radiological and medical imaging results. Results: The study population included 131 patients. The annual hospital frequency was 2.84 cases for 100 admissions. The mean age was 56.72 ± 17.76 years. These patients were mostly male (72.52%). The most frequent age group was 60 - 80 years. Common symptoms at presentation were loin pain (45.75%) and dysuria (25.95%). The average length of probable course of the disease before hospitalization was 636.94 ± 258.88 days (21 months). The etiologies of obstructive nephropathy were largely dominated by prostatic tumors in half of the cases (45.80%). Among these patients, 121 have presented renal failure (92.36%). The average serum creatinine at admission was 59.01 ± 21.56 mg/l. Of the 121 patients with obstructive nephropathy presenting renal failure, 54 (44.63%) had decreased their serum creatinine at the output of more than 25%. The open surgery (54.20%) was the main treatment. There was an improvement in kidney function in patients who had a shorter duration of disease progression and who did not have a history of loin pain, oliguria and that the etiologies of the disease were not tumors. Tumoral etiologies, the presence of a history of high blood pressure, oedema of the lower members, oliguria, and a longer duration of disease progression and sex were factors associated with the occurrence of end-stage renal disease. Conclusion: Renal failure is the main complication of obstructive nephropathy in Togo, hence the importance of an early diagnosis for better care.

基于痰瘀互结探讨慢性阻塞性肺疾病气道重塑

慢性阻塞性肺疾病(chronic obstructive pulmonary disease,COPD)的病理基础是气道的重塑,基于痰瘀相关理论,认为久病肺虚,痰气、瘀血阻塞气道,是慢性阻塞性肺疾病气道重构的基本病机,文章中医学痰瘀互结相关理论对COPD气道重塑病因病机、治疗等方面进行阐述。

冠状动脉非阻塞性心肌梗死的研究进展

随着冠状动脉造影(CAG)的普及和心肌损伤标志物检测水平的提高,冠状动脉非阻塞性心肌梗死(MINOCA)的报道日渐增多,近年来其概念不断更新,2020年欧洲指南正式将MINOCA确立为一种“工作诊断”以促进临床医师进一步寻找心肌损伤的原因。但由于受经济、经验、技术水平等多方面的限制,临床实际工作对MINOCA病因尚未完全明确,本文结合国内外最新研究结果对MINOCA的病因及治疗进展进行分类总结阐述,并提供不同医疗资源条件下的两种不同诊断思路,建议结合临床实际情况制订MINOCA的诊断策略,以期及时准确地诊断,改善患者预后,同时节约医疗资源。

成人肾积水病因分析:一项单中心横断面研究

目的:探究成人上尿路梗阻引起肾积水的病因分布,以提高其病因学诊断的准确性。方法:连续前瞻性收集2020年5月至2021年5月北京大学第一医院上尿路修复专业门诊新诊治的767例成人肾积水患者的临床信息,排除输尿管结石、上尿路肿瘤患者,分析成人肾积水病因。患者的肾积水病因根据其症状、病史、体格检查、超声、计算机断层扫描(computed tomography, CT)、磁共振成像(magnetic resonance imaging, MRI)、逆行肾盂造影、顺行肾盂造影、放射性核素肾图、输尿管镜检查等综合判断。结果:767例成人肾积水患者中男性359例(46.8%)、女性408例(53.2%),中位年龄37岁(范围14~84岁),左侧肾积水357例(46.6%)、右侧肾积水251例(32.7%)、双侧肾积水159例(20.7%)。病因分布如下:(1)非医源性因素464例(60.5%),包括泌尿系统畸形355例(76.5%)、感染29例(6.3%)、盆腔脂肪增多症和(或)腺性膀胱炎23例(5.0%)、输尿管子宫内膜异位症18例(3.9%)、腹膜后纤维化15例(3.2%)、肾盂旁囊肿8例(1.7%)、外伤7例(1.5%),其他非医源性因素12例(2.6%),部分患者合并两种或两种以上非医源性病因。355例泌尿系统畸形的患者中,肾盂输尿管连接部狭窄252例(71.0%)。(2)医源性输尿管损伤210例(27.4%),其中泌尿外科操作损伤112例(53.3%),恶性肿瘤放疗损伤51例(24.3%),妇产科手术损伤34例(16.2%),普外科手术损伤13例(6.2%)。(3)原因不明的肾积水93例(12.1%)。结论:成人上尿路梗阻引起肾积水的病因复杂多样,泌尿系统畸形和医源性输尿管损伤是导致成人肾积水的常见原因,从事上尿路修复工作的泌尿外科医生应熟悉每一种病因,以便明确诊断并选择出最合适的治疗方案。

培土生金法治疗慢性阻塞性肺疾病的研究进展

慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD),简称慢阻肺,其发病机制复杂,病理表现繁多。中医学认为该病与肺脾关系最为密切,肺虚及脾,脾虚累肺,相互影响,致使病情迁延,反复发作。治疗时应重视培土生金,不限于肺,不忘于脾,多方兼顾。培土生金法历史悠久,随着朝代更迭,治法被不断丰富与发展,体现出“培土”不仅为补脾益气,更是调和脾胃、濡润中焦、扶正固本、补益宗气,从而达到治理肺脏的效果。在现代医学领域中,培土生金法治疗慢阻肺的科学内涵逐渐清晰,对不同病情都有着卓越的疗效,充分体现出治法的重要性及优越性,以期能为中医药对该病的防治提供参考。

基于“营气痹窒,络脉瘀阻”探讨“辛润通络”法在冠心病合并焦虑中的应用

冠心病合并焦虑抑郁的发病率逐年上升,二者病机交错复杂,常常互为因果形成恶性循环。瘀血阻络是胸痹病最为常见的病因病机之一,王旭高《西溪书屋夜话录》中同样提到郁证日久则会出现“营气痹窒,络脉瘀阻”的表现。因此“营痹血瘀”一定程度上正是二者病机的交汇之点。

周兆山教授从湿论治特发性肺间质纤维化经验

特发性肺间质纤维化为呼吸系统的多发病及疑难病,以弥漫性肺泡炎以及肺泡结构破坏为特征,以呼吸困难为主要临床表现,属中医“肺痹、肺痿”范畴。其病因繁多,病机复杂,治疗手段有限且疗效不确切。周兆山教授多年来从事呼吸系统疾病的中西医诊治研究,在特发性肺间质纤维化的中医辨证施治方面具有丰富的经验,认为湿邪是其主要致病因素。此文依据周教授多年临床经验从湿邪来源、致病机制、湿邪防治,探讨从湿论治特发性肺间质纤维化的理论依据,为中医治疗特发性肺间质纤维化提供新的诊疗思路。

2410例肝窦阻塞综合征患者临床特征的系统分析

目的 分析总结2 410例肝窦阻塞综合征(hepatic sinusoidal obstruction syndrome,HSOS)患者的临床特点、诊断和治疗情况。方法 在中国知网、万方和维普数据库中检索发表于1980年1月至2022年8月的文献,最终纳入150篇文献,共计2 410例HSOS患者,分析总结本组HSOS患者的性别、年龄、病因、临床表现、实验室检查结果、影像学表现、病理学特征、治疗方式和预后。结果 2 410例HSOS患者主要病因与服用含有吡咯烷生物碱(pyrrolidine alkaloids,PAs)的食物、植物及各种药物如土三七有关。临床表现以腹胀(78.09%)、腹水(45.61%)、腹痛(24.78%)、肝肿大(26.14%)、黄疸(30.77%)多见。典型影像学表现为肝脏肿大、不均匀强化且增强后呈“地图状”或斑片状改变、肝静脉显示不清或未显示及下腔静脉受压狭窄。实验室检查主要表现为AST、ALT、GGT及TBIL水平轻至中度升高,ALB和PLT降低。HSOS的治疗方式包括内科保守治疗、使用低分子肝素或华法林抗凝治疗、TIPS分流手术、肝脏移植术等。结论 HSOS好发于男性,病因以服用土三七为主,常有腹胀、腹痛、腹水、肝肿大等突出临床表现,实验室检查和影像学检查可协助诊断,治疗以对症、抗凝、TIPS和肝移植为主,多数患者预后良好。

基于窠囊理论探讨慢性阻塞性肺疾病的病机与治疗

梳理了窠囊理论的内涵、源流及其与慢性阻塞性肺疾病的相关性,重点论述了基于窠囊理论的慢性阻塞性肺疾病病机与治疗。窠囊理论强调痰、瘀病理产物的重要性,认为元气不足、气机失调皆可导致痰瘀互结,与慢性阻塞性肺疾病的病因病机高度相似,治疗以窠囊理论为指导,化痰活血,痰瘀同治是其基本治则,同时注重调畅气机以助化痰活血,健脾补肾以培元固本。

慢性阻塞性肺疾病合并肺结核肺通气功能障碍分析

目的研究慢性阻塞性肺疾病(简称慢阻肺,COPD)合并初治病原学阳性肺结核(PTB)肺通气功能障碍特点。方法选择患者193例,根据患者临床诊断将其分为3组,A组(单纯慢阻肺组)60例,B组(单纯初治病原学阳性肺结核组)72例,C组(慢阻肺合并初治病原学阳性肺结核组)61例。3组患者住院期间均进行肺通气功能检查,对3组患者检查的各项肺功能指标进行统计学分析。结果在阻塞性肺通气功能障碍中,3组患者肺通气功能障碍的程度分级差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。在限制性肺通气功能障碍中,C组均为中重度患者(100.00%),B组与C组患者肺通气功能障碍的程度分级差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。3组患者中肺通气功能指标测定与支气管舒张试验测定结果B组最好。结论两病并发患者的肺功能表现为阻塞性肺通气功能障碍比例最高,肺通气功能最好的为单纯初治病原学阳性肺结核组。慢性阻塞性肺疾病合并初治病原学阳性肺结核患者肺功能检查是必要的,为临床诊疗提供良好的参考依据。

基于“宗气”理论探讨慢性阻塞性肺疾病发展为慢性肺源性心脏病的病因病机

慢性阻塞性肺疾病(chronic obstructive pulmonary disease,COPD)是一种临床上常见的呼吸系统疾病,可以合并发展为其他的慢性疾病;其中,慢性肺源性心脏病就多由COPD进一步发展而来,是一种涉及呼吸、循环等多系统的全身性疾病,可对患者生活质量产生重大消极影响。中医学理论认为COPD在发展成慢性肺源性心脏病的过程当中可导致肺、脾、肾、心等多个脏腑虚损,而“宗气”作为中医学理论当中人体之气的重要组成部分,其生成和生理功能的发挥与肺、脾、肾、心等多个脏器紧密关联,同时还可调控机体多个生理病理过程,进而可影响多类疾病的发生发展。文章通过检索国内外相关文献,并以中医学中的“宗气”理论为切入点,结合历代医家对于“宗气”的不同认识与现代医学研究,通过论述COPD发展为慢性肺源性心脏病的中西医研究进展以及“宗气”来源、生理功能和所处的位置等多个方面来探究COPD发展为慢性肺源性心脏病的病因病机,以期为进一步完善“宗气”理论指导下的COPD及慢性肺源性心脏病的相关诊治提供理论依据。

中医药治疗慢性阻塞性肺病合并支气管扩张的研究进展

慢性阻塞性肺疾病(简称慢阻肺)合并支气管扩张(简称支扩)的案例屡见不鲜,西医对于本病尚未有临床诊疗指南及专家共识的颁布。中医对于慢阻肺、支扩的认识由来已久,历代医家对其发病特点、病因病机,治则治法都提出了独到的见解。结合历代医家理论及当今临床实践,文章将慢阻肺合并支扩的病因病机大抵归纳为肺脾肾三脏虚衰为内在因素,痰、热、瘀是主要病理产物,外邪侵袭是重要发病条件。在治疗方面,根据病情缓急确定治则治法,充分发挥中医药优势,将药物治疗与非药物治疗相结合。文章旨在通过阐述中医药治疗慢阻肺合并支扩的研究进展,发挥中医药独特优势,期望有助于临床对本病的诊疗。

虚劳病中“大实有羸状”证候的辨治策略探讨

虚劳病有虚实之分,不可因虚劳之名而通作虚论。久虚不复,必有实邪,填塞经络,阻碍脏腑,气血津液不得化生,升降出入亦失其常,故宜先攻伐而后补益,去宛陈莝,从太阴与厥阴入手,祛除滞气、水饮、痰浊、瘀血等留邪,邪去则正复,可以柴胡桂枝汤合旋覆花汤作为基础方进行治疗。并附验案1则。