Should we perform decompressive laparotomy during severe acute pancreatitis with intra-abdominal hypertension below 25 mmHg:Only the gut knows

We suggest that during severe acute pancreatitis(SAP)with intra-abdominal hypertension,practitioners should consider decompressive laparotomy,even with intra-abdominal pressure(IAP)below 25 mmHg.Indeed,in this setting,non-occlusive mesenteric ischemia(NOMI)may occur even with IAP below this cutoff and lead to transmural necrosis if abdominal perfusion pressure is not promptly restored.We report our experience of 18 critically ill patients with SAP having undergone decompressive laparotomy of which one third had NOMI while IAP was mostly below 25 mmHg.

Elevated intra-abdominal pressure:A review of current knowledge

Elevated intra-abdominal pressure(IAP)is a known cause of increased morbidity and mortality among critically ill patients.Intra-abdominal hypertension(IAH)and abdominal compartment syndrome can lead to rapid deterioration of organ function and the development of multiple organ failure.Raised IAP affects every system and main organ in the human body.Even marginally sustained IAH results in malperfusion and may disrupt the process of recovery.Yet,despite being so common,this potentially lethal condition often goes unnoticed.In 2004,the World Society of the Abdominal Compartment Syndrome,an international multidisciplinary consensus group,was formed to provide unified definitions,improve understanding and promote research in this field.Simple,reliable and nearly costless standardized methods of non-invasive measurement and monitoring of bladder pressure allow early recognition of IAH and timely optimized management.The correct,structured approach to treatment can have a striking effect and fully restore homeostasis.In recent years,significant progress has been made in this area with the contribution of surgeons,internal medicine specialists and anesthesiologists.Our review focuses on recent advances in order to present the complex underlying pathophysiology and guidelines concerning diagnosis,monitoring and treatment of this life-threatening condition.

Intra-abdominal pressure monitoring in predicting outcome of patients with severe acute pancreatitis

BACKGROUND: Severe acute pancreatitis (SAP) is a serious disease with many complications, high mortality and poor prognosis. It is characterized by rapid deterioration and poses one of the most difficult challenges in clinical practice. Previous investigations suggest that SAP is one of the main causes of intra-abdominal pressure (IAP) increase. The aim of this study was to evaluate the utility of IAP-monitoring in predicting the severity and prognosis of SAP. METHODS: Eighty-nine patients with SAP who had been treated from February 2001 to December 2005 were studied. Since bladder pressure accurately reflects IAP, we measured it instead of IAP. Bladder pressure was measured at the time of admission and every 12 hours in the course of the disease, 9 consecutive times in all. The APACHE II scores of all patients were obtained within 24 hours after admission. According to a maximum bladder pressure <10 cmH(2)O, all patients were divided into two groups, mildly-elevated and severely-elevated. Mortality and mean APACHE II scores in the two groups were calculated. In addition, the mean bladder pressure and APACHE II scores in survivors were compared with those in deaths. RESULTS: Sixty-eight of the 89 patients were in the severely-elevated group. Mortality and mean APACHE II scores in this group were much higher than those in the mildly-elevated group (mortality, 39.71% vs. 9.52%; mean APACHE II score, 23.15 +/- 7.42 vs. 15.95 +/- 5.35, P<0.01). The mean bladder pressures and APACHE II scores in deaths were significantly greater than those in survivors (mean bladder pressure, 14.1 +/- 3.8 vs. 9.2 +/- 2.3 cmH(2)O, P<0.01; mean APACHE II score, 27.83 +/- 4.87 vs. 18.37 +/- 6.74, P<0.01). CONCLUSION: It is suggested that IAP may be used as a marker of the severity and prognosis of SAP.

The effect of increased intra-abdominal pressure on orbital subarachnoid space width and intraocular pressure

In accordance with the trans-lamina cribrosa pressure difference theory, decreasing the trans-lamina cribrosa pressure difference can re- lieve glaucomatous optic neuropathy. Increased intracranial pressure can also reduce optic nerve damage in glaucoma patients, and a safe, effective and noninvasive way to achieve this is by increasing the intra-abdominal pressure. The purpose of this study was to observe the changes in orbital subarachnoid space width and intraocular pressure at elevated intra-abdominal pressure. An inflatable abdominal belt was tied to each of 15 healthy volunteers, aged 22-30 years （12 females and 3 males）, at the navel level, without applying pressure to the abdomen, before they laid in the magnetic resonance imaging machine. The baseline orbital subarachnoid space width around the optic nerve was measured by magnetic resonance imaging at 1, 3, 9, and 15 mm behind the globe. The abdominal belt was inflated to increase the pressure to 40 mmHg （1 mmHg = 0.133 kPa）, then the orbital subarachnoid space width was measured every 10 minutes for 2 hours. After removal of the pressure, the measurement was repeated 10 and 20 minutes later. In a separate trial, the intraocular pressure was measured for all the subjects at the same time points, before, during and after elevated intra-abdominal pressure. Results showed that the baseline mean orbital subarachnoid space width was 0.88 ＋ 0.1 mm （range： 0.77-1.05 mm）, 0.77 ＋ 0.11 mm （range： 0.60-0.94 mm）, 0.70 ＋ 0.08 mm （range： 0.62-0.80 ram）, and 0.68 _＋ 0.08 mm （range： 0.57-0.77 mm） at 1, 3, 9, and 15 mm behind the globe, respectively. During the elevated intra-abdominal pressure, the orbital subarachnoid space width increased from the baseline and dilation of the optic nerve sheath was significant at 1, 3 and 9 mm behind the globe. After decompression of the abdominal pressure, the orbital subarachnoid space width normalized and returned to the baseline value. There was no significant difference in the intraocular pressure before, during and after the intra-abdominal pressure elevation. These results verified that the increased intra-abdominal pressure widens the orbital subarachnoid space in this acute trial, but does not alter the intraocular pressure, indicating that intraocular pressure is not affected by rapid increased in- tra-abdominal pressure. This study was registered in the Chinese Clinical Trial Registry （registration number： ChiCTR-ONRC-14004947）.

Effect of intra-abdominal pressure on respiratory function in patients undergoing ventral hernia repair

AIM: To determine the influence of intra-abdominal pressure(IAP) on respiratory function after surgical repair of ventral hernia and to compare two different methods of IAP measurement during the perioperative period. METHODS: Thirty adult patients after elective repair of ventral hernia were enrolled into this prospective study.IAP monitoring was performed via both a balloontipped nasogastric probe [intragastric pressure(IGP), Ci MON, Pulsion Medical Systems, Munich, Germany] and a urinary catheter [intrabladder pressure(IBP), Uno Meter Abdo-Pressure Kit, Uno Medical, Denmark] on five consecutive stages:(1) after tracheal intubation(AI);(2) after ventral hernia repair;(3) at the end of surgery;(4) during spontaneous breathing trial through the endotracheal tube; and(5) at 1 h after tracheal extubation. The patients were in the complete supine position during all study stages.RESULTS: The IAP(measured via both techniques) increased on average by 12% during surgery compared to AI(P < 0.02) and by 43% during spontaneous breathing through the endotracheal tube(P < 0.01). In parallel, the gradient between РаСО2 and Et CO2 [Р(а-et)CO2] rose significantly, reaching a maximum during the spontaneous breathing trial. The PаO2/Fi O2 decreased by 30% one hour after tracheal extubation(P = 0.02). The dynamic compliance of respiratory system reduced intraoperatively by 15%-20%(P < 0.025). At all stages, we observed a significant correlation between IGP and IBP(r = 0.65-0.81, P < 0.01) with a mean bias varying from-0.19 mm Hg(2SD 7.25 mm Hg) to-1.06 mm Hg(2SD 8.04 mm Hg) depending on the study stage. Taking all paired measurements together(n = 133), the median IGP was 8.0(5.5-11.0) mm Hg and the median IBP was 8.8(5.8-13.1) mm Hg. The overall r2 value( n = 30) was 0.76(P < 0.0001). Bland and Altman analysis showed an overall bias for the mean values per patient of 0.6 mm Hg(2SD 4.2 mm Hg) with percentage error of 45.6%. Looking at changes in IAP between the different study stages, we found an excellent concordance coefficient of 94.9% comparing IBP and IGP( n = 117).CONCLUSION: During ventral hernia repair, the IAP rise is accompanied by changes in Р(а-et)CO2 and PаO2/Fi O2-ratio. Estimation of IAP via IGP or IBP demonstrated excellent concordance.

Noninvasive monitoring of intra-abdominal pressure by measuring abdominal wall tension

BACKGROUND: Noninvasive monitoring of intra-abdominal pressure(IAP) by measuring abdominal wall tension(AWT) was effective and feasible in previous postmortem and animal studies. This study aimed to investigate the feasibility of the AWT method for noninvasively monitoring IAP in the intensive care unit(ICU).METHODS: In this prospective study, we observed patients with detained urethral catheters in the ICU of Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital between April 2011 and March 2013. The correlation between AWT and urinary bladder pressure(UBP) was analyzed by linear regression analysis. The effects of respiratory and body position on AWT were evaluated using the paired samples t test, whereas the effects of gender and body mass index(BMI) on baseline AWT(IAP<12 mm Hg) were assessed using one-way analysis of variance.RESULTS: A total of 51 patients were studied. A significant linear correlation was observed between AWT and UBP(R=0.986, P<0.01); the regression equation was Y=–1.369+9.57X(P<0.01). There were signif icant differences among the different respiratory phases and body positions(P<0.01). However, gender and BMI had no signif icant effects on baseline AWT(P=0.457 and 0.313, respectively).CONCLUSIONS: There was a signif icant linear correlation between AWT and UBP and respiratory phase, whereas body position had signif icant effects on AWT but gender and BMI did not. Therefore, AWT could serve as a simple, rapid, accurate, and important method to monitor IAP in critically ill patients.

Study of intra-abdominal hypertension prevalence and awareness level among experienced ICU medical staff

Background:Intra-abdominal hypertension(IAH) is a disease with high morbidity and mortality among critically ill patients.The study's objectives were to explore the prevalence of IAH and physicians' awareness of the 2013 World Society of Abdominal Compartment Syndrome(WSACS) guidelines in Chinese intensive care units(ICUs).Methods:A cross-sectional study of four ICUs in Southwestern China was conducted from June 17 to August 2,2014.Adult patients admitted to the ICU for more than 24 h,with bladder catheter but without obvious intravesical pressure(IVP) measurement contraindications,were recruited.Intensivists with more than 5 years of ICU working experience were also recruited.Epidemiological information,potential IAH risk factors,IVP measurements and questionnaire results were recorded.Results:Forty-one patients were selected.Fifteen(36.59%) had IVP?12mm Hg.SOFA(Sequential Organ Failure Assessment) hepatic and neurological sub-scores were utilized as independent predictors for IAH via logistic backward analysis.Thirty-seven intensivists participated in the survey(response rate:80.43%).The average score of each center was less than 35 points.All physicians believed the IAH prevalence in their departments was no more than 20.00%.A significant negative correlation was observed between the intensivists' awareness of the 2013 WSACS guidelines and the IAH prevalence in each center(r=-0.975,P=0.025).Conclusion:The prevalence and independent predictors of IAH among the surveyed population are similar to the reports in the literature.Intensivists generally have a low awareness of the 2013 WSACS guidelines.A systematic guideline training program is vital for improving the efficiency of the diagnosis and treatment of IAH.

Mild to moderate intra-abdominal hypertension: Does it matter?

This review summarizes the epidemiology, pathophysiological consequences and impact on outcome of mild to moderate(Grade Ⅰ to Ⅱ) intra-abdominal hypertension(IAH), points out possible pitfalls in available treatment recommendations and focuses on tasks for future research in the field. IAH occurs in about 40% of ICU patients. Whereas the prevalence of abdominal compartment syndrome seems to be decreasing, the prevalence of IAH does not. More than half of IAH patients present with IAH grade Ⅰ and approximately a quarter with IAH grade Ⅱ. However, most of the studies have addressed IAH as a yes-or-no variable, with little or no attention to different severity grades. Even mild IAH can have a negative impact on tissue perfusion and microcirculation and be associated with an increased length of stay and duration of mechanical ventilation. However, the impact of IAH and its different grades on mortality is controversial. The influence of intra-abdominal pressure(IAP) on outcome most likely depends on patient and disease characteristics and the concomitant macro- and microcirculation. Therefore, management might differ significantly. Today, clear triggers for interventions in different patient groups with mild to moderate IAH are not defined. Further studies are needed to clarify the clinical importance of mild to moderate IAH identifying clear triggers for interventions to lower the IAP.

南半球热带外准半年振荡及IAP9L AGCM模拟检验

基于1979—2000年的NCEP/NCAR海平面气压和位势高度场资料分析了南半球大气环流的准半年振荡(半年波)现象。结果表明:这一现象主要出现在南半球对流层低层的中高纬度和中高层的热带地区。对南半球热带外大气而言,40°S和65°S是低层大气环流准半年振荡最为显著的两个纬度带,半年波的贡献都超过了70%,低层南半球中高纬度海平面气压场季节变化的反位相也主要体现为各自半年波分量变化的反位相。在此基础上,检验了IAP 9L AGCM(大气物理研究所9层大气环流模式)对这一现象模拟的能力,模拟结果显示,模式成功模拟了65°S处海平面气压场的准半年振荡现象,其振幅略低于观测结果,但模式对40°S处气压场准半年振荡的模拟效果较差。

Experimental models of high-risk bowel anastomosis in rats:A systematic review

BACKGROUND Anastomotic leaks remain one of the most dreaded complications in gastrointestinal surgery causing significant morbidity,that negatively affect the patients’quality of life.Experimental studies play an important role in understanding the pathophysiological background of anastomotic healing and there are still many fields that require further investigation.Knowledge drawn from these studies can lead to interventions or techniques that can reduce the risk of anastomotic leak in patients with high-risk features.Despite the advances in experimental protocols and techniques,designing a high-quality study is still challenging for the investigators as there is a plethora of different models used.AIM To review current state of the art for experimental protocols in high-risk anastomosis in rats.METHODS This systematic review was performed according to The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines.To identify eligible studies,a comprehensive literature search was performed in the electronic databases PubMed(MEDLINE)and Scopus,covering the period from conception until 18 October 2023.RESULTS From our search strategy 102 studies were included and were categorized based on the mechanism used to create a high-risk anastomosis.Methods of assessing anastomotic healing were extracted and were individually appraised.CONCLUSION Anastomotic healing studies have evolved over the last decades,but the findings are yet to be translated into human studies.There is a need for high-quality,well-designed studies that will help to the better understanding of the pathophysiology of anastomotic healing and the effects of various interventions.

Positive end expiratory pressure titrated by transpulmonary pressure improved oxygenation and respiratory mechanics in acute respiratory distress syndrome patients with intra-abdominal hypertension

Background Intra-abdominal hypertension （IAH） is common in acute respiratory distress syndrome （ARDS） patients and when resulting in decrease of chest wall compliance will weaken the effect of positive end expiratory pressure （PEEP）. We investigated the effect of PEEP titrated by transpulmonary pressure （Ptp） on oxygenation and respiratory mechanics in ARDS patients with IAH compared with PEEP titrated by ARDSnet protocol. Methods ARDS patients admitted to the intensive care unit （ICU） of the Zhongda Hospital were enrolled. Patients were ventilated with volume control mode with tidal volume of 6 ml/kg under two different PEEP levels titrated by Ptp method and ARDSnet protocol. Respiratory mechanics, gas exchange and haemodynamics were measured after 30 minutes of ventilation in each round. IAH was defined as intra-abdominal pressure of 12 mmHg or more, Results Seven ARDS patients with IAH and 8 ARDS patients without IAH were enrolled. PEEP titrated by Ptp were significant higher than PEEP titrated by ARDSnet protocol in both ARDS patients with IAH （（17.3±2.6）cmH20 vs. （6.3±1.6） cmH2O and without IAH （（9.5±2.1） cmH2O vs. （7.8±1.9） cmH2O）. Arterial pressure of O2/fraction of inspired oxygen （PaO2/ FiO2） was much higher under PEEP titrated by Ptp when compared with PEEP titrated by ARDSnet protocol in ARDS patients with IAH （（27.2±4.0） cmHg vs. （20.9± 5.0） cmHg. But no significant difference of PaO2/FiO2 between the two methods was found in ARDS patients without IAH. In ARDS patients with IAH, static compliance of lung and respiratory system were higher under PEEP titrated by Ptp than by ARDSnet protocol. In ARDS patients with IAH, central venous pressure （CVP） was higher during PEEP titrated by Ptp than by ARDSnet protocol. Conclusion Positive end expiratory pressure titrated by transpulmonary pressure was higher than PEEP titrated by ARDSnet protocol and improved oxygenation and respiratory mechanics in ARDS patients with IAH.

Effects of Altered Intra-abdominal Pressure on the Upper Airway Collapsibility in a Porcine Model

Background： Obstructive sleep apnea is strongly associated with obesity, particularly abdominal obesity common in centrally obese males. Previous studies have demonstrated that intra-abdominal pressure （IAP） is increased in morbid obesity, and tracheal traction forces may influence pharyngeal airway collapsibility. This study aimed to investigate that whether IAP plays a role in the mechanism of upper airway （UA） collapsibility via IAP-related caudal tracheal traction. Methods： An abdominal wall lifting （AWL） system and graded CO2 pneumoperitoneum pressure was applied to four supine, anesthetized Guizhou miniature pigs and its effects on tracheal displacement （TD） and airflow dynamics of UA were studied. Individual run data in 3 min obtained before and after AWL and obtained before and after graded pneumoperitoneum pressure were analyzed. Differences between baseline and AWL/graded pneumoperitoneum pressure data of each pig were examined using a Student＇s t-test or analysis of variance. Results： Application of AWL resulted in decreased IAP and significant caudal TD. The average displacement amplitude was 0.44 mm （P 〈 0.001 ）. There were three subjects showed increased tidal volume （TV） （P 〈 0.01 ） and peak inspiratory airflow （P 〈 0.01 ）; however, the change of flow limitation inspiratory UA resistance （Rua） was not significant. Experimental increased lAP by pneumoperitoneum resulted in significant cranial TD. The average displacement amplitude was 1.07 mm （P 〈 0.001） when lAP was 25 cmH2O compared to baseline. There were three subjects showed reduced Rua while the TV increased （P 〈 0.01 ）. There was one subject had decreased TV and elevated Rua （P 〈 0.001）. Conclusions： Decreased IAP significantly increased caudal TD, and elevated lAP significantly increased cranial TD. However, the mechanism of UA collapsibility appears primarily mediated by changes in lung volume rather than tracheal traction effect. TV plays an independent role in the mechanism of UA collapsibility.

Effect of increased intra-abdominal pressure and decompressive laparotomy on aerated lung volume distribution

Increased intra-abdominal pressure(IAP) is common in intensive care patients,affecting aerated lung volume distribution.The current study deals with the effect of increased IAP and decompressive laparotomy on aerated lung volume distribution.The serial whole-lung computed tomography scans of 16 patients with increased IAP were retrospectively analyzed between July 2006 and July 2008 and compared to controls.The IAP increased from(12.1±2.3) mmHg on admission to(25.2±3.6) mmHg(P<0.01) before decompressive laparotomy and decreased to(14.7±2.8) mmHg after decompressive laparotomy.Mean time from admission to decompressive laparotomy and length of intensive-care unit(ICU) stay were 26 h and 16.2 d,respectively.The percentage of normally aerated lung volume on admission was significantly lower than that of controls(P<0.01).Prior to decompressive laparotomy,the total lung volume and percentage of normally aerated lung were significantly less in patients compared to controls(P<0.01),and the absolute volume of non-aerated lung and percentage of non-aerated lung were significantly higher in patients(P<0.01).Peak inspiratory pressure,partial pressure of carbon dioxide in arterial blood,and central venous pressure were higher in patients,while the ratio of partial pressure of arterial O2 to the fraction of inspired O2(PaO2/FIO2) was decreased relative to controls prior to laparotomy.An approximately 1.8 cm greater cranial displacement of the diaphragm in patients versus controls was observed before laparotomy.The sagittal diameter of the lung at the T6 level was significantly increased compared to controls on admission(P<0.01).After laparotomy,the volume and percentage of non-aerated lung decreased significantly while the percentage of normally aerated lung volume increased significantly(P<0.01).In conclusion,increased IAP decreases total lung volume while increasing non-aerated lung volume.Decompressive laparotomy is associated with resolution of these effects on lung volumes.

俯卧位通气用于中重度ARDS患者对腹腔压力(IAP)产生的影响

目的探究俯卧位通气用于中重度急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者对腹腔压力(IAP)产生的影响。方法方便选取2019年1月—2021年11月泰安市中心医院收治的66例中重度ADRS患者为研究对象,以随机数表法分为对照组和观察组,各33例。对照组应用常规仰卧位通气治疗,观察组应用俯卧位通气治疗。比较两组治疗前、治疗12 h腹腔压力[腹腔压力(IAP)、腹腔灌注压(APP)]及不同时间点(治疗前、治疗12 h、3 d、5 d、7 d)血氧水平[血氧分压(PaO_(2))、二氧化碳分压(PaCO_(2))、氧合指数(PaO_(2)/FiO_(2))]、血流动力学指标[平均动脉压(MAP)、心率(HR)],比较两组不良事件发生率。结果治疗前两组IAP、APP水平相近,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);治疗12 h后,观察组IAP水平较对照组高,APP水平较对照组低,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);治疗前两组PaO_(2)、PaCO_(2)、PaO_(2)/FiO_(2)、MAP、HR水平相近,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);治疗12 h、5 d、7 d时,观察组PaO_(2)、PaO_(2)/FiO_(2)水平较对照组高,治疗12 h后,PaCO_(2)水平较对照组低,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),治疗12 h、3 d、5 d、7 d时,两组MAP、HR水平相近,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);观察组不良事件发生率为9.09%,与对照组15.15%比较,差异无统计学意义(χ^(2)=0.142,P>0.05)。结论对中重度ADRS患者应用俯卧位通气治疗,与常规仰卧位治疗相比,会升高其IAP水平、降低APP水平,并改善患者血氧水平,不增加不良事件发生风险,且对患者血流动力学指标无明显影响。

Surgical decompression for the management of abdominal compartment syndrome with severe acute pancreatitis: A narrative review

Intra-abdominal hypertension(IAH)and abdominal compartment syndrome(ACS)play a pivotal role in the pathophysiology of severe acute pancreatitis(SAP)and contribute to new-onset and persistent organ failure.The optimal management of ACS involves a multi-disciplinary approach,from its early recognition to measures aiming at an urgent reduction of intra-abdominal pressure(IAP).A targeted literature search from January 1,2000,to November 30,2022,revealed 20 studies and data was analyzed on the type and country of the study,patient demographics,IAP,type and timing of surgical procedure performed,post-operative wound management,and outcomes of patients with ACS.There was no randomized controlled trial published on the topic.Decom-pressive laparotomy is effective in rapidly reducing IAP(standardized mean difference=2.68,95%confidence interval:1.19-1.47,P<0.001;4 studies).The morbidity and complications of an open abdomen after decompressive laparotomy should be weighed against the inadequately treated but,potentially lethal ACS.Disease-specific patient selection and the role of less-invasive decompressive measures,like subcutaneous linea alba fasciotomy or component separation techniques,is lacking in the 2013 consensus management guidelines by the Abdominal Compartment Society on IAH and ACS.This narrative review focuses on the current evidence regarding surgical decompression techniques for managing ACS in patients with SAP.However,there is a lack of high-quality evidence on patient selection,timing,and modality of surgical decompression.Large prospective trials are needed to identify triggers and effective and safe surgical decompression methods in SAP patients with ACS.

早期肠内营养支持对重症急性胰腺炎患者腹内压的影响

目的探讨早期肠内营养支持对重症急性胰腺炎(SAP)患者腹内压(IAP)的影响及其与治疗效果的关系。方法对2009年8月至2011年4月我科收治的80例SAP患者进行回顾性分析。80例SAP患者分为观察组和对照组:观察组早期胃肠复苏后给予早期肠内营养支持7 d,对照组同时期给予全胃肠外营养。于入院当日及治疗期7 d内测量两组患者膀胱内压(ICP)值以评价IAP变化,应用APACHEⅡ评分系统评价治疗期间个体患者病情严重程度,观察两组患者的营养状态、治疗效果及腹腔隔室综合征(ACS)发生率。ICP值与两组治疗结果进行Logistic相关性分析。结果观察组ICP值、APACHEⅡ评分值降低程度较对照组明显(P<0.05),观察组腹痛缓解时间、正氮平衡恢复时间较对照组提前(P<0.05),观察组行胰腺坏死组织清创术比率较对照组低(P<0.05,观察组ACS发生率较对照组低,但两组比较无统计学差异(P>0.05)。ICP值与APACHEⅡ评分值、腹痛缓解时间、胰腺坏死组织清创比率呈正相关(P<0.0 5),与氮平衡(NB)值呈负相关(P<0.0 5),ICP值与ACS发生率呈正相关趋势,但无统计学差异(P>0.05)。结论 IAP值是判断SAP患者预后的一个重要指标,早期肠内营养支持可降低SAP患者的IAP,这可能是其对SAP患者达成明显治疗效果的一个重要原因。

重症患者腹内压监测的临床应用研究

目的探讨重症患者腹内压水平及相关因素。方法采用膀胱压测量法对219例重症患者进行腹内压测定,分为机械通气组与非机械通气组,比较机械通气对腹内压的影响及患者平均动脉压(MAP)、APACHEⅡ评分和TISS-28评分与腹内压的相关性。结果 219例重症患者腹内压平均值为(7.43±3.15)cmH2O,机械通气组腹内压水平高于非机械通气组(P>0.05);腹腔高压组患者的MAP、APACHEⅡ评分和TISS-28评分均高于腹腔低压组(P>0.05)。结论机械通气与否、疾病严重程度对重症患者腹内压水平有影响,应作为常规监测指标。

俯卧位通气对急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者腹腔压力影响的研究

目的 研究俯卧位通气对中重度急性呼吸窘迫综合征（ARDS）患者腹腔压力（IAP）的影响。 方法 采用前瞻性随机对照研究方法，随机选取ICU中60例中重度ARDS患者，其中20例IAP正常的患者为IAP正常组（A组），40例IAP 12～15 mm Hg的患者为IAPⅠ级组（B组）；A组患者均行俯卧位通气，B组患者根据数字随机法分为俯卧位通气组（B1组）及仰卧位通气组（B2组），各20例。记录并比较所有患者通气前及通气后12 h氧合指数（OI）、气道平台压（Pplat）、IAP、腹腔灌注压（APP）、平均动脉压（MAP）、血乳酸（Lac）的变化情况。 结果 在A组中，俯卧位通气后12 h OI较通气前明显升高（P〈0.05），Pplat、Lac较俯卧位通气前下降（P〈0.05），IAP、APP、MAP无统计学意义（P〉0.05）；在B组中，B1组通气后12 h OI较B2组升高（P〈0.05），Pplat、Lac较B2组明显下降（P〈0.05），IAP较俯卧位通气前及B2组有所升高（P〈0.05），但APP、MAP与通气前及B2组比较差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）；不同IAP下行俯卧位通气治疗12 h后，IAP正常的A组OI、Pplat较B1组改善更明显（P〈0.05）。 结论 腹腔高压（IAH）可影响俯卧位通气效果，但是在中重度ARDS合并轻度IAH患者，俯卧位通气后虽然IAP有轻度增高，但是对APP及血流动力学无明显影响，且可明显提高患者的氧合情况。

无创机械通气不同吸气压力对慢性阻塞性肺疾病急性加重期患者腹内压的影响

目的探讨不同吸气压力（IPAP）对慢性阻塞性肺疾病急性加重期（AECOPD）无创正压机械通气患者腹内压（IAP）的影响。方法选取60例AECOPD无创正压机械通气患者，行机械通气前测量患者IAP值，行无创正压机械通气后，按照正压机械通气不同吸气压力将患者随机分为三组：10-14cmH2O（A组），15～19cmH20（B组），20～25cmH2O（C组）；每组各20例患者，分别于调整吸气压力后2h、第1～7天每天同一时间点监测患者IAP。结果与A组、B组比较，C组患者IAP差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）；A组与B组比较差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。同一组不同监测时间点比较，通气后2h及通气后第1天与其他时间点比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论对于AECOPD无创正压机械通气患者，随着吸气压力水平的升高，患者IAP有升高趋势，并且在早期较明显。因此，在无创正压机械通气早期，监测患者IAP可能有益于为患者选择适合的吸气压力支持水平。

控制引流治疗腹腔积液继发腹腔间隙综合征

目的：观察腹腔置管持续控制引流治疗急性腹腔积液所致儿童腹腔间隙综合征（ abdominal compartment syndrome ， ACS）的临床疗效。方法回顾性分析2011-05～2013-05收住中山大学附属第一医院PICU的12例急性腹腔积液所致儿童ACS采用腹腔持续置管控制性引流治疗的患儿，并与8例未能接受引流的急性腹腔积液所致儿童ACS病例进行对比。结果12例急性腹腔积液继发ACS 患儿中，病因为腹腔肿瘤破裂出血7例（7／12），肝肾移植术后3例（3／12），尿瘘致尿性腹水2例（2／12）。引流组在治疗前的腹腔压力、脏器受累数量及危重病评分与未引流组比较差异无统计学意义。在ACS患儿中，呼吸道及胃肠道为受累最多的器官，腹腔压力越高，脏器损害数量及病死率越高。引流组较未引流组死亡率明显降低（引流3／12 vs未引流8／8，P＜0．001）。腹腔置管引流偶有发生腹腔感染和电解质紊乱的并发症。结论腹腔置管持续控制性引流是一个微创、高效而安全的治疗急性腹腔积液继发ACS的方法，能有效降低IAP，减少脏器损害的发生，大大降低了死亡率，为原发病的救治争取更多的时间。