Non-specific immune response of bullfrog Rana catesbeiana to intraperitoneal injection of bacterium Aeromonas hydrophila

Non-specific immune response of bullfrog Rana catesbeiana to pathogenic Aeromonas hydrophila was studied to 60 individuals in two groups.Each bullfrog in bacterium-injected group was injected intraperitoneally(i.p.) with 0.2 ml bacterial suspension at a density of 5.2 × 106 CFU/ml,while each one in control group injected i.p.with 0.2 ml sterile saline solution(0.85%,w/v).Three bullfrogs in both groups were sampled at 0,1,3,7,11,15 and 20 days post-injection(dpi) for the evaluation of non-specific immune parameters.It was observed that intraperitoneal injection of A.hydrophila significantly increased the number of leucocytes and that of NBT-positive cells in peripheral blood.Significant increases in serum bactericidal activity and serum acid phosphatase activity were also observed in the bacterium-injected frogs when compared with those in the control group.However,a significant reduction was detected in vitro in phagocytosis activity of peripheral blood phagocytes.No significant difference in changes in the number of peripheral erythrocytes,serum superoxide dismutase(SOD) activity,and lysozyme activity was detected between the two groups.It is suggested that bullfrogs may produce a series of non-specific immune reactions in response to the A.hydrophila infection.

Establishment of Acute Lung Injury Model Induced by Intraperitoneal Injection of Lipopolysaccharide in Rats

The model of acute lung injury(ALI)was established by intraperitoneal administration,but there was no time-point observation and comparison.ALI model was established by intraperitoneal injection of lipopolysaccharide(LPS)at the concentration of 10 mg·kg^-1 (10 mg LPS dissolved in 1 mL normal saline to prepare 1 mL·kg^-1solution)in rats.The control group(CG)was intraperitoneally injected with saline of the same dose.In the LPS group,lung tissues were collected at 4,6,8,12 and 24 h after administration.Then,the morphology changes,the ratio of wet-to-dry weight(W/D),the expression of interleukin-1β(IL-1β)and tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α)proteins,the levels of malondialdehyde(MDA),the activities of superoxide dismutase(SOD),glutathione peroxidase(GSH)were measured.To verify the success of the model,the degrees of lung injury via Western blot,RT-PCR,ELISA and other techniques were detected at different time points,and the severe time of the ALI model established was deterimined by intraperitoneal administration,which provided a stable model basis for the study of the pathogenesis of ALI in the future.The results showed that the lung injury occurred in LPS group.W/D and lung pathological changes at 12 and 24 h of LPS group were significantly different from those in the CG.Compared with the CG,the expression of IL-1βand TNF-αproteins and the content of MDA in lung tissues of LPS group increased and most significant difference was found at 12 and 24 h(p<0.01).Compared with the CG,the activities of SOD and GSH in LPS 12 h group decreased significantly(p<0.01).In conclusion,inflammation and oxidative damage were the main causes of the ALI in rats.Lung injury was most obvious 12 h after intraperitoneal injection of 10 mg·kg^-1 LPS.

The Clinical Effects Study of Hepatic Failure by Intraperitoneal Injection of Antibiotics,Intravenous Injection of Terlipressin,and Combined Therapy of Coloclysis and Plasma Exchange

Objective To observe the therapeutic effects of intraperitoneal injection of antibiotics,intravenous injection of terlipressin,and combined treatment of coloclysis and plasma exchange on hepatic failure(HF),the subjects included 494 inpatient cases of hepatic failure who were treated in Department of Infectious Diseases,Tongji Hospital,Tongji Medical College,Huazhong University of Science and Technology,Wuhan,China from 1997 to2008.Methods The patients that met the inclusion criteria were divided into intraperitoneal antibiotic injection group,intravenous terlipressin injection group,coloclysis group,plasma exchange group,combination group of coloclysis and plasma exchange in terms of treatment given and a control group was set up for each of the treatment group.In the intraperitoneal injection group,the prognosis and changes in clinical manifestations were observed in HF patients complicated with spontaneous peritonitis(SBP).In terlipressin injection group,HF patients complicated with hepatorenal syndrome(HRS) were observed for prognosis and changes in serum creatinine.In the combination group,the improvement in serum total bilirubin and prothrombin activity were observed.Results Two weeks after intraperitoneal injection of antibiotics,the ease ratios of abdominal pain,pressure pain and rebound tenderness were 87.64%,82.02%and 82.02%in the intraperitoneal injection group,respectively and the volume of ascites obviously decreased in 69 patients(77.53%).The survival rate in intraperitoneal injection group was significantly higher than in control group(P = 0.004).Four to eight days after the intravenous injection of terlipressin,the survival rate and the rate of serum creatinine decline of the treatment group were significantly higher than those in the control group(P = 0.003,P = 0.000).After 4 weeks of treatment,the ratio of clinical symptoms improvement(acratia,anorexia,abdominal distension,constipation) in coloclysis group were60.27%,57.53%,91.78%and 94.52%,in plasma exchange group were 71.83%,69.44%,75%and 72.22%,and in combination group were 82.14%,79.46%,92.85%and 95.54%.The serum total bilirubin was decreased and the prothrombin activity increased and the differences were statistically significant as compared with control group(P= 0.000).Conclusions The intraperitoneal injection of antibiotics,intravenous injection of terlipressin and combined treatment of coloclysis and plasma exchange were all effective for the treatment of HF and its complications.

A comparison between intravenous and peritoneal route on liver targeted uptake and expression of plasmid delivered by Glyco-poly-L-lysine

AIM To compare the effects of intravenous routeand peritoneal route on liver targeted uptake andexpression of plasmid delivered by galactose-terminal glyco-poly-L-lysine(G-PLL).METHODS The plasmid pTM/MMP-1 which couldbe expressed in eukaryotic cells was bound to G-PLL,and was then transferred into Wistar rats byintravenous and intraperitoneal injection.Theexpression and distribution of the plasmid wereobserved at different time periods by in situhybridization and immunohistochemistry.RESULTS The plasmid could be expressedsignificantly within 24 h after being transferred invivo by both intravenous and intraperitonealroutes.One week later the expression began todecrease,and could still be observed three weekslater.Although both the intravenous andintraperitoneal route could target-specificallydeliver the plasmid to the liver,the effect of theformer was better as compared to that of the latter.CONCLUSION Intravenous route is better for livertargeted uptake and expression of G-PLL-boundplasmids than the peritoneal route.

L-arginine-induced experimental pancreatitis

Despite medical treatment,the lethality of severe acute pancreatitis is still high (20-30%).Therefore,it is very important to find good animal models to characterise the events of this severe disease.In 1984,Mizunuma et al. developed a new type of experimental necrotizing pancreatitis by intraperitoneal administration of a high dose of L-arginine in rats.This non-invasive model is highly reproducible and produces selective,dose-dependent acinar cell necrosis. Not only is this a good model to study the pathomechanisms of acute necrotizing pancreatitis,but it is also excellent to observe and influence the time course changes of the disease.By writing this review we iluminate some new aspects of cell physiology and pathology of acute necrotizing pancreatitis.Unfortunately,the reviews about acute experimental pancreatitis usually did not discuss this model. Therefore,the aim of this manuscript was to summarise the observations and address some challenges for the future in L-arginine-induced pancreatitis.