Mechanical intestinal obstruction due to isolated diffuse venous malformations in the gastrointestinal tract: A case report and review of literature

BACKGROUND Isolated gastrointestinal venous malformations(GIVMs)are extremely rare congenital developmental abnormalities of the venous vasculature.Because of their asymptomatic nature,the diagnosis is often quite challenging.However,as symptomatic GIVMs have nonspecific clinical manifestations,misdiagnosis is very common.Here,we report a case of isolated diffuse GIVMs inducing mechanical intestinal obstruction.A literature review was also conducted to summarize clinical features,diagnostic points,treatment selections and differential diagnosis in order that doctors may have a comprehensive understanding of this disease.CASE SUMMARY A 50-year-old man presented with recurrent painless gastrointestinal bleeding for two months and failure to pass flatus and defecate with nausea and vomiting for ten days.Digital rectal examination found bright red blood and soft nodular masses 3 cm above the anal verge.Computed tomography showed that part of the descending colon and rectosigmoid colon was thickened with phleboliths in the intestinal wall.Colonoscopy exhibited bluish and reddish multinodular submucosal masses and flat submucosal serpentine vessels.Endoscopic ultrasonography showed anechoic cystic spaces within intestinal wall.The lesions were initially thought to be isolated VMs involving part of the descending colon and rectosigmoid colon.Laparoscopic subtotal proctocolectomy,pullthrough transection and coloanal anastomosis and ileostomy were performed.Histopathology revealed intact mucosa and dilated,thin-walled blood vessels in the submucosa,muscularis,and serosa involving the entire colorectum.The patient recovered with complete symptomatic relief during the 52-mo follow-up period.CONCLUSION The diagnosis of isolated GIVMs is challenging.The information presented here is significant for the diagnosis and management of symptoms.

Treatment of malignant digestive tract obstruction by combined intraluminal stent installation and intra-arterial drug infusion

AIM: To study the palliative treatment of malignant obstruction of digestive tract with placement of intraluminal stent combined with intra-arterial infusion of chemotherapeutic drugs. METHODS: A total of 281 cases of digestive tract malignant obstruction were given per oral (esophagus, stomach, duodenum and jejunum), per anal (colon and rectum) and percutaneous transhepatic (biliary) installation of metallic stent. Among them, 203 cases received drug infusion by cannulation of tumor supplying artery with Seldinger's technique. RESULTS: Altogether 350 stents were installed in 281 cases, obstructive symptoms were relieved or ameliorated after installation. Occurrence of restenotic obstruction was 8-43 weeks among those with intra-arterial drug infusion, which was later than 4-26 weeks in the group with only stent installation. The average survival time of the former group was 43 (3-105) weeks, which was significantly longer than 13 (3-24) weeks of the latter group. CONCLUSION: Intraluminal placement of stent combined with intra-arterial infusion chemotherapy is one of the effective palliative therapies for malignant obstruction of the digestive tract with symptomatic as well as etiological treatment.

Adhesive small bowel adhesions obstruction: Evolutions in diagnosis, management and prevention

Intra-abdominal adhesions following abdominal surgery represent a major unsolved problem. They are the first cause of small bowel obstruction. Diagnosis is based on clinical evaluation, water-soluble contrast followthrough and computed tomography scan. For patients presenting no signs of strangulation, peritonitis or severe intestinal impairment there is good evidence to support non-operative management. Open surgery is the preferred method for the surgical treatment of adhesive small bowel obstruction, in case of suspected strangulation or after failed conservative management, but laparoscopy is gaining widespread acceptance especially in selected group of patients. "Good" surgical technique and anti-adhesive barriers are the main current concepts of adhesion prevention. We discuss current knowledge in modern diagnosis and evolving strategies for management and prevention that are leading to stratified care for patients.

Idiopathic abdominal cocoon syndrome with unilateral abdominal cryptorchidism and greater omentum hypoplasia in a young case of small bowel obstruction

Abdominal cocoon syndrome(ACS) is a rare cause of intestinal obstruction due to total or partial encapsulation of the small intestine by a fibrocollagenous membrane. Idiopathic ACS with abdominal cryptorchidism and greater omentum hypoplasia is even rarer clinically. We successfully treated a 26-year-old male case of small bowel obstruction with acute peritonitis. He was finally diagnosed with idiopathic ACS with unilateral abdominal cryptorchidism and greater omentum hypoplasia during exploratory laparotomy. He then underwent enterolysis, cryptorchidectomy, and appendectomy. He recovered gradually from the operations and early postoperative inflammatory ileus. There has been no recurrence of intestinal obstruction since the operation, and he is still in follow-up. We analyzed his clinical data and retrospectively reviewed the literature, and our findings may be helpful for the clinical diagnosis and treatment on ACS.

Oncologic safety of colonic stenting as a bridge to surgery in leftsided malignant colonic obstruction:Current evidence and prospects

Approximately 7%-29%of patients with colorectal cancer present with colonic obstruction.The concept of self-expandable metal stent(SEMS)insertion as a bridge to surgery(BTS)is appealing.However,concerns on colonic stenting possibly impairing oncologic outcomes have been raised.This study aimed to review current evidence on the short-and long-term oncologic outcomes of SEMS insertion as BTS for left-sided malignant colonic obstruction.For short-term outcomes,colonic stenting facilitates a laparoscopic approach,increases the likelihood of primary anastomosis without a stoma,and may decrease postoperative morbidity.However,SEMS-related perforation also increases local recurrence and impairs overall survival.Moreover,colonic stenting may cause negative oncologic outcomes even without perforation.SEMS can induce shear forces on the tumor,leading to increased circulating cancer cells and aggressive pathological characteristics,including perineural and lymphovascular invasion.The conflicting evidence has led to discordant guidelines.Well-designed collaborative studies that integrate both oncologic outcomes and data on basic research(e.g.,alteration of circulating tumors)are needed to clarify the actual benefit of colonic stenting as BTS.

The influence of intestine-based treatment using Xuan Bai Cheng Qi Tang on the concentration of trace elements in the main organs of COPD rats

Objective:To test two theories from traditional Chinese medicine:'exterior -interior relationship between the lung and large intestine' and 'treating from the intestine principle for lung disorders'.The influence of intestine-based treatment using Xuan Bai Cheng Qi Tang (XBCQT) on the concentration of three trace elements-copper (Cu),zinc (Zn),and manganese (Mn)-was observed in the tissues of the lung,small intestine,large intestine,and stomach of rats suffering from chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).Methods:Thirty-five male Wistar rats were divided randomly and equally into five groups:control;model;Fei treatment (A);Chang treatment (B);and Fei-Chang treatment (C).A rat model of COPD was prepared by tracheal injection of lipopolysaccharide plus exposure to cigarette smoke.Treatments with medicinal herbs started day-22 of administration and exposure to cigarette smoke for 7 days.The control group and model group were administered physiologic (0.9%) saline solution via the stomach.After 7 days of intervention,the tissues of the lung,small intestine,large intestine,and stomach were removed.Inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectroscopy was used to detect the levels of Cu,Zn,and Mn in those tissues.Results:Compared with the control group,the Cu concentration in the tissues of the small intestine,large intestine,and stomach increased significantly in the model group (P <.05);the Mn concentration in the tissues of the lung,large intestine,and stomach increased significantly in the model group (P <.05);the Zn concentration in the tissues of the lung and large intestine decreased significantly in the model group (P <.05).In comparison of the model group:the Cu concentration in the tissues of the lung and large intestine decreased significantly in the B group (P <.05);the Mn concentration in the tissues of the lung,small intestine,and large intestine decreased significantly in the B group (P <.05);the Zn concentration in the tissues of the lung,small intestine,and large intestine increased significantly in the B group (P <.05).For the A group versus C group comparison,the Zn concentration in the tissues of the small intestine and stomach increased significantly in the latter (P <.05).Conclusion:This study showed that 'treating from the intestine' using Xuan Bai Cheng Qi Tang and its modified formulae can regulate the concentration of trace elements in the main organs of COPD rats.This may be one of the mechanisms for intestine-based treatment for COPD.

Acute appendicitis: Epidemiology, treatment and outcomesanalysis of 16544 consecutive cases

AIM To investigate the epidemiology,treatment and outcomes of acute appendicitis(AA) in a large population study.METHODS This is a retrospective cohort study derived from the administrative dataset of the Bergamo district healthcare system(more than 1 million inhabitants) from 1997 to 2013.Data about treatment,surgery,length of stay were collected.Moreover for each patients were registered data about relapse of appendicitis and hospital admission due to intestinal obstruction.RESULTS From 1997 to 2013 in the Bergamo district we collected 16544 cases of AA,with a crude incidence rate of 89/100000 inhabitants per year; mean age was 24.51 ± 16.17,54.7% were male and the mean Charlson's comorbidity index was 0.32 ± 0.92.Mortality was < 0.0001%.Appendectomy was performed in 94.7% of the patients and the mean length of stay was 5.08 ± 2.88 d; the cumulative hospital stay was 5.19 ± 3.36 d and 1.2% of patients had at least one further hospitalization due intestinal occlusion.Laparoscopic appendectomy was performed in 48% of cases.Percent of 5.34 the patients were treated conservatively with a mean length of stay of 3.98 ± 3.96 d; the relapse rate was 23.1% and the cumulative hospital stay during the study period was 5.46 ± 6.05 d.CONCLUSION The treatment of acute appendicitis in Northern Italy is slowly changing,with the large diffusion of laparoscopic approach; conservative treatment of non-complicated appendicitis is still a neglected option,but rich of promising results.

Gallstone ileus,clinical presentation,diagnostic and treatment approach

Gallstone ileus is a mechanical intestinal obstruction due to gallstone impaction within the gastrointestinal tract. Less than 1% of cases of intestinal obstruction are derived from this etiology. The symptoms and signs of gallstone ileus are mostly nonspecific. This entity has been observed with a higher frequency among the elderly, the majority of which have concomitant medical illness. Cardiovascular, pulmonary, and metabolic diseases should be considered as they may affect the prognosis. Surgical relief of gastrointestinal obstruction remains the mainstay of operative treatment. The current surgical procedures are:(1) simple enterolithotomy;(2) enterolithotomy, cholecystectomy and fistula closure(one-stage procedure); and(3) enterolithotomy with cholecystectomy performed later(two-stage procedure). Bowel resection is necessary in certain cases after enterolithotomy is performed. Large prospective laparoscopic and endoscopic trials are expected.

肺肠同治理论下宣白承气汤结合肠内营养支持在慢性阻塞性肺疾病急性加重期治疗中的应用价值

【目的】探析肺肠同治理论指导下宣白承气汤结合肠内营养支持在慢性阻塞性肺疾病急性加重(AECOPD)治疗中的应用价值。【方法】将92例AECOPD肺热腑实型患者随机分为观察组和对照组,每组各46例。2组患者均给予常规对症治疗,在此基础上,对照组给予肠内营养支持干预,观察组给予宣白承气汤结合肠内营养支持干预,疗程为2周。观察2组患者治疗前后血清白蛋白(albumin,ALB)、前白蛋白(prealbumin,PA)、转铁蛋白(transferrin,TF)等营养指标及肠道菌群分布的变化情况,并比较2组患者的临床疗效及不良反应发生率。【结果】(1)疗效方面,治疗2周后,观察组的总有效率为97.83%(45/46),对照组为82.61%(38/46),组间比较(χ^(2)检验),观察组的疗效明显优于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。(2)营养指标方面,治疗后,2组患者的血清ALB、PA、TF水平均较治疗前明显升高(P<0.05),且观察组对血清ALB、PA、TF水平的升高幅度均明显优于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05或P<0.01)。(3)肠道菌群分布方面,治疗后,2组患者的乳杆菌、双歧杆菌菌种数量均较治疗前明显升高(P<0.05),肠球菌菌种数量均较治疗前明显降低(P<0.05),且观察组对肠道乳杆菌、双歧杆菌菌种数量的升高幅度及对肠球菌菌种数量的降低幅度均明显优于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05或P<0.01)。(4)不良反应方面,观察组的不良反应发生率为4.35%(2/46),明显低于对照组的19.57%(9/46),组间比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。【结论】肺肠同治理论指导下宣白承气汤结合肠内营养支持应用于AECOPD肺热腑实型患者临床效果显著,可有效改善患者营养状态及肠道菌群失衡,降低不良反应发生风险。

宣白承气汤对痰热壅肺型慢性阻塞性肺疾病急性加重期患者肠道微生态及炎症因子的影响

目的 观察宣白承气汤对慢性阻塞性肺疾病急性加重期(AECOPD)(痰热壅肺证)的临床疗效、肠道微生态、炎症指标及二氧化碳分压(PaCO_(2))的影响。方法 将80例AECOPD(痰热壅肺证)患者随机分为两组,对照组实施西医的常规治疗,观察组则另外加上宣白承气汤治疗,疗程均为7 d,观察并记录两组患者治疗前后中医证候积分、肠道微生物菌种丰度、C反应蛋白(CRP)、降钙素原(PCT)、中性粒细胞百分比(N%)及PaCO_(2)的变化。结果 观察组临床疗效显著优于对照组(P<0.05)。治疗后,观察组咳嗽、喘息等中医证候积分显著低于对照组(P<0.05),两组患者乳杆菌、拟杆菌、双歧杆菌以及肠杆菌丰度均升高(P<0.05),且与对照组比较,观察组患者乳杆菌、拟杆菌、双歧杆菌以及肠杆菌丰度明显升高(P<0.05)。两组PaCO_(2)、CRP、PCT、N%较治疗前均降低(P<0.05),且低于同期对照组(P<0.05)。结论 宣白承气汤可改善AECOPD(痰热壅肺证)患者的临床症状及肠道微生态,可一定程度改善患者二氧化碳潴留,并有效降低患者CRP、PCT、N%比水平。

普通胃管联合肠梗阻导管治疗复杂性肠梗阻的效果

目的探讨普通胃管联合肠梗阻导管治疗复杂性肠梗阻的临床应用效果。方法选取2020年12月至2023年6月郴州市第一人民医院胃肠外科收治的54例复杂性肠梗阻患者作为研究对象,根据采用干预措施的不同分为研究组30例和对照组24例,研究组采用普通胃管联合肠梗阻导管治疗,对照组采用肠梗阻导管治疗;比较两组患者肠梗阻缓解时间、中转手术率、并发症发生率、住院时间、住院费用。结果研究组患者治疗有效率高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。研究组患者的肠梗阻缓解时间、住院时间均短于对照组,住院费用少于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。两组患者在中转手术率、并发症发生率比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论普通胃管联合肠梗阻导管治疗效果优于单纯肠梗阻导管治疗效果,可明显改善肠梗阻症状,缩短住院时间,降低住院费用,减轻患者经济负担。

直肠癌放化疗后反复肠梗阻1例分析

目前,中医外治法已被广泛应用于肠梗阻的治疗中,且安全有效。本研究报道1例直肠癌放化疗后反复肠梗阻案例(在西医常规治疗基础上配合实施中医外治法后,患者病情明显改善,顺利出院),以期为该病的诊治提供借鉴思路。

基于“治未病”理论阐述中医“通”的思想

中医“治未病”思想源远流长。在“治未病”理论指导下,阐述中医理论体系中“通”的概念和原理具有积极意义。人体窍道保持通畅状态非常重要,不通则痛,通则不痛,百病皆从不“通”起,肠腑不通则容易便秘,脉络不通则皮肤不仁,腠理不通则容易外感。从中医学角度分别阐述肠腑、脉络及腠理的生理功能、不“通”的病因病机、和不“通”引起的相关疾病的治法治则。中医“治未病”强调天人合一,目前“治未病”的方法和手段多种多样,其关键均需要保持人体“通”的状态,期待中医“治未病”思想能在日常中为因各种因素导致机体产生“不通”状态预防中提供新的思路。

急性肠梗阻的临床诊治思路

急性肠梗阻是临床常见病、多发病乃至危急重病。临床医生依据症状、体征及腹部立卧位平片可得出初步诊断。随着影像学等检查的进一步丰富,CT影像学已广泛应用于急性肠梗阻的临床诊断。临床医生应熟练掌握急性肠梗阻的影像学特征,亲自在电脑系统上带着临床思维动态阅读分析腹部CT影像,回答急性肠梗阻的5个关键临床问题,即“五定”,以便更好地指导临床,决策是否外科手术,取得更好的临床疗效,减少医疗风险。

不同手术时机对结肠镜下支架置入术后择期行腹腔镜结直肠癌根治术治疗结直肠癌合并肠梗阻患者预后的影响

目的探究不同手术时机对结肠镜下支架置入术后择期行腹腔镜结直肠癌根治术治疗结直肠癌合并肠梗阻患者预后的影响。方法选取2021年10月至2023年3月我院收治的76例结直肠癌合并肠梗阻患者作为研究对象,给予结肠镜下支架置入术治疗,并于术后行腹腔镜结直肠癌根治术。根据腹腔镜手术时机将其分为A组(n=20,术后3~6 d)、B组(n=19,术后7~9 d)、C组(n=21,术后10~14 d)、D组(n=16,术后>14 d)。比较四组的治疗效果。结果四组的手术时间、术中出血量、淋巴结清扫数量、住院时间、术后肛门排气时间比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。治疗后,四组的胃动素(MTL)、胃泌素(GAS)水平均显著降低(P<0.05);治疗后,D组的MTL、GAS水平高于A、B、C组(P<0.05)。四组的术后并发症总发生率比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论不同腹腔镜手术时机的选择对结肠镜下支架置入术后择期行腹腔镜结直肠癌根治术治疗结直肠癌合并肠梗阻患者均有显著疗效,且安全性高;术后>14 d行腹腔镜手术治疗对患者胃肠功能改善效果更明显,临床可结合患者实际情况合理选择手术时机。

48例术后早期炎性肠梗阻的分析

目的:对术后早期炎性肠梗阻的诊断、治疗和预防进行探讨.方法:回顾分析48例术后早期炎性肠梗阻的临床资料.结果:术后早期炎性肠梗阻多发生在术后6 d左右(3～26 d).手术治疗14例,从梗阻症状发作到肠功能恢复的平均时间为11d(5～36 d),平均住院时间为22 d(8～60 d);非手术治疗34例,从梗阻症状发作到肠功能恢复的平均时间为6 d(1～28 d),平均住院时间为12 d(3～38 d).结论:术后早期炎性肠梗阻可表现为典型的肠梗阻症状、体征,采用非手术疗法治疗术后早期炎性肠梗阻效果满意.减少手术创伤及抑制炎症反应对其发生有一定的预防作用.

大肠癌并发急性肠梗阻外科治疗97例临床分析

目的探讨大肠癌并发急性肠梗阻的外科治疗方法。方法总结97例大肠癌并发急性肠梗阻行手术治疗患者的临床资料。结果左半结肠癌并发梗阻37例,其中2例结肠癌并梗阻导致穿孔(横结肠近脾区1例、乙状结肠1例);右半结肠癌并梗阻41例;直肠癌并梗阻19例。一期切除吻合75例,Hartmamm手术11例,回肠乙状结肠或回肠直肠捷径吻合手术5例,肿瘤切除、近端肠管造口、二期恢复肠道连续6例。术后出现并发症15例(15.4%),包括:切口感染、腹腔脓肿和肠瘘。死亡1例,96例(98.9%)痊愈出院。结论经阑尾残端行结肠灌洗并一期切除吻合治疗大肠癌并发肠梗阻,方便可行、安全有效。

电针足三里穴对不完全性肠梗阻大鼠小肠肌电活动的影响

目的:探讨电针足三里穴对肠梗阻大鼠小肠肌电活动的影响.方法:采用非贯穿肠管的方式,末端回肠套环建立不完全性肠梗阻大鼠模型,将大鼠随机分为:空白对照组(n=10)、假手术组(n=10)、肠梗阻组(IO组,n=10)、肠梗阻+电针组(14dIO+EA组,n=10,21dIO+EA组,n=10).造模成功后空白对照组、假手术组、IO组均未给予电针治疗措施,IO+EA组连续给予电针14d、21d电针治疗措施.最后1次电针后2h,分别测体质量后打开腹腔,肉眼观察回肠组织形态学的改变,BL-420F生物机能实验系统测定回肠肌电.结果:IO组大鼠体质量较空白对照组和假手术组显著降低(P<0.01),IO+EA组大鼠体质量较IO组显著升高(P<0.01).回肠肌电慢波活动改变情况:14dIO组振幅(mV)低于空白对照组(0.11±0.03vs0.35±0.06,P<0.01),且频率(%)、振幅(%)变异系数均明显高于空白对照组和假手术组(27.71±10.54vs14.08±4.22,22.00±6.24;75.54±8.59vs15.84±1.49,20.67±7.57,均P<0.01);电针实验治疗IO+EA组大鼠14d后,梗阻段平均频率(次/min)均较IO组增加(33.18±2.56vs24.01±0.92,P<0.01);平均振幅(mV)增大(0.25±0.09vs0.11±0.03,P<0.05);频率变异系数(%)减少(17.02±3.62vs27.71±10.54,P<0.05);振幅变异系数(%)减少(58.39±9.56vs75.54±8.59,P<0.01);电针实验治疗21d后,梗阻段平均频率(次/min)均较IO组增加(40.55±5.29vs33.18±2.56,P<0.01),振幅变异系数(%)减少(44.00±11.61vs58.39±9.56,P<0.05).结论:采用非贯穿肠管的方式能有效建立不完全性小肠梗阻模型;电针足三里穴通过调节肠肌电,对大鼠不完全性肠梗阻实验性治疗有一定的效果,在一定程度上对肠梗阻大鼠的胃肠动力有较好的调节作用.

53例结肠癌致急性肠梗阻的诊治

目的:探讨结肠癌致急性肠梗阻的诊断和治疗,提高诊断与处理水平。方法:回顾性分析53例结肠癌致急性肠梗阻患者的临床资料。结果:手术治疗53例,出现并发症10例,死亡3例。结论:处理结肠癌并急性肠梗阻,临床治疗要据病人具体病情综合分析,选择合理的治疗方式是提高疗效,减少并发症的重要保证。

2020例肠梗阻病因及治疗分析

目的:探讨肠梗阻的病因及治疗措施。方法:回顾性分析2020例肠梗阻病例的诊治经过。结果:肠梗阻的前3位病因分别为粘连性肠梗阻970例(48%)、肿瘤性肠梗阻646例(32%)、嵌顿疝149例(7.4%);本组治愈1575例(78%),好转334例(16.5%),未愈54例(2.7%),死亡57(2.8%)例。结论:腹腔粘连是引起肠梗阻的首要原因;肠梗阻应早期诊断,根据具体的病情选择合理的治疗方法,以提高疗效、降低死亡率。