Understanding the Human Rights of Modern Individuals—Revisiting Habermas’s Dual Critique and the Reconstruction of Intersubjectivity

Human rights are not only pivotal in depicting the relationship between individuals and communities but also a focal point of political philosophical concerns oriented towards reality. The inseparability of human rights from individual self-identity reveals a contradiction between practicality and historicity in understanding individuals, as highlighted in the debate between liberalism and communitarianism. In order to reconcile this contradiction, Habermas,drawing from German classical philosophy, examines practicality and historicity separately: while Fichte intertwines objectivity in self-identity, revealing the practicality of individuals but neglecting their real elements, Hegel interprets self-identity under the concept of unity,examining individuals from a historical dimension but letting rational rules dominate reality. Ultimately, Habermas reconstructs the process of modern individual self-identity from the theory of communicative action by critiquing the shackles of subjective philosophy. He not only reconciles the divergence between practicality and historicity in self-identity, but also elucidates the intersubjective core inherent in human rights.

To Decide or Not to Decide. Recognition, Intersubjectivity, and the （Un）expected Role of Unexpectedness

Recognition is the key to intersubjectivity, as it implies a relation only possible between rational subjects. To recognize means therefore to make a decision, maybe one of the most important decisions, so that a philosophical reflection on intersubjectivity cannot be separated from a reflection on the social and political nature of decision. This leads, to how a simple theory of decision is to be found even in a deeply intersubjective context like the one of role and tabletop games. Aim of this research is to reflect on the role of unexpectedness and unexpected--and thus free---decisions in fields like those described by recognitions, States, and games, bringing into dialogue some thoughts of Hegel, Schelling, and C. Schmitt.

Light and Shadow Postgender Intersubjectivity in The Left Hand of Darkness

The Left Hand of Darkness （abbr. LHD） is composed by Ursula Le Guin as a ＂thought experiment＂ to explore the postgender world on the planet of Gethen. By eradication of sexual difference and embracing the biological fluidity and psychological androgeny, dualism is deconstructed, and a postgender intersubjective space is reconstructed between Genly Ai and Estraven, interluded by cyborg myth and postgenderism culture narratives. Moreover, Le Guin suggests a possible transformation mode ofyin-yang cycle from psychoanalytic light and shadow.

Suspense,Empathy,Interpretation,and Formation:A Researcher’s Intersubjectivity Process of Conducting Psychobiography on Master Tai-Xu

In the recent trend of psychobiography,intersubjective psychobiography research has become a prevalent approach.Such a research approach has shifted its focus in terms of methodology and accentuates the intersubjectivity in narrations due to the influence of narrative paradigm,which effectively facilitate researchers’self-transformations.This study introduced the researcher’s four-stage process of the intersubjective psychobiography research on Master Tai-Xu:suspense,empathy,interpretation,and formation and established a spiral,progressive learning model.This model can be applied for cultivating Buddhist practitioners and psychological workers as well as assisting them to engage in deep reflection and to form their own appropriate styles of practicing.

From Xu to the Development of L2 Interactional Competence: A Conversation Analytic Case Study

Dialogues are fundamentally driven by xu(C. Wang, 2016, 2017), a Chinese word meaning continuation that captures the process in which interlocutors participate in interaction through the actions of(utterance) completion,(content) extension, and(topic) creation(CEC). This article reports a conversation analytic case study designed to investigate how the continuation strategies of CEC are used in real-time communication to achieve mutual understanding, and thus to construct intersubjectivity(Verhagen, 2005) and promote the development of second language(L2)interactional competence. Our data consisted of audio and video recordings of a 25-minute conversation between two L2 English speakers, one expert and one novice, and a stimulated recall interview with them. Results revealed that the expert employed CEC at the early stage of interaction to maintain successful communication, and the novice gradually aligned with the expert and used CEC to achieve mutual understanding, construct intersubjectivity, and create opportunities for interaction and learning at the late stage, displaying her development of L2 interactional competence. Our findings have useful implications for theoretical and methodological development of the xu-argument studies as well as for xu-based L2 pedagogy.

The application of improvisational music therapy in autism

This article presents the model of improvisational music therapy and its use with people with autism. Firstly, the author provides a brief definition of some theoretical ideas and the clinical characteristics of improvisational music therapy, a relatively new treatment which is becoming more wide-spread on a global level. Particular reference is made to the possibilities which music offers in the creation of relational experiences, and the role of time, rhythm and repetition as regulatory elements both in music and in intersubjective relationships. Following this, the efficacy of improvisational music therapy with people with autism is discussed, with regard to research in the field of neuroscience (specifically, the Mirror Neuron System) and the impact of a multimodal stimulus such as music making. The final section outlines the results of the international research project RCT TIME-A, in which improvisational music therapy was used with children with autism. The literature analysis shows that music therapy has significant effects and contributes to improvements in several aspects of the autistic disorder, such as autistic mannerisms, social awareness and social affect. We can consider these results as the beginning of a pathway towards validating improvisation music therapy as a treatment for children with autism.

Construction of Female Subjectivity in the Yan’an Period under the Intersubjective Perspective

In the practice of intersubjective ideological education,human subjectivity can be fully developed in three dimensions:practical dimension,value dimension and social dimension,thus improving the effectiveness of ideological education.Liberation Daily in the Yan’an period is an important carrier for the Chinese Communist Party to carry out the ideological education of women.Taking the reports on women’s work in Liberation Daily as samples,this paper analyzes the construction of female subjectivity in Yan’an from the perspective of intersubjective ideological education.Development is conducive to deepening the study of the effectiveness of the ideological education of women,and it also has practical significance for deepening the party’s women work.

Education and Recognition：Is Democracy What We Are Really Looking for？

Democracy provides a quite peculiar kind of recognition, based on the following theory： Since contents tend do make human beings struggle and since strong decisions tend to make this struggle even harder, forms have to be more important than contents and decisions have to soft. Thus, I believe, we tend to mix up complexity and uncertainty. It is therefore possible to criticize this theory by assuming that it is needed to find a way to embrace true complexity, namely complexity related to the relational nature of human beings. In order to achieve such objective, I will briefly trace the research back to G. W. F. Hegel＇s method, to W. yon Humboldt＇s educational thought and to R. Tuomela＇s insights on intersubjectivity.

On Self and Other

In the philosophy of mind, the essential qualities of self and selfhood have been discussed widely. According to Zahavi （2015, 149）, ＂the notion of an experiential self is the precondition of any plausible account of intersubjectivity.＂ In Zahavi （2015）, he elaborates two influential views on selfhood and offers a phenomenological perspective from which he argues that selfhood is both a built-in feature of experience and socially constructed. In the following paper, we would further investigate the essential qualities of self in the line with Zahavi （2015） and provide a complementary quality of self from a phenomenological view, namely, the predictability of the expressive phenomena of subjects. We would also explore the intersubjective relationship between others and self and discuss the sharing phenomenon of empathy.

Mitigation and Pragmatic Empathy

In the pragmatics literature the relationship between mitigation and pragmatic empathy remains largely an underexplored,or even worse,a controversial issue,giving rise to the formulation of divergent views of empathy in mitigation.While I treat empathy as a working mechanism providing a general explanation of how mitigation works,Caffi(1999;2007;2013)adopts a“paradox”view on it.The purpose of this paper is to track down the sources of divergence by comparing and contrasting our conceptualizations of mitigation.It is found that the biggest difference lies in the treatment of intersubjectivity.However,although I argue in favor of my empathic view,I see it as complementary,rather than contradictory,to Caffi’s view.The relationship between mitigation and politeness is revisited with its implications for teaching pragmatics briefly discussed.

The Correlation Between Mathematics and Music---Practice With the Students of the Pedagogical Faculty in Sarajevo

In contemporary times, the principle of interdisciplinarity has been applied more and more, and based on that, the educational system allows a certain subject not to be confined any longer within the limits set by its name and it also allows the cross-curricular connectedness. Led by that, the authors came up with the idea to examine the possibilities of the application of this principle within the courses of mathematics and music. This paper examines the relationship of correlation-integration-co-ordination, or linking-conjoining-harmonizing. The sample consists of the students at the fourth and fifth year of the Pedagogical Faculty in Sarajevo. The research topic is the correlation between mathematics and music. The research problem is the possibility to successfully realize a class in which mathematical and musical activities correlate. The aim of the research is to come up with some guidelines that would lead to a more successful application of the aforementioned correlation in practice. The conclusion is that we should work more on the possibilities of applying various forms of intercorrelation between subjects, to make the class content even more appropriate to the natural environment in which the child learns in a relaxed manner.

Value Judgments in Criminal Law Interpretation

Criminal law interpretation in China faces two primary challenges in terms of value judgments. Normative interpretations often fall into circular and inadequate reasoning, while judges, the key figures in applying interpretive principles, frequently lack the necessary value judgment engagement and proficiency. Traditional criminal law interpretation is ensnared in a subjective-objective dichotomy, resulting in a misalignment with the aim of "legitimate and rational" interpretation practices in China. To rectify this, a philosophical shift is required to allow intersubjective value judgments while maintaining subjectivityobjectivity as the prerequisite. Criminal law interpretation ensures the completeness of value judgments through a combination of specialized knowledge and public discourse.This involves the creation of systematic criteria for value judgments and adherence to legal principles. The former necessitates defining the internal and external standards of value judgments, formulating rules for the resolution of conflicting standards, and underlining the practical importance of criminalization under law, or "no crime or punishment without law"(the principle that only the law can define a crime and prescribe a penalty) and "Where no law applies, it is permissible to redefine a crime as non-criminal or minor"(decriminalization).The latter involves three perspectives: logical reasoning and theoretical arguments;positive and negative judgments;and formal and substantive rationality. Moreover, it should be approached from four dimensions: normative orientation, individual case promotion, reverse exclusion, and constitutional guidance.

How to work together for engineering materials!

To share and utilize data effectively for collaborative work,a common understanding of the knowledge behind the data,including its context and meaning,is a fundamental requirement.This paper focuses on the gaps that hinder common understanding between the real world and the data space,acting as barriers between systems,organizations,data spaces,and disciplines.To understand the core reasons and devise strategies for bridging the gap,the author has endeavored to synthesize a case study of material data activities from two perspectives:diachronic and synchronic,which is framed into a two-step process,involving the establishment of intersubjectivity among experts and interobjectivity among materials/substances data.As a result,the author has formulated an action plan for the digitization of engineering materials,encompassing tacit knowledge,know-how,and intellectual property rights to establish a foundation for their use with traceability,interoperability,and reusability.In order to create a conceptual framework that enhances a productive ecosystem facilitated by networked materials and substance databases,this plan is conclusively based on two key steps:fostering interactions among experts rooted in substances and materials and standardizing digitized data related to substances/materials based on their geospatial structural information.

A Phenomenological Approach to the Korean ＂We＂： A Study in Social Intentionality

This paper explores the phenomenological concept ＂we＂ based on a pre-existing understanding of traditional phenomenology alongside a new aspect of the concept by introducing an analysis of ＂we＂ in Korean. The central questions of this paper are whether the ＂we＂ can be understood as more than a collection of individuals, whether the ＂we＂ can precede both ＂I＂ and ＂thou,＂ and whether the ＂we＂ as an extension of the ＂I＂ or an extended self should necessarily mean the plural of the ＂I.＂

On the essence of knowing in teaching/learning

To probe into the knowing of teaching/learning,we have to surmount the subject/object dualism based on the level of enlightenment rationality and trend towards epistemology of the relationship,which means that knowing of teaching/learning should be combined with its value and be wholly considered.The unique value of students and teachers is made up of their unique knowing.In knowing of teaching/learning,students and teachers are intersubjective.The so called“epistemology of teaching/learning”in China is an odd combination of enlightenment rationality and centralized system,which might be good for the mastery and training of knowledge and skills,but has nothing to do with the formation and development of creative personality.

T’oegye’s Arguments on the Four Beginnings and Seven Feelings:A Phenomenological Inquiry

This article aims to phenomenologically examine T’oegye’s arguments on the Four Beginnings and Seven Feelings,attempting a theoretical reconstruction through“founding”and“alterity”,so as to reveal the relations and differences between the Four Beginnings and Seven Feelings.On the one hand,the Four Beginnings consti­tute a founding substratum,on the top of which the Seven Feelings may be founded.Moreover,whereas the Four Beginnings and Seven Feelings share the same assump­tion of alterity or intersubjectivity,they differ in their emphasis on whether li(理principle)or qi(氣material force)shall be prioritised.The priority of principle over material force is inherent in the notion of the Four Beginnings,while for the Seven Feelings,it is the other way around.When confronted by an“other”,one will invari­ably face a choice to make,in“deontological consideration of the other’s interest”or“private preference”.There is an emphasis that“deontological consideration shall prevail”in the Four Beginnings,for which it is“purely good”.By way of compari­son,the Seven Feelings may be affected more often than not by“private desire or preference”,for which reason it will manifest the Janus faces of being both good and evil.

汉语神学作为朋霍费尔之非宗教基督教的一个检测案例

一、引言"非宗教基督教"(Religionless Christianity)一词仅在朋霍费尔(Dietrich Bonhoeffer,又译潘霍华)于1944年4月30日的一封书信中出现过~①,但出人意料地(相信包括朋霍费尔自己在内)竟被广泛地讨论于神学甚至其他公共领域中(以至扭曲)。得益于其所谓"激进的"诠释者的身份,朋霍费尔成为了"世俗的"(secularist)、"无神的"(atheist)以至"上帝已死"(God-is-dead)的神学之父。~②然而若没有了这些讨论。

The Masquerade of Male Masochists： Two Tales of Translation of the Zhou Brothers （Lu Xun and Zhou Zuoren） in the 1910s

Through reading two creatively translated stories by the Zhou brothers, Lu Xun＇s （Zhou Shuren） ＂The Soul of Sparta＂ （Sibada zhi hun, 1903） and Zhou Zuoren＇s ＂The Chivalrous Slave Girl＂ （Xia niinu, 1904）, this paper takes a close look at the intellectual trend in the first decade of the twentieth-century China of constructing strong and heroic women as the emblem of national power while rendering men as powerless. By focusing on a foreign heroine with traditional Chinese virtues, both translations creatively Sinicized and feminized the foreign power in the original tales. At the same time, male characters, prospective readers of the stories, and even authors themselves were marginalized, diminished, and ridiculed vis-a-vis the newly constructed feminine authority. Comparing this form of cultural masochism to other literary masochisms in modem China analyzed by Rey Chow and Jing Tsu respectively, this paper endeavors to excavate a hybrid model of nationalist agency grounded in the intertwined relationship of race, gender and nation. In my analysis, Gilles Deleuze＇s discussion on masochism is utilized as a heuristic tool to shed light on the revolutionary potential embedded in the ＂strong women, weak men＂ complex in the 1910s. I argue that the cultural masochism in late Qing represents one of the earliest attempts of the Chinese intellectuals to creatively use Chinese traditional gender cosmology to absorb the threat of Western imperialism and put forward a hybrid model of nationalist agency.