Knowledge of“Guidelines for the prevention of intravascular catheter-related infections(2011)”:A survey of intensive care unit nursing staffs in China

Aims and objectives:To evaluate intensive care unit(ICU)nurses'knowledge of the updated guidelines for the prevention of intravascular catheter-related infections;to identify the factors that affect the nurses'knowledge and to explore the barriers to adherence to evidence-based guidelines in clinical practice in China.Methods:Cross-sectional surveys were carried out in Chinese ICUs from January 2013 to March 2014.The nurses'demographic information,knowledge of the guidelines,and barriers to adherence were assessed by a validated questionnaire and then analyzed statistically.Results:The questionnaires were completed by 455 ICU nurses from 4 provinces of China.The mean score was 8.17 of 20,and higher scores were significantly associated with province,years of experience,and years of ICU experience.Forty-nine(10.7%)nurses had not heard of the guidelines,whereas 231(50.7%)nurses heard of the guidelines but did not receive training for them.Trained nurses'scores were higher than untrained nurses'scores.The three main barriers to compliance with the guidelines were an unfamiliarity with them,an excessive workload due to a shortage of nurses,and a lack of training.Conclusions:ICU nurses'knowledge of the updated guidelines is quite low,which could be a potential risk factor for patient safety.Multidisciplinary interventions and continuous.

Catheter-related infections caused by Mycobacterium abscessus in a patient with motor neurone disease:A case report

BACKGROUND Mycobacterium abscessus(M.abscessus)is a rapidly growing mycobacterium and ubiquitous in the environment,which infrequently causes disease in humans.However,it can cause cutaneous or respiratory infections among immunocompromised hosts.Due to the resistance to most antibiotics,the pathogen is formidable and difficult-to-treat.CASE SUMMARY Here,we present a case of catheter-related M.abscessus infections in a patient with motor neurone disease.Catheter and peripheral blood cultures of the patient showed positive results during Gram staining and acid-fast staining.The alarm time of catheter blood culture was 10.6 h earlier than that of peripheral blood.After removal of the peripherally inserted central catheter,secretion and catheter blood culture were positive.M.abscessus was identified by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry and 16S rDNA sequencing.CONCLUSION For catheter-related M.abscessus infection,rapid diagnosis and timely and adequate antimicrobial therapy are crucial.

Analysis of the relationship between deep venous catheter-related infection and post-operative complications in patients receiving minimally invasive esophagectomy

Objective The aim of the study was to evaluate catheter-related infection rate(CRIR)for patients receiving minimally invasive esophagectomy(MIE),to identify the optimal catheterization approach and relationship between CRIR and post-operative complications.Methods In total,168 patients with esophageal carcinoma and undergoing MIE combined with preoperative deep venous catheterization(DVC)were analyzed in our institution(Qingdao Municipal Hospital,China),from 2014 to 2018.After completing DVC,catheter-tips together with intraductal venous blood samples were sent to the microbiology lab for bacterial strain culture.CRIR was statistically evaluated for the following clinical variables:gender,age,smoking status,drinking status,past history,tumor location,histologic grade,pathological T,N,and M category,anastomotic location,anastomotic leakage,anastomotic stricture,chylothorax,pneumonia,recurrent laryngeal nerve(RLN)injury,reflux esophagitis,catheterization site,and catheter-locking days.Results Among the 144 patients recruited in our study,105 catheters were inserted into the jugular vein and 39 catheters into the subclavian vein.The median age of these patients was 63 years(range:42–79 years),and the median catheter-locking period was seven days(range:4–21 days).Four catheters were identified with three types of strain colonizations,including Staphylococcus epidermidis,Staphylococcus aureus and Blastomyces albicans.Statistical data showed that patients diagnosed with catheter-related infection were likely to incur anastomotic leakage(66.67%,P<0.001)and pneumonia(27.27%,P<0.001);features such as tumors located in the upper esophagus(13.6%,P=0.003),and over seven catheterlocking days(10.00%,P<0.001)were attributed to a high CRIR.Conclusion Although both jugular and subclavian veins can be catheterized for patients with MIE,DVC is associated with more than seven catheter-locking days and upper esophagectomy,due to high CRIR.Furthermore,catheter-related infection is related to anastomotic leakage and pneumonia.

Prevention of central venous catheter-related infection in ICU with cluster nursing intervention: a meta-analysis

Objective:To systematically evaluate the clinical effects of cluster nursing intervention in preventing central venous catheter-related infection in intensive care unit.Methods:A randomized controlled study was searched from China National Knowledge Internet(CNKI),Wanfang,Chinese Scientific Journals Database(VIP),Chinese Biomedical Literature Service System(SinoMed),PubMed,Embase and Cochrane library databases from the establishment to May 1,2020.Two reviewers independently evaluated and cross checked the quality of the study.Revman 5.3 was used to conduct the meta-analysis.Results:A total of 21 randomized controlled trials with 6,030 patients were included.Meta-analysis showed that the incidence of central venous catheter-related infection(relative risk(RR)=0.29,95%confidence interval(CI)[0.23,0.37]),the incidence of catheter plugging(RR=0.25,95%CI[0.16,0.39])and catheter prolapse(RR=0.18,95%CI[0.11,0.29])were significantly different between the two groups.Conclusion:Cluster nursing intervention could prevent central venous catheter-related infection in intensive care unit.

Prevention of catheter-related Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection by levofloxacin-impregnated catheters in vitro and in vivo

Background Implanted medical catheter-related infections are increasing,hence a need for developing catheter polymers bonded to antimicrobials.We evaluated preventive effects of levofloxacin-impregnated catheters in catheterrelated Psuedomonas aeruginosa （strain PAO1） infection.Methods Drug release from levofloxacin-impregnated catheters was measured in vitro.Levofloxacin-impregnated catheters and polyvinyl chloride （PVC） catheters were immersed in 5 ml 50％ Luria Bertani medium containing 108 CFU/ml Pseudomonas aeruginosa then incubated for 6,12,24 or 48 hours at 37℃ when bacteria adhering to the catheters and bacteria in the growth culture medium were determined.Impregnated and PVC catheters were singly implanted subcutaneously in mice,50 μl （107CFU） of PAO1 was injected into catheters.After the first and fifth days challenge,bacterial counts on implanted catheters and in surrounding tissues were determined microbiologically.Bacterial colonization and biofilm formation on implanted catheters were assessed by scanning electron microscopy.Results Drug release from levofloxacin-impregnated catheters was rapid.Levofloxacin-impregnated catheters had significantly fewer bacteria compared to PVC in vitro.After first and fifth day of challenge,no or significantly fewer bacteria adhered to impregnated catheters or in surrounding tissues compared to PVC.Scanning electron microscopical images after first day displayed from none to significantly fewer bacteria adhering to impregnated implanted catheters,compared to bacteria and microcolonies adhering to PVC catheters.After the fifth day,no bacteria were found on impregnated catheters,compared to clusters surrounding mucus-like substance and coral-shaped biofilms with polymorphonuclear leukocyte on PVC catheters.After the first day of challenge,secretion occurred in all implanted catheters with surrounding tissues mildly hyperaemic and swollen.After the fifth day,minute secretions inside impregnated catheters and no inflammation in tissues,whereas purulent secretion inside PVC catheters and abscesses in surrounding tissues.Conclusion Levofloxacin-impregnated catheter is a promising new strategy for prevention of catheter-related Psuedomonas aeruginosa infection.

血管内导管相关血流感染的临床分析

目的了解血管内导管相关血流感染(CRBSI)的临床及病原学分布特点,为更好地预防和治疗CRBSI提供帮助。方法对诊断明确的44例CRBSI采取回顾性调查,对危险因素进行分析并提出预防措施。结果重症监护病房(ICU)是重点发病区;革兰阳性球菌占69.38%为主要病原菌;基础疾病、免疫功能低下、滥用抗菌药物等是其发生的危险因素。结论严格的无菌操作、细致的导管护理、有效地抗菌药物使用、缩短置管时间是预防CRBSI的有效措施。

血管内导管相关性血流感染的临床分布特征及耐药分析

目的分析血管内导管相关性血流感染的临床分布特征及耐药性,指导血管内导管相关性血流感染的治疗。方法对医院确诊为血管内导管相关性血流感染的45例患者进行回顾性分析临床分布特征及其耐药性。结果 45例患者共检出47株病原菌,其中革兰阳性菌占38.29%,以葡萄球菌属为主,占25.53%,革兰阴性菌占34.04%,以不动杆菌属和肠杆菌科菌属为主,分别占12.76%和14.89%,真菌占27.66%;革兰阳性菌对替考拉宁和万古霉素耐药率均为0,对利福平和四环素耐药率为29.41%和47.06%;革兰阴性菌对阿米卡星和亚胺培南的耐药率为43.75%和37.50%;发现1株对氟康唑、伊曲康唑和伏立康唑耐药的热带念珠菌。结论了解血管内导管相关性血流感染临床分布特征及耐药性,有助于指导血管内导管相关性血流感染的治疗。

全国医院感染监测网2012年综合ICU医院感染现患率调查监测报告

目的了解我国医院综合重症监护室(ICU)医院感染发生率、常见侵入性操作使用率及相关感染率、抗菌药物使用及病原体分布情况。方法对2012年3月15日—12月31日期间上报至全国医院感染监测网医院感染横断面调查资料中综合ICU监测数据进行汇总分析。结果 1 313所医院中,621所(47.30%)有综合ICU;共监测患者5 887例,发生医院感染1 634例、1 962例次,医院感染现患率及例次现患率分别为27.76%、33.33%。医院感染部位以下呼吸道(70.39%)居首位,其次为泌尿道(12.79%)、血液(2.86%)。泌尿道插管、动静脉置管及呼吸机使用率分别达53.52%(3 151例)、37.05%(2 181例)、35.62%(2 097例),其相关泌尿道感染、肺炎、血流感染现患率分别为4.67%、20.41%、0.60%,分别占泌尿道、肺炎、血流现患医院感染的58.57%、30.99%、23.21%,三者合计占医院感染现患率29.97%(588/1 962)。检出医院感染病原体1 795株,居前3位的分别是铜绿假单胞菌(20.78%)、鲍曼不动杆菌(17.99%)和肺炎克雷伯菌(11.64%)。抗菌药物使用率为71.58%(4 214例),病原学送检率达75.27%(2 553/3 392)。结论综合ICU住院患者医院感染现患率以及抗菌药物使用率高,各种侵入性操作(泌尿道插管率、动静脉置管率和呼吸机使用率)高,30%的医院感染与侵入性操作相关;非发酵菌感染严重,病原学送检率尚可。

奶牛白血病的病理形态学研究

本研究系统观察了奶牛白血病１５例的病理形态学变化，诊断为淋巴细胞型白血病。发现有弥散性血管内凝血的病理过程。首次报道了有真菌机会性感染。

急性髓系白血病中ADAMTS13活性和vWF的水平变化及其意义

本研究观察血管性血友病因子裂解蛋白酶(ADAMTS13)活性和血管性血友病因子(v WF)抗原在急性髓系白血病(AML)患者治疗前后的变化情况,探讨相关的临床意义。收集73例初治AML患者缓解前后的血浆标本,荧光标记v WF73底物荧光共振能量转移试验(FRETS-v WF73)检测患者血浆中的ADAMTS13活性,以ELISA试剂盒检测v WF抗原量。结果表明,初治AML患者治疗缓解前的ADAMTS13活性明显低于正常对照组:(63.3±25.5)%vs(105.1±37.7)%,(P<0.01);v WF抗原则高于正常对照组(226.6±127.0)%vs(111.4±39.7)%,(P<0.01)。经标准诱导化疗后缓解期患者的ADAMTS13活性明显高于治疗前组(P<0.01),与正常对照组比较无显著差异;v WF抗原则明显低于治疗前组(P<0.01),但仍高于正常对照组(P<0.05)。初治AML患者治疗前合并感染者的ADAMTS13活性明显低于无感染组:(52.2±20.6)%vs(73.9±24.7)%,(P<0.01);感染组v WF抗原明显高于无感染组:(262.2±135.7)%vs(193.8±110.2)%,(P<0.05)。伴弥散性血管内凝血(DIC)者的ADAMTS13活性明显低于无DIC组:(42.0±14.5)%vs(73.4±22.7)%,(P<0.01);DIC患者的v WF抗原明显高于无DIC组:(274.2±140.0)%vs(204.7±115.5)%,(P<0.05)。结论:初治AML患者治疗前伴有ADAMTS13活性的降低和v WF的升高,以合并感染和DIC的患者表现最显著。ADAMTS13和v WF在肿瘤的发生发展,炎症和DIC的形成过程中起一定作用。

生物膜与血管内导管相关感染的机制

血管内导管的一大并发症就是感染。大量研究表明,这种感染与导管腔内(尤其是长期留置导管)形成的生物膜有很大的关系。导管内生物膜的形成过程十分复杂,涉及黏附、定植、繁殖、免疫抑制和抗生素抵抗等多个环节。了解这些机制对于临床针对性的防治导管感染和研制新的导管技术有着很重要的指导意义。

新生儿重症监护病房血管内导管相关感染调查分析

目的调查分析新生儿病房156例新生儿血管内导管相关感染的发生率、病原菌的分布特点。方法收集2014年1月~2016年12月我院新生儿科住院治疗并接受经外周置入中心静脉导管和(或)脐静脉导管患儿的临床资料,分析血管内导管相关感染的发生率、病原菌种类和特点。结果 156例患儿中,侵入性操作191例次,血管内导管相关感染47例次(24.6%),感染发生率为20/1000置管日,导管定植感染率为9.8/1000置管日,局部感染率为4.7/1000置管日,CRBSI为5.5/1000置管日。随着出生体重及胎龄的增加,CRBSI发生率呈下降趋势(P<0.05)。血管内导管相关感染的病原菌以凝固酶阴性葡萄糖球菌为主(34.0%),其次分别为金黄色葡萄球菌(21.3%),表皮葡萄球菌(17.0%),肺炎克雷伯杆菌(10.6%),阴沟肠杆菌(6.4%),大肠埃希氏菌(6.4%),白假丝酵母菌(4.3%)。结论通过分析新生儿重症监护病房内血管内导管操作相关感染状况及病原菌的分布,采取适宜的干预措施,有助于降低院内感染的发生,改善患儿预后。

极低出生体重儿PICC导管相关感染的临床观察

目的对11例极低出生体重儿PICC导管相关感染进行临床观察,明确血管内导管相关血流感染诊断标准。方法收集入住NICU且置入PICC导管的早产/极低出生体重儿,对置入导管后发生血培养阳性的11例患儿进行临床资料分析。结果根据诊断标准确诊血管内导管相关血流感染的1例,其他病例可疑与导管感染有关。结论无论血管内导管相关血流感染的诊断成立与否,早产/极低出生体重儿特别是置入PICC导管的患儿,预防感染比明确感染原因重要。置管患儿出现血培养阳性立即拔除导管不是最佳选择。

儿童感染性疾病凝血指标检测的临床意义

目的探讨儿童感染性疾病中,凝血功能变化对感染的诊断及转归的意义。方法取患儿感染期标本,分别以凝固法、发色底物法、免疫胶体金法等检测凝血酶原时间(PT)、活化部分凝血活酶时间(APTT)、纤维蛋白原含量(FIB)、凝血酶时间(TT)、抗凝血酶活性(AT:A)、D-二聚体(DD)等凝血及抗凝指标。结果感染患儿的凝血指标与正常对照组儿童间差异有统计学意义,特别是AT:A与DD的结果在弥散性血管内凝血(D IC)组与非D IC组中差异有统计学意义。结论各凝血指标特别是AT:A和DD的检测可作为D IC前期诊断和预后评估的指标。

1例血管内导管相关感染患者的药学监护

目的探讨血管内导管相关感染的药学监护内容。方法通过剖析1例血管内导管相关感染患者的药学监护,探讨如何依据患者病情制定个体化治疗方案、监测万古霉素血药浓度及万古霉素相关肾毒性的防治。结果怀疑血管内导管相关感染时应根据患者病情、导管的重要性、经验治疗的效果决定是否拔除导管并制定下一步诊治方案。病原体明确后,及时根据相关指南选择针对性治疗药物。病情危重的高龄老年患者是发生万古霉素肾毒性的高危人群,应警惕万古霉素相关肾毒性的发生,密切监测万古霉素血清谷浓度以保证疗效、降低肾毒性。结论血管内导管相关感染患者病情复杂,应结合患者病情制定个体化的诊治方案,并对患者进行全程的药学监护,密切监测万古霉素血清谷浓度和肾功能变化,保障患者的用药安全。

急性重症感染并发弥漫性血管内凝血的实验诊断

对５０例急性重症感染病人（２４例合并ＤＩＣ，２６例未合并ＤＩＣ）做了凝血酶原时间（ＰＴ）、活化的部分凝血活酶时间（ＡＰＴＴ）、纤维蛋白原含量（Ｆｇ）、血小板数量（Ｐｌｔ）、抗凝血Ⅲ（ＡＴ－Ⅲ）、纤溶酶原活性（ＰＬＧ）、α＿２纤溶酶活性（α＿２ＡＰ）和Ｄ－二聚体含量（Ｄ－Ｄｉｍｅｒ）８种凝血纤溶指标的测定观察。结果表明：ＤＩＣ在感染性多系统脏器衰竭（ＭＳＯＦ）的发生发展过程中具有重要作用。单次Ｆｇ含量测定对感染性ＤＩＣ的诊断价值不大。ＰＴ、ＡＰＴＴ、ＡＴ－Ⅲ、ＰＬＧ、Ｐｌｔ、Ｄ－Ｄｉｍｅｒ和α＿２ＡＰ可做为感染性ＤＩＣ的实验诊断指标，但单项测定对ＤＩＣ的诊断率均未超过８０％，而多项指标的联合检测可提高诊断率至９０％以上。

以乳酸酸中毒为表现的非感染性溶血合并高降钙素原3例并文献复习

目的探讨以乳酸酸中毒为表现的非感染性血管内溶血合并降钙素原(PCT)异常升高的临床特点、发病机制.方法回顾性分析广西医科大学附属武鸣医院重症医学科(ICU)2018年1月至12月收治的以乳酸酸中毒为表现的非感染性血管内溶血合并PCT异常升高的患者3例,并进行相关文献复习.结果3例患者转入ICU时均存在不同程度的乳酸酸中毒,但血流动力学稳定,后续检查没有发现明显感染的证据.未存在低灌注、糖尿病、癫痫发作及药物因素等导致的乳酸酸中毒的情况.3例患者PCT明显升高.检索国内外文献,仅发现2篇非感染性溶血合并乳酸酸中毒的个案报道.红细胞破坏、缺氧、炎症反应、肝肾功能损害可能是造成该现象的原因.结论乳酸酸中毒是非感染性血管内溶血罕见并发症,应引起临床医生的重视.

凝血与纤溶标志物联合检测对早期诊断重症感染引发弥散性血管内凝血的价值

目的:探讨凝血酶-抗凝血酶复合物(TAT)、纤溶酶-α2抗纤溶酶复合物(PIC)、血栓调节蛋白(TM)、组织型纤溶酶原激活物-纤溶酶原激活物抑制剂-1复合物(t-PAIC)4项凝血与纤溶标志物对重症感染引发弥散性血管内凝血(DIC)的早期诊断价值。方法:选取重症感染引发的DIC疑似患者86例,根据国际血栓与止血学会(ISTH)积分诊断标准,将患者分成显性DIC组(n=29)、DIC前期组(n=15)、非显性DIC组(n=42),比较3组患者入住ICU当日的血浆TAT、PIC、TM、t-PAIC水平及常规凝血指标[血小板(PLT)、凝血酶原时间(PT)、纤维蛋白原(Fib)、D二聚体(D-dimer,D-D)、纤维蛋白原降解产物(FDP)],采用受试者工作特征(ROC)曲线下面积(AUC)评价TAT、PIC、TM、t-PAIC单项或联合检测对重症感染引发DIC的早期诊断价值。结果:显性DIC组、DIC前期组患者的血浆TAT、TM、t-PAIC的水平高于非显性DIC组、差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),显性DIC组与DIC前期组比较、差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);3组患者血浆PIC水平比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);ROC分析结果显示,TAT、TM、t-PAIC联合检测早期诊断重症感染引发DIC的价值也比单项检测高。结论:TAT、TM及t-PAIC联合检测对早期诊断重症感染引发DIC的具有较高的价值。

急性缺血性脑卒中患者介入术后肺部感染病原菌分布现状及其相关危险因素分析

目的:探究急性缺血性脑卒中(AIS)患者介入术后肺部感染病原菌分布现状及其相关危险因素。方法:选取2021年3月—2022年8月莆田学院附属医院收治的89例AIS患者作为研究对象,所有患者均接受血管内介入治疗,统计介入术后肺部感染发生率、病原菌分布情况及其药敏试验结果,分析AIS患者介入术后肺部感染病原菌分布现状、药敏结果及其相关危险因素。结果:89例AIS患者中,22例发生肺部感染,发生率为24.72%。发生肺部感染的AIS患者痰培养分离出病原菌28株,以革兰阴性菌19株(67.86%)为主,按占比高低依次为肺炎克雷伯菌(28.57%)、铜绿假单胞菌(17.86%)、大肠埃希菌(14.29%)、鲍氏不动杆菌(7.14%)。主要革兰阴性菌肺炎克雷伯菌、大肠埃希菌、铜绿假单胞菌对头孢唑林、左氧氟沙星、氨苄西林耐药率均较高,对头孢哌酮/舒巴坦、亚胺培南、哌拉西林/他唑巴坦较敏感。术后发生肺部感染患者合并COPD、合并糖尿病、侵入性操作、意识障碍与术后未发生肺部感染患者比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);两者性别、年龄、体重指数、介入治疗类型比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。logistic回归分析显示,合并COPD、合并糖尿病、侵入性操作、意识障碍均是AIS患者介入术后发生肺部感染的危险因素(OR>1,P<0.05)。结论:AIS患者介入术后肺部感染发生率较高,其致病菌以革兰阴性菌肺炎克雷伯菌、铜绿假单胞菌、大肠埃希菌为主,合并COPD、合并糖尿病、侵入性操作、意识障碍是AIS患者介入术后发生肺部感染的危险因素,临床可依据肺部感染的相关危险因素采取针对性预防措施,并参考致病菌药敏试验结果合理应用抗生素,以减少肺部感染的发生。

神经重症病房血管内导管相关性血流感染的病原菌分布及耐药分析

目的 分析神经重症病房(NCU)血管内导管相关性血流感染的病原菌分布及耐药性,为临床合理控制感染提供依据。方法 采用WHONET5.6软件对2020年1月至2021年12月NCU分离的血管内导管相关性血流感染患者的病原菌进行分析。结果 在送检的253份样本中,78例导管相关性血流感染患者共检出病原菌85株,其中革兰阳性菌占38.82%,革兰阴性菌占55.29%,真菌占5.89%;革兰阳性菌对替加环素、万古霉素的耐药率均为0,对大环内酯类、氨基糖苷类、喹诺酮和四环素类抗生素的耐药率均在90%以上,对青霉素和苯唑西林全部耐药;革兰阴性菌中肠杆菌科对头孢曲松、哌拉西林、复方新诺明和环丙沙星的耐药率均在90%以上,非发酵菌中的鲍曼不动杆菌为广泛耐药。结论 了解NCU血管内导管相关性血流感染病原菌分布及耐药性,有助于指导NCU血管内导管相关性血流感染的治疗。